Body Weight Of Alloxan Research Articles

Effect of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Terminalia catappa (Indian Almond) on the Liver of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rat

Different schools of thought believed the Indian almond has antidiabetic and hepatoprotective potentials, however, there is paucity of information on the ability of this plant to carry out its antidiabetic properties. This study therefore seeks to determine the effect of aqueous leaf extract of Indian almond on the liver of alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Three groups of Wistar rats were used in this study, a normal control, a diabetic control, and a treated group (5 per group). Rats in the normal group were administered distilled water orally per day, rats in the diabetic group were intraperitoneally injected with 150mg/kg body weight of alloxan and administered distilled water orally per day, while rats in the treated group were intraperitoneally injected with 150mg/kg of alloxan and treated orally with 600mg/kg body weight of aqueous leaf extract of Indian almond per day for 21days. Administration of aqueous leaf extract of Indian almond to the diabetic rats caused a significant decrease in the level of blood glucose, activities of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin and conjugated bilirubin (p< 0.05) and a significant increase in the level of total protein and albumin (p< 0.05) when compared with the control groups. The results obtained from this study suggested that the aqueous leaf extract of Indian almond possesses antidiabetic activity and could be used for the management of diabetes and liver damage associated with its metabolic consequences.

Effect of hibiscus sabdariffa l., zingiber officinale roscoe and piper nigrum l. On the hematological parameters of alloxan induced diabetic wistar rats.

Background: Diabetes is a disease condition of metabolism clinically expressed by chronic hyperglycemia and protein disorder; it has a link to several complications that cause morbidity and mortality and native plants with antidiabetic properties can be used to avoid further progression of the disease
 Objective: To investigate the antidiabetic properties of combined extract of hibiscus sabdariffa l., zingiber officinale roscoe and piper nigrum l. as well as its effect on selected hematological parameters in alloxan induced diabetic wistar rats
 Methods: Thirty (30) male wistar rats aged between 8-10 weeks, weighing 130g to 138g were divided into five groups of six rats each and acclimatized for a week prior to the commencement of the treatments. Of the 5 groups, 4 were induced with 170mg/kg body weight of alloxan. Diabetic rats were treated with 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg of the combined extract as well as 500mg/kg of metformin. The last diabetic group was left untreated and served as the negative control. All treatments were administered for 21 days with blood glucose level and body weight of the experimental animals regularly measured during the course of the treatment. At the end of the treatments, experimental rats were sacrificed and the blood collected was used to carry out hematological analysis including White Blood Cell count(WBC), Red Blood Cell count (RBC), Hemoglobin concentration (Hb), Hematocrit (Hct) or Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and Platelet (Plt). The results were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) at P˂0.05.
 Results: The combined plant extract was observed to cause a decrease in the blood sugar level and also helped to maintain the body weight of animals. Similarly, the level of the PCV and the HB significantly increased (p<0.05) after administering the combined extract at the two selected doses. Also the WBC count was significantly (p<0.05) lowered following the administration of the combined extract.
 Conclusion: The combined extracts of Hibiscus Sabdariffa and Zingiber Officinale and Piper Nigrum have potential in the management of hyperglycemia as well as in the improvement of hematological parameters in alloxan induced diabetic rats.

Antidiabetic Activity of Elephant Grass (Cenchrus Purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone) via Activation of PI3K/AkT Signaling Pathway, Oxidative Stress Inhibition, and Apoptosis in Wistar Rats.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: The management of diabetes over the years has involved the use of herbal plants, which are now attracting interest. We assessed the antidiabetic properties of aqueous extract of C. purpureus shoots (AECPS) and the mechanism of action on pancreatic ß-cell dysfunction. Methods: This study was conducted using Thirty-six 36) male Wistar rats. The animals were divided into six equal groups (n = 6) and treatment was performed over 14 days. To induce diabetes in the rats, a single dose of 65 mg/kg body weight of alloxan was administered intraperitoneal along with 5% glucose. HPLC analysis was carried out to identified potential compounds in the extract. In vitro tests α-amylase, and α-glucosidase were analyzed. Body weight and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were measured. Biochemical parameters, such as serum insulin, liver glycogen, hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (F-1,6-BP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-ĸB), were analyzed. Additionally, mRNA expressions of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were each evaluated. Results: This in vitro study showed inhibitory potency of Cenchrus purpureus extract (AECPS) as compared with the positive controls. AECPS showed a gradual decrease in alloxan-induced increases in FBG, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL-c), G6P, F-1,6-BP, malondialdehyde (MDA), IL-6, TNF-α, and NF-ĸB and increased alloxan-induced decreases in liver glycogen, hexokinase, and high density lipoprotein (HDL-c). The diabetic control group exhibited pancreatic dysfunction as evidenced by the reduction in serum insulin, homeostasis model assessment of ß-cell function (HOMA-β), expressions of PI3K/AKT, Bcl-2, and PCNA combined with an elevation in homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed 3-O-rutinoside, ellagic acid, catechin, rutin, and kaempferol in AECPS. Conclusion: AECPS showed efficient ameliorative actions against alloxan-induced pancreatic dysfunction, oxidative stress suppression as well as, inflammation, and apoptosis via the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathways.

IN VIVO STUDY OF GLUCOSE AND PROTEIN LEVELS USING THE DIABETIC WISTAR RAT MODEL

Background and Aims The diabetic animal model was developed as a type for studies in vivo because of the death rates in many countries associated with the prevalence of diabetes, this disease is a respecter of no person. This study assessed and compared total protein and albumin concentration, basal fasting blood sugar and post induction fasting blood sugar levels in rat model. Methods Qualitative and Quantitative test and analysis were carried to assess the levels of albumin and total protein and their absorbance levels were read and recorded in g/dL, while the fasting blood sugar was determined using the glucometer strip method at intervals and recorded in mg/dL. Group A served as the negative, non-diabetic control for the study and they were fed normally with water without inducing diabetes while Group B served as the positive control, diabetic untreated group where Diabetes mellitus was induced using 150 mg/kg body weight of alloxan and left untreated. Results Plasma total protein in diabetic Wistar rat (8.44 ±4.39 g/dl) did not change significantly (P>0.05) compared with the control Wistar rat (10.04 ± 4.14). However, the level of 1-week post-induction FBS in diabetic Wistar rat (475.75 ± 66.74 mg/dl) was significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to that of the control (85.0 ± 6.7 mg/dl). Conclusions Protein levels may not change within a week after developing diabetes mellitus and as such should not be the sole biomarker to test for diabetes.

Hepatic Enzyme Effects of an Imperata cylindrica Extract

This study was performed to investigate the effects of aqueous Imperata cylindrica root extract on hepatic enzyme levels of alloxan-induced diabetic male Wistar rats. Forty (48) male wistar rats were divided into six groups consisting of eight animals each. Diabetes mellitus was induced using intraperitoneal administration 150 mg/kg body weight of alloxan and treatment was carried out for a period of 28 days. The first group served as the normal control and received only feed and water ad libitum. In Group 2 were diabetic rats without treatment with extracts. Group 3: diabetic rats treated with 200 mg/kg aqueous Imperata cylindrica root extract. Group 4: diabetic rats treated with 400mg/kg aqueous Imperata cylindrica root extract. Group 5: diabetic rats treated with 600mg/kg ethanol extract of aqueous Imperata cylindrica root extract. While Group 6 was diabetic rats treated with 0.5mg/kg Glibenclamide. The liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase levels were significantly (p < 0.05) changed in rats treated with Alloxan (150mg/kg b.w.) while treatment with the respective dosages of extracts significantly changed the levels of these parameters to normal. The results obtained indicate that the different doses of aqueous Imperata cylindrica root extracts were beneficial in mending damages to the liver caused by Alloxan monohydrate in the male wistar rats.

Effects of Diabetes Mellitus on the Reproductive System of Adult Male Mice After One Cycle of Spermatogenesis

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Poor management of hyperglycemia leads to complications that can reduce quality of life. Diabetes mellitus has been associated with damage to the reproductive system. The present study examines effects of diabetes mellitus on the reproductive system in alloxan-induced diabetic mice after one cycle of spermatogenesis. Materials and Methods: Twelve (12) mice divided into "control" and "diabetic" groups of six (6) animals each were used. Diabetes was induced in adult male mice by intraperitoneal injection with a single dose of 220 mg/kg body weight of alloxan. After 40 days, sperm density, morphology, and motility were assessed by standard methods. Serum levels of testosterone, FSH, and LH were measured. In addition, testes and epididymis were removed for histological study. Results: Highly significant (P < 0.001) reductions in serum testosterone, FSH, and LH levels, as well as normal and motile sperm counts of 21% and 34% respectively were observed in the diabetic group. The control group had three times more sperm than the diabetic group. The histological increased inter-tubular spaces, loss of interstitial tissue, degeneration of seminiferous tubules, and almost complete reduction of sperm count in the epididymal duct. Conclusion: Chronic hyperglycemia is therefore deleterious to the male reproductive system of mice. It leads to hypogonadism, which causes dysfunction of the male reproductive system, and can lead to infertility in men with diabetes mellitus.

Effects of the Aqueous Extract of Cnestis ferruginea Leaves on the Male Reproductive System in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Mice

Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disease and one of the most common chronic disorders. Diabetes mellitus has been associated with impaired reproductive health, mainly in men. The present study aimed to evaluate effects of the aqueous extract of Cnestis ferruginea leaves on the male reproductive system in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The determination of phenolic compounds content in the aqueous extract was performed by conventional methods. Diabetes was induced in adult male mice by intraperitoneal injection with a single dose of 220 mg/Kg body weight of alloxan. Animal’s treatment with 100 and 200 mg/Kg of body weight of the aqueous extract was started 34 days after induction of diabetes. Sperm density, morphology and motility were assessed by standard methods. Serum levels of testosterone, FSH, and LH were measured. In addition, the testes were removed for histological study. Proportions of total polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins in the aqueous extract of Cnestis ferruginea were 5260.32 +/- 26 mg EAG /100g, 1384.43 +/- 4 mg EQ /100g and 7380.95 +/- 121 mg EC /100g respectively. 100 and 200 mg/Kg of body weight doses induced highly significant (P ˂ .001) reductions of 68% and 71% in blood glucose levels respectively, significant (P ˂ .05) increases in testes weight of 9% and 10% respectively, highly significant (P ˂ .001) increases in testosterone, pituitary gonadotropins and sperm parameter levels. In addition, regeneration of seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells was observed. Cnestis ferruginea leaves are rich in phenolic compounds. These compounds have anti-diabetic and fertilizing activities on the male reproductive system of diabetic mice.

Possible amelioration of oxidative stress damage via cyclo-oxygenase pathway by aqueous extract of Terminalia catappa leaves in alloxan induced diabetic rats

Cellular damage due to oxidative stress had been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases including diabetes mellitus. This study was to investigate possible amelioration of oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus by aqueous leaf extract of Terminalia catappa. Wistar rats weighing 200 -250g was divided into nine groups with 6 rats per group. The main test group has 5 groups while the group for assessing possible mechanism had 4 groups. Group 1 (control) and group 2(non-diabetic) received orally per kg body weight; 0.5ml distilled water and 130mg of Terminalia catappa respectively. Group 3 (diabetic), group 4 (diabetic + extract) and group 5 (diabetic + insulin) also respectively received 0.5ml distilled water, 130mg Terminalia. catappa extract and 0.75UI insulin subcutaneously. Groups 6, 7, 8 and 9 administered orally with aspirin; 30mg/kg, meloxicam; 2mg/kg and combination of extract with aspirin and meloxicam respectively. The experiment lasted for 14 days and glucose level ≥ 200mg/dl was considered diabetic following intraperitoneal injection of 150mg/kg body weight of alloxan. Results showed significant (p<0.05) increase in serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), malondialdehyde (MDA) and a significant (p<0.05) decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) in diabetic group compared with control. The LDL and MDA were significantly (p<0.05) reduced while SOD increased significantly (p<0.05) when compared with diabetic group and the control following administration of Terminalia catappa, aspirin, meloxicam and insulin. The leaf extract of Terminalia catappa possess possible ameliorating potential on oxidative stress induced damages by impeding lipid peroxidation but improved on antioxidant enzyme in diabetic condition.

Antidiabetic Property of a Fraction of the Methanol Extract of the Seeds of Abrusprecatorius in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects of insulin secretion and/or increased cellular resistance to insulin. Abrusprecatoriushas been used for the treatment of various ailments including diabetes mellitus. This study is aimed at evaluating the possible anti-diabetic effect of the methanol fraction 2 (F2) of the seeds of Abrusprecatoriusin alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar albino rats.
 Methods: The methanol extract of the seeds of A. precatorius Linn Fabaceae was fractionated by Sephadex G15. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal administration of 150 mg/kg bodyweight of alloxan. Acute toxicity (LD50) study was done using Lorke’s method. The antidiabetic activities of Fraction 2 (F2) and the biochemical parameters were investigated using standard diagnostic methods.
 Results: The value of the LD50 is 529.2 mg/kg bw. Oral doses (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg bw.) of the extract caused a dose-dependent significant (p<0.05) reductions in blood glucose concentrations compared with diabetic untreated controls. There were significant decreases (p<0.05) in the total cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels of rats in the treatment groups compared with the diabetic untreated group. The groups that were treated with glibenclamide, 5 mg/kg of the fraction, 20mg/kg of the fraction and the group that was pre-treated with 10mg/kg of the fraction before the induction of diabetes showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the concentration of low-density lipoprotein and significant increase (p<0.05) in high-density lipoprotein concentrations compared with the diabetic untreated group. The protein level increased non-significantly (p>0.05) in all the test groups compared with the diabetic untreated control group except the pre-treated group which increased significantly (p<0.05).
 Conclusion: The results obtained from this study revealed that the methanol fraction of A. precatorius has antidiabetic property which can be as a result of the important phytochemicals found in the F2 fraction. Fraction 2 (F2) however showed improvement in lipid profile.

Chromatographic fractions from Chrysophyllum albidum stem bark boost antioxidant enzyme activity and ameliorate some markers of diabetes complications

Background and aimDiabetes, with hyperglycaemia as hallmark, is a global crisis that reduces the antioxidant status and produces complications when poorly managed. The development of complications can be indicated by inflammation, lipid peroxidation and the accumulation of glycation adducts. Thus, the attenuation of hyperglycaemia and boosting of antioxidants status is key in ameliorating markers of diabetes complications. This work evaluated the potency of Chrysophyllum albidum stem bark on some markers of diabetes complications. Experimental procedureA total of 100 female rats (180.80 ± 8.50 g) were assigned into ten groups of ten animals each; control received 1.0 ml of distilled water while those in groups DC, RD, F1, F3, F4, F5, F7, F9, F10 were induced into diabetes by intraperitoneal administration of 120 mg/kg body weight of alloxan and were orally administered distilled water, glibenclamide, 2.5 mg/kg of the chromatographic fractions 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, and 10 respectively, once daily for 14 days. F7 was profiled for its bioactive constituents and the pancreas histology of the rats were examined. ResultsChromatographic fractions F5 and F7 significantly decreased fasting blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, C-reactive protein, total cholesterol, triglycerides, atherogenic index, malondialdehyde while insulin, high density lipoprotein, catalase, superoxide dismutase activities significantly increased. Fraction F7 revealed eight compounds and restored the distorted pancreas. ConclusionFraction F7 ameliorated the markers of diabetes complications considered in this study better than F5, restored the compromised pancreas and can be explored as lead candidate for production of drug for the management of diabetes.

Arabic gum ameliorates histological and histochemical changes in the renal cortex of rats induced by alloxan injection

Arabic gum (AG) is a natural branched-chain multifunctional hydrocolloid with a highly neutral or slightly acidic, arabinogalactan protein complex containing calcium, magnesium, and potassium. Arabic gum is a dried exudate obtained from the stem and branches of Acacia trees. AG has an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect. This study aimed to examine the possible anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect of AG against the damage induced by alloxan injection on renal tissue of adult male rats using histological and histochemical studies. The current experiment was carried out on 48 adult male Albino rats. Rats were randomly and equally categorized into four groups 12 rats in each group as follows: 1) Control group (C): rats have left without treatment; 2) Diabetic groups (D): rats were injected with 150 mg/kg body weight of alloxan and left for 21 days ; 3) Arabic gum groups (G): rats were orally administrated (25 mg/kg body weight/day) for 21 days and 4) D+G groups: rats were injected with alloxan and treated with 25 mg/kg body weight/day for 21 days. The experimental rats were sacrificed after 7 and 21 days post-treatment. Examination of renal tissue of rats seven and twenty-one days post-alloxan injection revealed many histological and histochemical changes. Highly increased collagen fibres were demonstrated after seven and twenty-one days post alloxan injection. Also, alloxan injection significantly decreased PAS-positive materials, total protein content, and total DNA content, but it significantly increased amyloid β –protein content relative to the control group. While treatment with AG post-alloxan injection showed a trend toward lowering the incidence of renal tissue histological and histochemical changes induced by alloxan injection. According to the results obtained in the current study using AG as a natural agent showed a strong cytoprotective effect against the histological and histochemical changes due to its antioxidant effect.

Cardioprotective Activities of Ethanolic Extract Root of Ageratum conyzoides on Alloxan-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Diabetic Rats.

Diabetes mellitus has developed into one of the debilitating diseases disturbing the health of many people living with cardiovascular diseases in modern times. The root of Ageratum conyzoides was investigated for its effects on alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats' cardiac tissues. Thirty-two (32) Wistar rats weighing between 180 and 190 g were randomly divided into four groups. The animals in groups B-D were induced with a single dose of 150 mg/kg body weight of alloxan (ALX) intraperitoneally. They were confirmed hyperglycemic after 72 hours of induction and then sustained in hyperglycemic condition for 2 weeks. Animals in groups C and D received AC intervention, as stated above, for four weeks. The body weight of the experimental animals and blood collection for glucose estimation were taken weekly for six weeks using appropriate instruments. Biochemical assays for lipid profile, antioxidant enzymatic, and nonenzymatic markers were carried out. Histopathological changes in the cardiac tissues were also studied. Administration of 150 mg/kg of ALX to experimental rats induced diabetes and significantly reduced the body weights, significantly (p < 0.05) increased the glucose level, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, and decreased the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and antioxidant enzymatic markers such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) while the antioxidant nonenzymatic marker such as malondialdehyde (MDA) level was significantly increased. By contrast, rats given the ethanolic extract root of A. conyzoides had significantly (p < 0.05) increased the body weight gain, whereas the glucose levels significantly (p < 0.05) improved in treated diabetic rats. This extract also improved the cardiovascular system of the diabetic rats by significantly decreasing TG and LDL levels, significantly (p < 0.05) increasing the HDL level, significantly reducing the cardiac contents of CAT, SOD, and GPx, and significantly (p < 0.05) decreasing MDA. Ethanolic extract root of A. conyzoides exhibited antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities and mitigates damage to the heart from the ALX-induced myocardial toxicity associated with type-1 diabetes.

Phoenix dactylifera Linn fruit based-diets palliate hyperglycemia in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Objectives This study was designed to examine the in vitro inhibitory activities of vital enzymes related to diabetes mellitus and different biochemical parameters of Phoenix dactylifera fruit based-diet in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Methods The aqueous extract of P.dactylifera fruit based-diet was prepared and used for determination of in vitro antioxidants as well as α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities using standard procedures. Also, 30 albino rats were induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of 150mg/kg body weight of alloxan and grouped into A-D as normal rats placed on Dioscorea rotundata based-diet, diabetic control rats placed on D.rotundata based-diet, diabetic rats placed on D.rotundata based-diet and administered metformin orally per day, and diabetic rats placed on P.dactylifera fruit based-diet respectively. The animals were sacrificed on the fourth week of the experiment, and different biochemical parameters were evaluated. Results The P.dactylifera fruit based-diet extract demonstrated antioxidative potentials and inhibition against α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, diabetic rats placed on the P.dactylifera fruit based-diet revealed significant (p<0.05) increase in body weight, insulin and glycogen levels, antioxidant enzyme activities, GLUT 2 and high density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations when compared with the diabetic control group. Also, diabetic rats placed on P.dactylifera fruit based-diet indicate significant (p<0.05) reduction in fasting blood glucose, lipid peroxidation, cytokines levels, some gluconeogenesis enzyme activities, cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins and very low-density lipoproteins concentrations compared to the diabetic control animals. Conclusion This diet could be an alternative nutraceutical means of managing diabetes mellitus and its complications.

Evaluation of comparative Hypoglycaemic activity of ethanolic leaves extracts of datura stramonium and Eclipta alba

Datura stramonium is a yearly plant belongs to family Solanaceae. Datura stramonium is generally known as jimson weed or thorn apple. Eclipta alba is commonly known as False Daisy or Bhringraj, a plant having a place with the family Asteraceae. Diabetes was produce in overnight fasted male Wistar rats (160-250 mg/kg) by interparitonial injection of 150 mg/kg body weight of alloxan. Alloxan monohydrate 150 mg/kg, b.w was dissolved in normal saline and injected I.P after 18 hours fasting. The rats were then given 4% w/v glucose solution in feeding bottle for the next 24 h in their cages to inhibit hypoglycemia. The rats will be divided into 7 groups of 6 animals each, total 42 animals used. Ethanolic extract of both plants (datura stramonium and eclipta alba) given in dose of 100, 200 mg/kg b.w and 200, 400 mg/kg b.w ethanolic extracts of both plants are administered orally for 14 days, in a single dose daily seven days after confirmation of hyperglycemia. Standard drug Glibenclamid & ethanolic leaves extracts of datura stramonium and eclipta Alba were administered orally for 14 days, in a single dose daily 7 days after confirmation of hyperglycemia. Significantly reversed decrease in body weight seen in diabetes. The dose of 200, mg/kg b.w /day of ethanolic extract of leaves datura and 400 mg/kg b.w/day of ethanolic extract of eclipta alba leaves were found to be having maximum activity.

Ameliorative potentials of aqueous extracts of leaf and stem of Ipomoea involucrata on selected biochemicals in experimental diabetic rats

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by derangements in carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolisms, due to deficiency in insulin secretion and action. This research evaluates the ameliorative potentials of aqueous extracts of leaves and stem of Ipomoea involucorata on selected biochemicals in experimental diabetic rats.Methods: Diabetes mellitus was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of 150 mg/kg body weight of alloxan and the animals were orally administered with gilanil (4 mg/kg) for positive control, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg bw aqueous extract of leaves (groups 4-6) and stem (groups 7-9) of Ipomoea involucrata once daily for 21 days. Biochemical parameters were analysed using standard methods.Results: The median lethal dose was established at 648 mg/kg (leaves) and 547 mg/kg (stem). The negative group (untreated) showed significant increase in glucose concentration compared to the other groups. After 2 to 3 weeks there was significant (p&lt;0.05) decrease in glucose concentration of the extract and glibenclamide (positive group) treated groups when compared with the negative group. Diabetes control rats showed significant (p&lt;0.05) high serum lipid profile (except for high density lipoprotein), liver enzymes/ indices and renal indices when compared with non-diabetic control rats. However, these alternations were reversed with the positive group and the groups treated with aqueous extracts of both samples. The differences observed in the electrolytes were not significant in all groups.Conclusions: The results suggest that aqueous extract of leaves and stem of I. involucrata is considerably safe and a potential therapy for management of complications associated with diabetes mellitus.

Phytochemical Composition and Biochemical Studies of the Aqueous Leaf Extracts of Brillantaisia guianensis P. beauv on Alloxan Treated Wistar Albino Rats

The present study was carried out on the phytochemical composition and biochemical studies of the leaf extract of Brillantaisia guinensis peuv on alloxan treated Wistar albino rats. The experimental rats were administered with 80 mg/kg body weight of alloxan, via the tail vein. After five days treatment with alloxan, the treatment with the extracts commenced. Extracts were administered orally at 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg bw (both to normal and treated rats) for twenty-one days. Metformin, which served as a standard drug was administered at 50 mg/kg. Chromatographic analysis of the phytochemical content of the leaf extract, revealed the presence of flavonoids (30.7 mg/100 g), saponins (50.6 mg/100 g), phytosterol (6.22 mg/100 g), tannins (7.50 mg/100 g) and glycosides (29.3 mg/100 g). Compared to test and normal control, the extracts dose-dependently and significantly lowered (P&lt;0.05) plasma glucose and triglycerides, during the experimental period. This study revealed the presence of pharmacologically bioactive compounds in the leaf extract and showed that the leaf extract had a dose-dependent hypoglycemic and hypotriglyceridemic effect on the Wistar albino rats. The findings suggest a likely protective role of the extracts against hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia thereby useful in the treatment and management of diabetes mellitus, obesity and other related cardiovascular diseases.

Effect of aqueous leaf extract of &lt;i&gt;Ficus exasperata&lt;/i&gt; in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats

Aqueous leaf extract of F. exasperata at the doses of 2.5, 12.5 and 25 mg/kg body weight was investigated for its acclaimed antidiabetic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Forty-two albino rats weighing 170-190 g were assigned into six groups (A-F) of seven animals each. Rats in group A (non-diabetic) received 1.0 ml of distilled water orally, thrice daily for 8 days while those in groups B, C, D, E and F were made diabetic (150 mg/kg body weight of alloxan) and treated like non-diabetic except they received in addition, 1.0 ml each of distilled water (to maintain a similar treatment across all the groups), glibenclamide (2.5 mg/kg body weight), 2.5, 12.5 and 25 mg/kg body weight of the extract, respectively. Several biomolecules that relates to diabetes were assessed using standard methods. The extract contained alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and phenolics. The fasting blood glucose of the diabetic rats at the end of the experimental period reduced significantly (P 0.05) with the glibenclamide and distilled water treated animals. The urine sugar (>2%) in the diabetic rats disappeared in the other treatment groups except traces (0.25%) of sugar in the 2.5 mg/kg body weight extract treated animals. The significantly elevated serum creatinine, urea, uric acid, albumin and total cholesterol in the diabetic animals were attenuated by the extract. Furthermore, the significantly reduced absolute weight of the pancreas, packed cell volume and haemoglobin in the distilled water treated diabetic rats were attenuated by the extract. Overall, the extract possesses antidiabetic activity with 12.5 and 25 mg/kg body weight being the most effective doses. The aqueous leaf extract of F. exasperata could also be explored in the control of some of the metabolic dysfunctions usually associated with diabetes.Keywords: Alloxan, Anti-diabetic, Diabetes, Ficus exasperata, Moraceae

Antioxidant Potential of Artocarpusaltilis Leaf Powder in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rat

The possible protective effect of Artocarpus altilis leaf powder on diabetes‐induced oxidative stress was evaluated in alloxan‐induced diabetic male rat. Albino rats each weighing about 100 ± 25g were divided into five groups (A–E) (where n=8). Group A is the control fed with normal diet, Group D was pre‐treated with supplemented 5% A. altilis leaf powder for four weeks before induction with alloxan. Thereafter, groups B, C, D, and E were induced with 75mg/kg body weight of alloxan. However, group C was treated after induction with 5% A. altilis leaf powder supplemented diet and E with metformin. Significant increase (P&lt;0.05) in lipid peroxidation and decrease in Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH), were observed in the diabetic control compared with the control rats. However, pretreatment with A. altilis leaf powder supplemented diet (Grp. D) and treatment of diabetic rats with same diet (Grp. C) resulted in a reduced lipid peroxidation and significant increase (P&lt;0.05) in the activity of SOD, CAT, and GSH concentration in the serum, liver, and kidney of these group of rats compared with the diabetic control. These findings indicate that A. altilis leaf powder supplemented diet has a potential to reduce free radical mediated oxidative stress to cells in experimental diabetic rats. The pretreated A. altilis leaf powder supplemented diet was found to be more effective in restoring the values of these parameters to normal values, thus lending credence to its folkloric usage in the management and/or control of diabetes mellitus and possible use as a nutraceuticalSupport or Funding InformationnilThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Ameliorative Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus Stem Bark on Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats.

Purpose: Diabetes mellitus is one of the major endocrine disorders, characterized by impaired insulin action and deficiency. Traditionally, Artocarpus heterophyllus stem bark has been reputably used in the management of diabetes mellitus and its complications. The present study evaluates the ameliorative activity of ethanol extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus stem bark in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.Methods: Diabetes mellitus was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of 150 mg/kg body weight of alloxan and the animals were orally administered with 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg body weight ethanol extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus stem bark once daily for 21 days.Results: At the end of the intervention, diabetic control rats showed significant (p<0.05) weight reduction, abnormal haematological parameters, high serum lipids (except high density lipoprotein) concentrations, increased creatinine, bilirubin and urea levels with decreased in albumin level when compared with non-diabetic control rats. All these alterations were reverted to normal after administered with different doses of ethanol extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus stem bark most especially at 150 mg/kg body weight which exhibited no significant (p>0.05) different with non-diabetic rats.Conclusion: The results suggest that ethanol extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus stem bark may be useful in ameliorating complications associated with diabetes mellitus patients.

Combining biochemical with 1H NMR-based metabolomics approach unravels the antidiabetic activity of genipin and its possible mechanism

Diabetes mellitus is a typical heterogeneous metabolic disorder characterized by abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Genipin possesses a wide spectrum of biological activities including ameliorating effects on diabetes, but the definite mechanism of this effect remains unknown. To investigate the antidiabetic activities of genipin and explore the biochemical changes of serum endogenous metabolites on diabetic rats induced by alloxan, 1H NMR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate data analysis was used to. All rats were randomly divided into six groups including negative control (NC) group, diabetic mellitus (DM) group, metformin hydrochloride group, high dose group of genipin, middle dose group of genipin and low dose group of genipin. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of 120mg/kg body weight of alloxan. Serum samples were collected for the 1H NMR-based metabolomics and clinical biochemical analysis. Daily oral administration of genipin (25, 50 and 100mg/kg body weight) and metformin hydrochloride (125mg/kg) for two weeks showed beneficial effects on blood glucose level (P<0.01). Significant differences in the metabolic profile as well as the result of biochemical parameters between the diabetic group and the control group were observed. The PLS-DA scores and corresponding loading plots demonstrated that genipin significantly restored the abnormal metabolic state. Detailed analysis of the altered metabolite levels indicated that genipin significantly ameliorated the disturbance in glucose metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism. Genipin showed the best anti-diabetic effects at a dose of 100mg/kg in rats. This finding indicates that chemical and metabolomic approaches could be powerful tools for the investigation of the biochemical changes in pathological conditions or drug treatment.