Bodily Integrity Research Articles

The child's right to bodily integrity and autonomy: A conceptual analysis

It is widely accepted that children enjoy some form of a right to bodily integrity. However, there is little agreement about the precise nature and scope of this right. This paper offers a conceptual analysis of the child's right to bodily integrity, in order to further elucidate the relationship between the child's right to bodily integrity and considerations of autonomy. Following a discussion of Leif Wenar's work on the structure and justification of rights, I first explain how the adult's right to bodily integrity can be distilled into separate elements that may plausibly be justified by different moral considerations. In particular, I claim that this analysis suggests that whilst the adult's right to bodily integrity is not wholly reducible to bodily autonomy, autonomy nonetheless remains entwined with our understanding of this right in a number of ways. On the basis of this discussion, I go on to outline three important complexities that arise when we consider the child's right to bodily integrity, before particularly focusing on the question of how third parties should determine whether or not to perform a physical interference upon a child who lacks decision-making capacity. Here, I raise some objections to Earp and Mazor's recent attempts to answer this question, before briefly defending an ‘autonomy-based interests’ account of permissible interference, an account that shares in what I take to be the spirit, if not the precise letter, of these earlier views.

Life beyond life: Perceptions of post-mortem organ donation and consent to donate-A focus group study in Italy.

Many factors such as personal and cultural beliefs, misinformation, fear of death and inadequate will registering procedures can influence post-mortem organ donation. The present study aimed to explore the perceptions, beliefs and information around post-mortem donation and will expression in different groups of the Italian population, to orient future interventions and raise awareness. Qualitative research with focus groups. A total of 38 focus groups involving 353 participants including the general population (young adults: 18-39, mature adults: 40-70), local and hospital health professionals, critical area health professionals (emergency room and intensive care), registry office employees and opinion leaders, were conducted in six regions from different parts of Italy between June and November 2021. Thematic analysis was conducted with the use of Atlas.ti9. Five overarching themes were identified: dilemmas regarding donation, resistance to donation, facilitators of donation, difficulties in terms of will expression and proposals to encourage will expression. Possible facilitators were having personal and professional experiences with organ donation, feeling useful for society, having reliable information and trust in the health care system. Potential barriers to donation were doubts and fears about brain death, bodily integrity concerns, religious beliefs, misinformation and distrust in the health care system. These results highlighted the significance of a bottom-up perspective with regard to identifying the personal perceptions and beliefs with regard to donation, underlining the urgency of creating tailored interventions to sensitize different groups of the population in terms of promoting an informed choice and a culture of donation.

TRAUMA-INFORMED VAGINAL EXAMINATIONS FOR CHILDHOOD SEXUAL ABUSE SURVIVORS

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is widespread in the UK. Childbirth is a known trigger for CSA survivors due to the high potential for re-traumatisation, and vaginal examinations (VE) are particularly distressing. By offering VEs in a trauma-informed way that promotes the survivor’s autonomy, consent and bodily integrity, midwives can reduce the negative impact of VEs for survivors and promote positive, empowering birth experiences.

Biometric privacy protection: What is this thing called privacy?

AbstractWe are at the wake of an epochal revolution, the Information Revolution. The Information Revolution has been accompanied by the rise of a new commodity, digital data, which is changing the world including methods for human recognition. Biometric systems are the recognition technology of the new age. So, privacy scholars tend to frame biometric privacy protection chiefly in terms of biometric data protection. The author argues that this is a misleading perspective. Biometric data protection is an extremely relevant legal and commercial issue but has little to do with privacy. The notion of privacy, understood as a personal intimate sphere, is hardly related to what is contained in this private realm (data or whatever else), rather it is related to the very existence of a secluded space. Privacy relies on having the possibility to hide rather than in hiding anything. What really matters is the existence of a private sphere rather than what is inside. This also holds true for biometric privacy. Biometric privacy protection should focus on bodily and psychological integrity, preventing those technology conditions and operating practices that may lead to turn biometric recognition into a humiliating experience for the individual.

Проблемы законодательной регламентации и квалификации пытки в отечественном уголовном законодательстве

The article analyzes the current state of criminal law combating torture in Russia, developed after the July 2022 criminal law reform. The author expresses additional arguments about the introduction of a special article con-taining the composition of torture as a common crime. A common vision of the criminal legal system for coun-tering torture has been formulated. The position on the criminal law identity of torture in relation to particular cruelty has been confirmed; an opinion was expressed on the problems of qualification when using this sign of an objective side in Art. 117 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The author proposes, when using the definition record, torture to abandon the use of the term “moral”, replacing it with “mental” suffering. The author supports and further argues the idea that the composition of torture is formal. Thus, the encroachment occurs against the bodily integrity of the victim. The idea of the presence of the subject of the crime in Part 4 of Art. 286 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and part 3 of Art. 302 of the Criminal Code of the Rus-sian Federation is substantiated. The author believes that when qualifying Part 3 of Art. 302 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation cannot ignore the fact that the perpetrators can commit an act not only for the purpose of obtaining information, but also for the physical receipt of objects. In conclusion, the authors propose a draft article of the criminal law, concerning the independent criminalization of torture as a general criminal offence.

Fixing bodies and shaping narratives: Epistemic injustice and the responses of medicine and bioethics to intersex human rights demands

Children with innate variations of sex characteristics (also termed differences of sex development or intersex traits) are routinely subjected to medical interventions that aim to make their bodies appear or function more typically female or male. Many such interventions lack clear evidence of benefit, they have been challenged for thirty years, and they are now understood to violate children’s rights to bodily autonomy and bodily integrity. In this paper I argue that these persist in part due to epistemic injustices and biomedical authority. Epistemic injustices include limited disclosure of current practices, the systemic marginalisation of community voices and psychosocial professionals, and attempts to discredit or misrepresent testimony. Bioethics has largely failed to change medical practice, and sometimes plays a role in perpetuating epistemic injustices. I find that the development of an intersex movement provides opportunities for epistemic justice and liberation by engaging with other disciplines and promoting oversight of medical decision-making. The paper draws particularly on Australian sources, including internationally influential ethical principles.

Human capabilities of South African parents who have children with developmental disabilities.

Parenting a child with a developmental disability (DD) has a substantial influence on the lives of the parents or caregivers, as well as on how the family operates. This is frequently because of the adjustments in some daily practices that are crucial for parents' or caregivers' human capabilities to provide for childcare. There is not enough research done on human capabilities of parents or children with DD in South Africa. This study investigated the available support in improving the human capabilities of parents or caregivers with children with DD and the bodily health and bodily integrity human capabilities of parents or caregivers with children with DD. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 11 parents or caregivers of children aged between 1 and 8 years old with DD. This study used snowball sampling. Thematic data analysis was chosen to analyse the data collected. The results of the study indicate that participants have difficulties bringing up their children because of the emotional strain that goes along with parenting a child with DD. In addition, participants were not able to afford decent and satisfactory shelter and had limited access to good quality food because they could not afford it. A lack of social support and care burden influences parents' or caregivers' ability to raise their child with developmental disability. The study contains helpful information about families of children with DD in under-resourced locations. The information may be of significance to policymakers who are accountable for designing and executing policies that are targeted at assisting parents or caregivers of children with DD.

Randomized intervention to assess the effectiveness of an educational video on organ donation intent among Hispanics in the New York metropolitan area.

The Hispanic community has a high demand for organ donation but a shortage of donors. Studies investigating factors that could promote or hinder organ donation have examined emotional video interventions. Factors acting as barriers to organ donation registration have been classified as: (1) Bodily integrity; (2) medical mistrust; (3) "ick"-feelings of disgust towards organ donation; and (4) "jinx"-fear that registration may result in one dying due to premeditated plans. We predict that by providing necessary information and education about the donation process via a short video, individuals will be more willing to register as organ donors. To determine perceptions and attitudes regarding barriers and facilitators to organ donation intention among Hispanic residents in the New York metro politan area. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Northwell Health. The approval reference number is No. 19-0009 (as presented in Supplementary material). Eligible participants included Hispanic New York City (NYC) residents, 18 years of age and above, who were recruited voluntarily through Cloud Research and participated in a larger randomized survey study of NYC residents. The survey an 85-item Redcap survey measured participant demographics, attitudes, and knowledge of organ donation as well as the intention to register as an organ donor. Attention checks were implemented throughout the survey, and responses were excluded for those who did fail. Participants were randomly assigned two-between subject conditions: To view a short video on organ donation and then proceed to complete the survey (i.e., video first) and view the same video at the end of the survey (video last). No intra-group activities were conducted. This study utilized an evidenced-based emotive educational intervention (video) which was previously utilized and was shown to increase organ donation registration rates at the Ohio Department of Motor Vehicles. Results were analyzed using Jamovi statistical software. Three hundred sixty-five Hispanic individuals were included in the analysis. Once consent was obtained and participants entered the survey (the survey sample is presented in Supplementary material), participants were asked to report on demographic variables and their general impression of organ donation after death. The video depicted stories regarding organ donation after death from various viewpoints, including from the loved ones of a deceased person who died waiting for a transplant; from the loved ones of a deceased person whose organs were donated upon death; and, from those who were currently waiting for a transplant. Using a binomial logistic regression, the analysis provides information about the relationship between the effects of an emotive video and the intention to donate among Hispanic participants who were not already registered as donors. The willingness to go back and register was found to be significantly more probable for those who watched the emotive video before being asked about their organ donation opinions (odds ratio: 2.05, 95% confidence interval: 1.06-3.97). Motivations for participation in organ donation were also captured with many stating the importance of messages coming from "people like me" and a message that highlights "the welfare of those in need". Overall, the findings suggest that using an emotive video that addresses organ donation barriers to prompt organ donation intentions can be effective among the Hispanic populous. Future studies should explore using targeted messaging that resonates with specific cultural groups, highlighting the welfare of others. This study suggests that an emotive educational intervention is likely to be effective in improving organ donation registration intent among the Hispanic population residing in NYC.

The Basis for an Amicus Brief for ‘Happy’ the Captive Elephant: Theology That Drives One to Animal Rights

Based on an Amicus Brief (a legal document submitted to the court relating to a case brought by the Nonhuman Rights Project on behalf of Happy the Elephant), this paper holds that the treatment of Happy the captive elephant is contrary to Christian ethics and the teaching of the Anglican/Episcopal Church. Seven considerations are enumerated concluding that since God has the right to have creatures treated with respect, denying Happy her natural bodily life and integrity is a sin against God. While we have drawn on Anglican sources for this essay, our arguments are strong enough and important enough to be considered by all Christians.

Nurse Disrespect and Abuse Toward Laboring and Child-Birthing Women.

Disrespect and abuse of laboring and child-birthing women in health care is a global problem that violates a woman's right to respectful care. The abuse can be life-threatening and jeopardizes their rights to health, bodily integrity, and freedom from discrimination. This study aimed to understand the factors influencing nurse and midwife disrespect and abuse of child-birthing women in health care settings. An exploratory, nonexperimental, cross-sectional design was used to identify correlates and predictors of disrespect and abuse of child-birthing women by nurses/midwives. Pearson product-moment correlation and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to explore the relationships between nurse intrapersonal, interpersonal (Nursing Incivility Scale), organizational/structural factors (Professional Practice Work Environment Inventory), and disrespect and abuse (Disrespect and Abuse Scale) toward women during labor and childbirth.An online electronic survey was used to collect data from an international nursing and midwifery population from May 2021 to September 2021. Data were collected from 231 nurses and midwives. The standardized regression coefficients showed gender, number of hours worked per week, and organizational/structural factors were all predictors of disrespect and abuse. Organizational/structural factors were the strongest predictor of disrespect and abuse, accounting for 20% of the variance in the regression model. These findings support the Patient Abuse in Healthcare model, where researchers hypothesized that nurse/midwife intrapersonal, interpersonal, and organizational/structural factors contribute to patient abuse in health care settings. Work environment, gender, and number of hours worked per week were significant predictors of disrespect and abuse. The results of this study support future research that addresses unhealthy work environments and develops policies to transform the values and norms of labor and delivery.

Exploring informed consent in midwifery care

One of the single most important tenets of healthcare ethics is that of informed consent. Situated in ethical, legal and human rights frameworks, informed consent at its core represents the ability to retain autonomy over one's bodily integrity and to decide freely who can and cannot touch them. While consent at its simplest means being able to say yes or no, facilitating informed consent requires a more nuanced understanding of a dynamic process that, for midwives and other healthcare professionals, might seem challenging. The aim of this article is to provide a brief introduction to historical context and key legal cases that set the foundations for that which constitutes informed consent. This article focuses on what ‘informed’ means in relation to consent and, importantly, aims to dispel myths around receiving informed consent in contemporary midwifery practice.

Commentary on "Circumcision".

This commentary draws upon the author's experience in bioethics and as a physician, ordained Rabbi, and certified Mohel (a Jewish professional qualified to perform infant male circumcisions (MC)). People's identity and adherence to a religious belief are frequently cited reasons for deciding whether to circumcise their male children. For Jewish and Muslim males, circumcision is considered essential. In this commentary, the author uses his medical, religious, and bioethical knowledge, expertise, and experience to address common arguments used in opposing nontherapeutic male circumcision of minors. In these narratives, half of the parents agreed with circumcision, and half did not. The parents against circumcision cite human rights violations, security, privacy, and bodily integrity issues and refer to circumcision as genital mutilation, while those who agree argue that circumcision should be done for religious reasons to prevent health issues, promote hygiene and cleanness, avoid cancer, or for later sexual enjoyment. After evaluating the evidence, the author states that parents should be free to either consent or decline MC for a son. Though a reoccurring theme in these narratives was for mothers to leave the circumcision decision up to their male partners, the author concludes that women have considerable power regarding the decision.

Eczema Patients’ Skin as a Projection of Psychic Processes

This paper presented psychoanalytic evaluations of the psychic processes of chronic eczema patients. Issues related to skin-ego construction, body-related anxieties, and barrier-penetration variables were evaluated by testing three hypotheses. Semi-structured interviews and the Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Tests were applied. The skin is a meaningful interface between the body and the psyche. In various skin diseases, mental factors seem to accompany the physical symptoms. Didier Anzieu’s skin ego theory emphasizes the importance of the first experience between the mother and infant through the skin. Maternal capacity for practices such as handling and holding constructs the child’s ego. Deficiencies in these areas might cause disruptions in ego and skin-ego development, as supported by the results of the present study. In addition, body-related anxieties were discussed in this paper with a psychosomatic psychoanalytic approach. Anxieties related to the inner body and the maintenance of bodily integrity were identified among eczema patients. Finally, Fisher and Cleveland’s work on individuals’ barrier and penetration variables was used to determine the relevant variables for eczema patients. The dynamics of both barrier and penetration were among the presented findings.

An overview of the concept of medical intervention and informed consent according to Turkish law

Medical intervention refers to any action taken against the physical and mental structure of the person for the purpose of treatment by an authorized person in the medical field. Medical interventions without legal compliance conditions constitute a crime legally. In order for the intervention to be lawful; The person performing the medical intervention must be a physician, there must be the necessary indication for medical intervention, the patient must have informed consent, and the physician must perform a meticulous medical intervention in accordance with the requirements of medical science. According to our constitution, people have the right to determine their own future. Therefore, the physician must obtain the consent of the patient before intervening in the patient's bodily integrity. The aim of the physician to heal the patient does not give any privilege to the physicians in this regard. According to the legislation, it can be stated that it is more appropriate to make the enlightenment verbally, but it would be more beneficial to put the verbal clarification in writing in terms of proof of the clarification. In order for the patient's consent to be valid, the patient must have a good grasp of the subject to which he or she gave consent. For this reason, the patient should be fully illuminated.

Does the Right to Life include the Right to Die?

The right to life is a fundamental and absolute human right, which, through its importance, goes beyond the sphere of personal interest, having relevance for the whole society. In a generalized context, it includes in its structure all the other rights, but also duties recognized to man. The right to life is portrayed as having two dimensions: a minimum content and a maximum content. Stricto sensu, the right to life protects the human being against harm to his or her bodily integrity by another person, and is therefore primarily a prohibition on killing another being. Lato sensu, the right to life is an expression that designates the set of rights that are attributed to living beings in general and people in particular. It is important to determine when the protection of the right to life begins, which in various laws of the European States leads to the criminalization or noncriminalization of the act of abortion and also to the determination of the content of this right, in order to determine whether it includes the right to die. Marginally, the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights has ruled on this alleged right, challenging its existence, but not unanimously. What are the limits of this right if it were recognized? Is there such a right or not, and if so, can it be accepted that death is only one side of the right to life? In the following analysis we will try to identify certain questions to which we should look for an answer, in order to reach a conclusion: Does the right to life include the right to die?

Subliminal attentional bias modification training for itch.

Itch is unpleasant and induces the urge to scratch. This is adaptive to remove the itch-inducing stimulus from the skin. Accordingly, itch draws attention to protect our bodily integrity. Recent studies investigated whether attention is preferentially drawn towards its location, i.e., attentional bias (AB), and also whether this bias could be changed in healthy individuals. So far, results are mixed concerning the existance of an attentional bias towards itch stimuli in healthy individuals as well as the impact of modifications. However, available studies have typically focused on conscious processing and might miss preconscious aspects of attention and potential biases at these stages. This study included 117 healthy individuals who underwent a subliminal Attentional Bias Modification (ABM)- training for itch based on a dot-probe paradigm with itch- related pictures. Participants were randomly assigned to a training towards itch group, a training away from itch group and a control group. This was done by manipulating the itch-target congruency of the dot-probe task during a training block. Pre- and post-training assessments were regular dot-probe tasks. Exploratorily, also attentional inhibition, cognitive flexibility and itch-related cognitions were assessed. Lastly, participants received an itchy stimulus on the inner forearm before and after the ABM-training to assess potential effects on itch sensitivity. Results showed no AB towards itch across groups at baseline, i.e., pre-training, but an AB away from itch, hence, avoidance of itch, post-training. Further analyses showed that this effect was driven by an attentional bias away from itch in the control group, while there were no significant effects in the experimental groups. There was no effect on itch sensitivity. These findings are in line with recent studies on conscious ABM-training for itch and pain that also did not find significant training effects. Therefore, it is suggested that the field of AB might need to reconsider the current assessment of AB. Moreover, AB is probably a dynamic process that is highly dependent on current itch-related goals and relevance of itch in a specific situation. This suggests that processes probably differ in patients with chronic itch and that also ABM-training might work differently in these populations. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=NTR7561, identifier NTR7561.

CRIMINAL PROTECTION OF WOMEN FROM ASSAULT FOR HER LIFE AND HER BODY

If a woman is an essential partner in society, then the legislator's guarantee of her protection against any assault or abuse is necessary. Therefore, this research sheds light on the feasibility of criminal protection for women from assault, in its two parts: substantive and procedural. In an attempt to reach any features of the preventive role of crimes of assault on women. By examining the issue in the two laws: the Egyptian and the French. The importance of this research is due to the high rates of crimes of assault against women in a way that requires a review of the punitive texts that aim to protect women from any assault, as well as the negative effects left by crimes of assault on women, whether for the family or society as a whole, in addition to the growing and continuous interest in women's issues from side of the Egyptian state. Based on this importance, and in an attempt to achieve the goal of this research, there are major questions that will be answered in the folds of the research, namely: - What is the true relationship between the terms "assault against women" and "violence against women". - Has the legislator done well with regard to substantive criminal protection for women from assault on her life and bodily integrity? - What about the procedural aspects regarding acts of assault against women, are they sufficient in themselves?

LEAGAL PROTECTION FOR WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE AND FROM THE THREAT OF ARTICLE NUMBER 41 OF THE IRAQI CONSTITUTION ON THEIR RIGHTS

The right of life and bodily integrity of, in addition to the right reputation, is one of the most important rights attached to the personality of a person, whoever this person is, male or female, but recognizing and implementing this seems more important to people than others, and we mean by them those who are vulnerable to violating their rights Because of their gender, which may appear clearly for women in many cases, women may be exposed to various risks of assault on their personal rights, as they are exposed types of attacks and violence directed against them. Domestic violence in Iraq is not a contemporary issue, but rather a phenomenon that has historical implications. It was associated with the pressures of life and with the values and traditions based on the masculinity of society in all its fields, and its manifestations extended and worsened over time. For decades, the Iraqi family has suffered from fragile, turbulent and insecure environmental conditions, which made it a fertile place for the emergence and growth of new forms of violence in both the family and society. Especially after June 2014 when Iraq resist a series of deteriorating situations, which was represented by the terrorist organizations controlling more than a third of the area of Iraq, and the subsequent waves of displacement of more than 4 million people, and a rise in unemployment rates that reached 28% in 2017, and a rise in Poverty rates reached 41% in areas that came under the control of terrorist organizations. The spread of extremist ideology based on a misunderstanding of the tolerant spirit of Islamic law and the attempt to push the sectarian soul with regard to women’s rights and protection through what is enshrined in Article 41 of the Iraqi constitution as it is an article that affects the rights of Iraqi women and seeks to obliterate the Iraqi identity and seeks to establish sectarian sectarianism and according to the justifications and justifications The proposed supporter of this point of view, and since this matter provokes the entity of every individual and citizen who clings to his patriotism, since one of its most dangerous effects is the consecration of sectarian tension, And the threat to the consistency of the homogeneous Iraqi society, and the need to preserve the gains of the Personal Status Law No. 188 of 1959, if it was changed based on Article 41 of the Constitution, which indicated that citizens are free in their personal status, but all these rights and guarantees provided to women under this law are subject to violation If the draft amendment to the Iraqi Personal Status Law No. 188 of 1959 was approved, which the House of Representatives intends to put forward, which ignores all these guarantees in terms of the permissible age in the marriage contract, especially with regard to the girl, child custody, second marriage, and even with regard to the wife’s inheritance, this causes The bitter reality of Iraq's economic, social, political, security and health environment has led to the emergence of new forms of violence against women and girls, whether in the family or society, all of which necessitated conducting recent studies to address these forms of growing violence that affected women more than all other groups. affected by these changes

Remembering Herbert Gutman's Work, Culture, and Society Fifty Years On

Remembering Herbert Gutman's <i>Work, Culture, and Society</i> Fifty Years On

Hak Atas Kesehatan Seksual Reproduksi bagi Perempuan: Kajian Perbandingan Mengenai Pengaturan Tentang Aborsi di Nepal dan Indonesia

The fulfillment of women’s sexual and reproductive health and rights remains challenging, especially concerning one of its most controversial issues, namely abortion. While the maternal deaths caused by unsafe abortion continue to be a concern, many countries retain repressive laws by banning abortion which has often been influenced by moral and religious reasons. This article aims to examine the abortion legal framework as part of sexual and reproductive health and rights through the lens of z by dissecting the degree of recognition of bodily integrity, personhood, equality, and diversity of women. Through a comparative approach between Indonesia and Nepal, this paper argues that Nepal’s abortion regulation has a stronger recognition of women’s bodily integrity, personhood, equality, and diversity in its abortion legal framework compared to Indonesia. Therefore, Nepal’s experience in regulating abortion can serve as an inspiration for Indonesia in ensuring women’s sexual and reproductive health and rights