Bluetooth Devices Research Articles

A green energy consumption policy of Bluetooth mobile devices for smart cities

Green computing mode becomes a social concern in recently years. Consequently people have higher demand for Bluetooth device with lower power consumption. In this paper, a green energy consumption policy (ECP) of battery of Bluetooth devices during data transmission was put forward. ECP extracted detail information from four key configuration parameters during Bluetooth data transmission, namely, transmission mode, connection type, packet type and communication rate. Based on the verification data time, verification data transmission time and Bluetooth package time acquired by the computer processor unit, it calculated the battery energy consumption during equipment idle. Moreover, it calculated the actual transmission data and energy consumption according to the data size of the transmitted document. A simulation analysis on ECP was carried out in this paper. Results showed that ECP could estimate energy consumption for document transmission in the independent Bluetooth communication module.

A Wi-Fi Sensor-Based Approach for Examining Travel Time Reliability Parameters Under Mixed Traffic Conditions

The investigation and examination of activity conduct are basically reliant on the accessibility of movement information. Movement information accumulation under blended activity conditions is one of the significant issues looked by scientists and in addition activity administrative experts. Travel time can be measured using different types of sensors; however, due to the heterogeneity in vehicle classes, its performance is a major concern, especially for Indian condition. Among the emerging methods, Bluetooth-based sensors are gaining popularity, but the fact that the number of active Bluetooth devices in the traffic stream in India is generally very low and is a hindrance to the effectiveness of data collection. To overcome this limitation, the use of a Wi-Fi/Bluetooth sensor has been thought upon recently. Thus, the main aim of this research is to test the reliability of such Wi-Fi/Bluetooth-based sensors and to determine travel time at mid-block section along with the determination of the distribution model which would best fit for the study condition, and their relations with various statistical parameters to identify the best results.

Improving compliance with bluetooth device detection

The number of devices containing Bluetooth chipsets is continuing to rise and there exists a need to stem the tidal wave of vulnerabilities brought by the Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) and Internet of Things (IoT) phenomena. With Bluetooth enabled but discovery mode turned off, auditing for Bluetooth devices, or creating an accurate Bluetooth device hardware log is limited. The software tools and hardware devices to monitor WiFi networking signals have long been a part of the security auditor’s arsenal, but similar tools for Bluetooth are bespoke, expensive, and not adopted by most security pentesters. However, this has changed with the introduction of the Ubertooth One, a low-cost and open-source platform for monitoring Bluetooth Classic signals. Using a combination of the Ubertooth One, and other high-power Bluetooth devices, an auditor should now be able to actively scan for rogue devices that may otherwise have been missed. This research examines various hardware combinations that can be used to achieve this functionality, and the possible implications from a compliance point of view, with a focus on the standards used by the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI-DSS), and the guidelines offered by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). We compare the results of scanning with traditional Bluetooth devices as opposed to an Ubertooth/Bluetooth combination. We show how the ability to monitor a larger portion of Bluetooth traffic can highlight serious implications in the compliance landscape of many organisations and companies. We demonstrate that identifying non-discoverable devices with Bluetooth enabled is a crucial element in holistic security monitoring of threats.

Assistance for Visually Impaired People based on Ultrasonic Navigation

The assistance system for visually impaired people has been implemented by using ultrasonic principle to provide navigation. The presented system functions in 2 modes of operation that are obstacle recognition mode and fixed path mode. Obstacle detection mode uses grouping of ultrasonic transceivers for solid obstacle detection and water sensor to identify liquid obstacles by employing a microcontroller. The information about the obstacle is sent to the blind person via a voice mode by using android phone through Bluetooth device. In second mode which is preferably a fixed path mode the person is guided from start point to the end point for a particular path. The blind person can swap between the different modes by using the button present on the cane. Global positioning system (GPS) is used to instruct the person to move from one place to other. The projected system delivers whole direction and defence to a blind person for many situations.

Virtual fingerprint and two-way ranging-based Bluetooth 3D indoor positioning with RSSI difference and distance ratio

ABSTRACTThis paper proposes a new method of 3D indoor positioning based on Bluetooth devices. Virtual Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) fingerprint is built on RSSI difference and distance ratio. The concepts and stability of 1D and 2D virtual fingerprints are introduced, and the property of uniqueness for virtual fingerprint is proved. 2D virtual fingerprint is more stable than that of 1D for indoor positioning. Various positioning algorithms, based on virtual fingerprint and one-way ranging, are discussed, such as NN, KNN, Multi-Step and nonlinear optimization, inference and regression. Multi-Step algorithm holds the best performance in time and error. The proposed method utilizes virtual fingerprint and two-way ranging to overcome the four evident shortcomings of the traditional RRSI fingerprint-based methods. Firstly, measured RSSI is calibration-less for different Bluetooth devices and varying battery status. Secondly, virtual fingerprint of training is obtained by computing, not measured point by point in whole 3D indoor environment. Thirdly, 3D indoor positioning method is employed to substitute for the classical 2D positioning methods. Finally, two-way ranging is adopted to take the place of the conventional one-way ranging and improve the positioning precision. The correctness and availability of the proposed method are testified by the simulation and hardware experiments.

Exploring Urban Dynamics from Bluetooth Tracking Data: A Case Study of Austin, Texas

Abstract. In recent decades, the growing availability of location-aware devices, such as Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers and smart phones, has provided new challenges and opportunities for policy makers to analyze, model, and predict human mobility patterns. However, previous studies on Bluetooth technologies have mainly focused on applying Bluetooth data to analyzing traffic and optimizing transportation networks or deploying new Bluetooth devices in civil engineering. The use of such datasets in understanding urban dynamics and real-time land use patterns is rather limited. This study develops an extendable workflow to explore urban dynamics from Bluetooth data based on a case study in Austin, Texas. We identified similar mobility patterns in different areas of Austin during various study periods, including the Memorial Day long weekend in 2016 and a national musical festival (South by Southwest). Our main goal is to prove the efficacy of this specific workflow and methodology to understand urban dynamics based on real-time Bluetooth data. The hypothesis is that Bluetooth data is sensitive to the daily patterns of human interactions and movements on the individual level, therefore it can capture detailed dynamic patterns. The proposed research also validates new concepts such as “human sensing” and “social sensing” in the field of geography and spatial sciences, which introduces new opportunities to monitor the human aspects of social life.

TELEMEDICINE SYSTEM FOR COMBINED MEASUREMENT OF BLOOD PRESSURE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Objective: BP values sent to a server by means of home BP telemonitoring (HBPTM) may not always be reliable, because some patients do not remain seated comfortably for at least 5 mins before the BP measurement. This condition can be controlled in the physician's office, but it is not possible in the home environment. Design and method: The HBPTM (PP.16.13 Milan 2017) now allows even detection and evaluation of physical activity in a short-term (5 mins) window before the BP measurement. Physical activity has been measured using Xiaomi MiBand 2 wristband while the BP has been measured using Fora P30 Bluetooth device (BPMD). Level of physical activity has been estimated according to a number of steps. Results: During the pilot testing 7 patients were instructed and equipped with a BPMD, a wristband and the data were sent to the central server via mini-PC or a mobile phone application. During initial 62 days patients performed 1215 BP measurements. In 128 (11%) cases level of physical activity exceeded the threshold and may have influenced the measured BP. 120 cases out of 128 of physical activity before the BP measurement were attributed to a single patient. In 134 (11%) cases patients did not wear the wristband and the physical activity could not be estimated. In 913 (75%) cases patients remained seated before the measurement as instructed. In 40 cases (3%) level of physical activity could not be estimated for other reasons. Conclusions: Presented telemedicine system provides a tool for mitigation of the main problem with the HBPM – the difficulty to secure the standardized conditions under which the BP is measured. Further studies will be carried out to quantify the effect of physical activity on the HBPM.

Evaluation of wireless Bluetooth devices to improve recognition of speech and sentences when using a mobile phone in bone conduction device recipients.

To evaluate the effect of a wireless Bluetooth device (WBD) in word and sentence recognition in patients with bone conduction devices (BCDs) while using mobile phones. We performed a prospective study evaluating speech and sentence recognition in both quiet and noised conditions. A total of nine patients, audiologically eligible for BCDs, were included. Based on their hearing impairment type and severity, subjects were divided into "BCD only" and "BCD with HA" groups. The speech and sentence recognition scores of each condition were compared by nonparametric methods. Both the "BCD only" and "BCD with HA" groups had higher scores in the quiet condition than in the noised condition in word and sentence recognition tests, irrespective of whether the WBD was used. The benefit from using a WBD was greater in the noised condition. There were significant differences in the word recognition test results before and after using the WBD in the "BCD only" group, and in both the word and sentence recognition tests results before and after using the WBD bimodally in the noised condition in the "BCD with HA" group. WBDs improve word and sentence recognition in adult BCD bone recipients when they use mobile phones. WBD use provides additional benefits in "BCD with HA" patients in a bimodal situation.

Model-based testing of stochastically timed systems

Many systems are inherently stochastic: they interact with unpredictable environments or use randomised algorithms. Classical model-based testing is insufficient for such systems: it only covers functional correctness. In this paper, we present two model-based testing frameworks that additionally cover the stochastic aspects in hard and soft real-time systems. Using the theory of Markov automata and stochastic automata for specifications, test cases, and a formal notion of conformance, they provide clean mechanisms to represent underspecification, randomisation, and stochastic timing. Markov automata provide a simple memoryless model of time, while stochastic automata support arbitrary continuous and discrete probability distributions. We cleanly define the theoretical foundations, outline practical algorithms for statistical conformance checking, and evaluate both frameworks’ capabilities by testing timing aspects of the Bluetooth device discovery protocol. We highlight the trade-off of simple and efficient statistical evaluation for Markov automata versus precise and realistic modelling with stochastic automata.

Will rule the airwaves: A DARPA grand challenge seeks autonomous radios to manage the wireless spectrum

IN THE EARLY 2000S, BLUETOOTH ALMOST MET AN UNTIMELY END. The first Bluetooth devices struggled to avoid interfering with Wi-Fi routers, a higher-powered, more-established cohort on the radio spectrum, with which Bluetooth devices shared frequencies. Bluetooth engineers eventually modified their standard—and saved their wireless tech from early extinction—by developing frequency-hopping techniques for Bluetooth devices, which shifted operation to unoccupied bands upon detecting Wi-Fi signals. • Frequency hopping is just one way to avoid interference, a problem that has plagued radio since its beginning. Long ago, regulators learned to manage spectrum so that in the emerging wireless ecosystem, different radio users were allocated different frequencies for their exclusive use. While this practice avoids the challenges of detecting transmissions and shifting frequencies on the fly, it makes very inefficient use of spectrum, as portions lay fallow. • Today, demand is soaring for the finite resource of radio spectrum. Over the last several years, wireless data transmission has grown by roughly 50 percent per year, driven largely by people streaming videos and scrolling through social media on their smart-phones. To meet this demand, we must allocate spectrum as efficiently as possible. Increasingly, that means that wireless technologies cannot have exclusive frequencies, but rather must share available spectrum. Frequency hopping, which Bluetooth uses, will be part of the solution, but to cope with the surging demand we are going to have to go far beyond it.

Design of a Solar-Powered Portable ECG Device with Optimal Power Consumption and High Accuracy Measurement

One of the best ways to monitor the health of the heart is to regularly record its electrical activity by using an electrocardiogram (ECG). Abnormal ECG signals may indicate conditions such as heart attack, arrhythmia, or heart defects. There are many ECG devices available which can detect and amplify this differential biological signal from the heart, allowing a lot of information to be collected quickly. The ECG is often small and easy to use, but its power is supplied from regular batteries, which need to be replaced after a certain period of use. This causes discomfort for elderly users. To overcome this limitation, in this paper, we aim to develop a solar-powered, portable Bluetooth device for ECG measurements. The device can be interfaced with smartphones or other wireless devices via Bluetooth by a distance up to 100 m. The ECG device was designed to use solar energy, which is also the main power source. Following the solar energy harvesting circuit is a solar panel with an output voltage of 2.4 V and a power out of 0.25 W. We optimized the design to have a very low power consumption and in sleep mode the current consumption is only around 40 µA. The device was designed with 24-bit resolution and a sampling frequency of up to 2133 Hz, which can allow high accuracy ECG measurements. The device is not only used for heart rate monitoring, but it can also assist doctors in analyzing ECG signals with a high accuracy via embedded operating software.

An integrated smart heating control system based on sandwich-structural textiles

Integrated fabrics with a smart heating control system (HCS) are attractive in warming and thermotherapy for human healthcare management. Metal nanofibers (NFs) networks with high flexibility, conductivity and gas permeability are ideal functional materials for wearable electronics. Herein, a novel sandwich-structural (Ag NFs/fabrics/Pt NFs) textile for a HCS is constructed, where a Ag NF network film was functioned as a wearable heater and Pt NF network arrays were functioned as wearable temperature sensors. Conductivity and mechanical stability of the metal NFs were enhanced by crosslinking the free-standing fiber networks, resulting in high thermo-stability, thermal resistance (163.5 °C W−1 cm2) and temperature sensitivity (0.135% °C−1) of the HCS. The HCS can simultaneously realize heating and temperature distribution detection, demonstrating only 0.57% average error between the simulated resistance-to-temperature diagram of Pt NF arrays and actual temperature mapping. In addition, the HCS can be stuck on the skin for thermochromic fabrics, real-time heating and temperature detection/control through a Bluetooth device in a smartphone wirelessly.

SMART PHONE BASED ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM USING RASPBERRY PI3

In many places, energy wastage arises when a person leaves the home or office without turning off the home appliances such as lights and fans. Due to the negligence of the person, lot of energy is wasted unused and results in higher amount of electricity bill. Nowadays, almost every household member has a smart phone because of their affordable prices. In this paper, an energy management system is developed using Smart phone’s Bluetooth technology. The proposed system is built on Raspberry Pi3 processor and uses the Bluetooth communication in the user’s phone to determine whether the user is at home or not. It is not necessary for the user’s phone to be in discoverable mode for its functionality, it should be just turned on. When the user is out of home/office, the Bluetooth device in the phone gets unpaired from the energy management system’s Bluetooth device. This in turn turns off the unused devices such as lights and fans to save energy. Multiple Bluetooth devices can also be used in case of multiple users. The user can control the appliances manually through switches when at home

Teknologi Bluetooth dengan Mekanisme Multihop

Bluetooth is a wireless communication technology that is used to exchange information, at a lower cost, use low power, the ability to work or interact between applications through approved protocols is very good, and easy operation. The Bluetooth operating range works on the 2.4 GHz unlicensed ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) frequency band using a frequency hopping tranceiver that is able to provide real-time data and voice communication services between Bluetooth hosts. When Bluetooth devices communicate with each other, they will form a dynamic network called piconet, a network consisting of master and slave, in one piconet of no more than 7 slaves. Bluetooth also supports connections between piconets called scattemets. The mechanism for connecting between one piconet and another is called a hop mechanism.

Secure Communication Using Blue Tooth

A Bluetooth technology legitimate the topology (piconets) which collects the slaves controlled by master on ad-hoc network and collection of one or more piconets in Bluetooth network is scatternets. This technology is based on the devices connected for communication at low powered and short range network application. It is being a revolution of simply as replacement of wire technology with cordless devices. Bluetooth technology is specification of wireless personal area which connects several devices and exchange data between mobile phones at very low power consumption. The communication protocols has feature of the complexity of linking address. It always ready to work in any form whichever as a master or slave, if an additional or devices are attached in the network. The slave device got permission to attain period and synchronization if it has been asked from the master device. The intercommunication between multiple Bluetooth devices within an assumed environmental situation is termed as 'Piconet', with their meticulous timeslots on a period partition multiplexing base by the master device and all succeeding the occurrence bounding design of the master. Reserve distributions are determined by the master, and then vigorously reproduce the data transfer by the desires distinct systems. The enrichment in the established MMPI structure creates it a respectable possibility for Scatternet requests.

Multi-point Security by a Multiplatform-compatible Multifunctional Authentication and Encryption Board

Securing the access in networks is a first-order concern that only gains importance with the advent of Internet of Things (IoT). In this paper, a security system is presented for password-free access over the secured link. It makes the connection faster than manual authentication and facilitates Machine-to-Machine (M2M) secure interactions, as required for IoT. The authentication procedure includes the exchange of certificate and challenge/response pairs, which are stored and computed in an external security coprocessor. The system enforces the authentication protocol, includes error detection, and handles multiple devices according to their Operating Systems (OS) through their connections/ disconnections. It also performs encryption, if necessary. It is applicable on application level for devices, including IoT based devices, sensors, Android, and iOS-based smartphones. The devices that have the correct certificate and can solve the challenge can connect to the network linked with the security system. The system security is hardened because the sensitive authentication elements such as keys, certificates, and challenge responses are invisible to users and are exchanged only using strong hashing algorithms that are irreversible. The proposed hardware security system can augment any supporting network, converting the entire insecure network into a secured one, as well as retrofit existing insecure Bluetooth devices for secure access. The system incurs low overhead in time and energy by performing security operations in an ASIC coprocessor, and can be shared to secure access to multiple devices, which reduces both energy and cost.

On Secure Simple Pairing in Bluetooth Standard v5.0-Part I: Authenticated Link Key Security and Its Home Automation and Entertainment Applications.

Bluetooth is an important technical standard for short-range and low-power wireless communication. The home automation and entertainment (HAE) systems often make use of Bluetooth technology to link different Bluetooth devices and form Bluetooth networks. The security concerns of the HAE systems are raised due to massive deployment of the Bluetooth devices. The Bluetooth standard mainly depends on the secure simple pairing (SSP) solution to protect the Bluetooth devices. Hence, we investigate the SSP solution according to the Bluetooth standard v5.0. The contributions are threefold. (1) A formal security model is proposed to evaluate SSP’s association models and authenticated link key. (2) We formally analyze two SSP protocols and present the security requirements for basic cryptographic modules in these SSP protocols. (3) We discuss the typical SSP applications in the HAE systems. Our results are useful to not only evaluating and designing the SSP protocols but also enhancing the security of the HAE systems in which the Bluetooth access is available.

E-Black Board System-A step towards Digital Education

E-Black Board system provides the easiest and convenient way of learning in Educational systems. This project presents a system which takes a small step digital learning. Android application is provided which takes the speech from the user and work in collaboration with the Bluetooth device. In Listening mode, application converts the spoken words into text and displays them onto the LCD screen. Power supply will supply the system energy needed which can be connected to any digital devices (like PC, Laptops, Mobile, etc).The converted text will be then displayed to the LCD screen with the help of Microcontroller. Along with this the customer would be informed about the on-going offers in the store. In today’s digital environment this system provides easy and fast learning facility.

Evaluation of the Use of a City Center through the Use of Bluetooth Sensors Network

In order to achieve the objectives of Smart Cities, public administrations need to take measures to regulate mobility, which undoubtedly requires a high level of information and sensorization. Until the implementation of the connected vehicle takes place, it is still necessary to install sensors to obtain information about mobility. Bluetooth sensors are becoming a useful tool due to the low cost of equipment and installation. The use of Bluetooth sensors in cities, with short distances between sensors, makes it necessary to propose new classification algorithms that allow the trips of pedestrians and vehicles to be differentiated. This article presents the study carried out in the city of Valencia to determine the use of motor vehicles in the historic center and propose a new classification algorithm to distinguish between an onboard Bluetooth device and the same device carried by a pedestrian when it is not possible to use the travel time for the classification due to the short distance between sensors. This causes very similar or even indistinguishable travel times for vehicles and for pedestrians. We also propose an algorithm that allows vehicles to be classified according to what type of trip is made always through the historical center of Valencia, whether it is to make a shorter itinerary through the city or to access the center for any type of business. This algorithm would enable the Origin-Destination matrix of an urban network with short distances between sensors if they are available in all entries and exits. Likewise, the results obtained have allowed to positively evaluate the algorithm defined to distinguish between trips made by a pedestrian or a vehicle in a city, using the MAC address of their mobile devices with very short distances among sensors. The results of this study show that it is possible to use Bluetooth technology, with low cost installations, to evaluate the use of the city by motor vehicles.

A Practical Bluetooth Traffic Sniffing System: Design, Implementation, and Countermeasure

With the prevalence of personal Bluetooth devices, potential breach of user privacy has been an increasing concern. To date, sniffing Bluetooth traffic has been widely considered an extremely intricate task due to Bluetooth’s indiscoverable mode, vendor-dependent adaptive hopping behavior, and the interference in the open 2.4 GHz band. In this paper, we present BlueEar –a practical Bluetooth traffic sniffer. BlueEar features a novel dual-radio architecture where two Bluetooth-compliant radios coordinate with each other on learning the hopping sequence of indiscoverable Bluetooth networks, predicting adaptive hopping behavior, and mitigating the impacts of RF interference. We built a prototype of BlueEar to sniff on Bluetooth classic traffic. Experiment results show that BlueEar can maintain a packet capture rate higher than 90% consistently in real-world environments, where the target Bluetooth network exhibits diverse hopping behaviors in the presence of dynamic interference from coexisting 802.11 devices. In addition, we discuss the privacy implications of the BlueEar system, and present a practical countermeasure that effectively reduces the packet capture rate of the sniffer to 20%. The proposed countermeasure can be easily implemented on Bluetooth master devices while requiring no modification to slave devices such as keyboards and headsets.