Reactive Blue Dye Research Articles

A comparison study between chemical coagulation and electro-coagulation processes for the treatment of wastewater containing reactive blue dye

Abstract This research investigated the opportunity to get rid of reactive blue (RB) dye from fabricated wastewater by chemical coagulation, as compared with electro-coagulation. The coagulants used in this study were ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3, poly aluminum chloride (PACl), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), and aluminum chloride(AlCl3). Jar test was utilized to determine optimal pH, initial dye concentration, and quantities of dosage coagulants, and then the maximum reactive blue dye removal was acquired. Several test runs were conducted at various conditions (pH, initial dye percentage. potassium chlorideKCl percentage and electrical supply voltage) to assess the removal operation of reactive blue dye using electro-coagulation. The maximum removal effectiveness was 96%, while the optimal coagulant was Fe2(SO4)3 at optimum pH, dosage and dye amount of 6, 300,150 mg/l. In addition to this, the electrochemical cell was fabricated using aluminum plates with dimensions of (8 × 4.5 × 0.3) cm3 as anode and cathode. The outcomes revealed that the ultimate removal was 98%, at an optimal pH of 2, KCl dosage of 1 g/L, initial dye concentration of 80 mg/L, and 25 V at duration time 80 min. The research evidenced the superiority of the electrochemical system for reactive blue removal over the chemical coagulation.

PANI/BiOCl nanocomposite induced efficient visible-light photocatalytic activity

PANI/BiOCl nanosheets were successfully prepared via a facile precipitation of polyaniline (PANI) on the surface of the prepared bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl). XRD confirmed the successful formation of tetragonal structure of BiOCl. The results of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy revealed the enhancement of the light absorption in the visible region for the PANI/BiOCl sample. The photocatalytic activity of as-prepared samples was investigated and optimized. PANI/BiOCl (with weight ratio of 0.75:1) displayed much higher photocatalytic activity for reactive blue (RB-220) anionic dye degradation than single BiOCl under visible light. The photodegradation efficiency showed that ~ 99% of dye molecules were degraded after irradiation for 25 min at pH ~ 3. This work provides a potential-effective degradation of anionic dye under visible light and PANI was not only responsible for extending the light absorption to the visible region, but also played a vital role in improving the separation of the photo-generated e−/h+ pairs.

The Influence of Electrolytes in the Adsorption Kinetics of Reactive BF-5G Blue Dye on Bone Char: A Mass Transfer Model

The Influence of Electrolytes in the Adsorption Kinetics of Reactive BF-5G Blue Dye on Bone Char: A Mass Transfer Model

Soybean hull as an alternative biosorbent to uptake a reactive textile dye from aqueous solutions

The textile industries are responsible for generating large volumes of effluents containing toxic dyes, harmful to ecosystems if disposed of without prior treatment. The adsorption process stands out due to its simplicity and efficiency in removing a wide variety of contaminants present in effluents, also, it allows the use of residual biomass from agriculture. The soybean hull is a by-product of wide available but made used only for animal feed. Thus, the present study aimed to characterize and evaluate the soybean husk as a biosorbent of the 5G blue reactive dye, widely used in the dyeing processes of the textile industries. The soybean hull was characterized by SEM and FTIR. Kinetic and equilibrium tests were carried out under conditions of pH 2, 40 ºC, and 90 rpm. Besides, kinetic and equilibrium mathematical models previously described in the literature were adjusted to the experimental data. Through the morphological characterization of the biosorbent, it was possible to evidence superficial pores in practically all their extension, a characteristic that directly influences the adsorption process. The analysis of FTIR showed, as expected, the presence of functional groups characteristic of lignocellulosic substances. Besides, the results obtained in the kinetic and equilibrium essays in the studied conditions show that the adsorption equilibrium was obtained in about 120 min, with the removal of 88% of the dye. The mathematical modeling indicated that the pseudo-second order and Sips models were the most adequate to represent the kinetic and equilibrium experimental data, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities calculated experimentally and predicted by the Sips model were 53.33 and 48.13 mg g-1, respectively. In general, the biosorbent studied was effective to remove the reactive dye.

A Novel Urine Method for the Diagnosis of Active Tuberculosis by Immunoassay for the Detection of ESAT-6 Using Hydrogel Nanoparticles in HIV Patients

Background: In patients with HIV, conventional tests are of low sensitivity; therefore, a new diagnostic test with hydrogel nanoparticles with reactive blue dye is proposed, which allows the capture, conservation and concentration of ESAT-6 in urine. NIPAs are copolymers that capture low molecular weight proteins and protect against enzymatic degradation. Using an immunoassay, it is possible to detect and quantify ESAT-6 present in urine as a possible marker of active TB. Design/Methods: Study in Lima, Peru, HIV+ participants, ≥18 years with and without tuberculosis (TB). Smear microscopy, culture in solid medium and urine immunoassay were performed. The reference was the diagnosis of TB by radiological or clinical microbiological criteria (indication for TB treatment). There were 2 preanalytical processes: untreated and treated urine (centrifuged, heated), then incubation with NIPAm. After washing, elution, sonication, heat and centrifugation, the final eluate was obtained. This was placed on nitrocellulose membranes, which by means of fixation and incubation processes with anti-ESAT-6 and anti-IgG antibodies, revelation with C-DiGit&reg Blot Scanner and FluorChem R FR0001. Calibration curves were included in the membranes, density was measured using Image J software. ROC curves, sensitivity and specificity were obtained. Results: The result by groups was HIV+ patient: ROC: 0.75, cut-off point ≥24.06 ng/ml, sensitivity 76.32%, specificity 68.89%, patients ≤200 cells CD4 mm3/ml, ROC: 0.78, cutoff point ≥26.20 ng/ml, sensitivity 75.86%, specificity 71.88%, patients >200 CD4 mm3 cells/ml, ROC: 0.73, cutoff point ≥24.6 CD4 mm3/ml, sensitivity 73.68%, specificity 73.68%. Conclusions: The ESAT-6 detection assay using NIPAm was effective, with higher rates in patients with ≤200 CD4 cells/mm3, the test being more sensitive than smear and culture, but less specific.

Decolorization of the synthetic dye Remazol Brilliant Blue Reactive (RBBR) by Ganoderma lucidum on bio-adsorbent of the solid bleached sulfate paperboard coated with polyethylene terephthalate

White rot fungi can secrete many types of extracellular oxidases that are involved in the degradation of lignin in natural lignocellulosic substrates. Solid bleached sulfate (SBS) paperboard coated with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a type of cellulose and hemicellulose based waste from the packaging industry for ready-to-eat foods. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the discoloration of the Remazol Brilliant Blue Reactive (RBBR) dye by bioabsorbent, consisting of ligninolytic macrofungal mycelium supported on PET-coated SBS paper. This work involved three steps: first, to determine the residual concentration of Remazol Reactive Bright Blue (RBBR) dye in the effluent produced in a dyeing process, according to the dye concentrations most applied in the textile industry. In the second step, the solution with medium concentration of the RBBR dye was then treated with the bioabsorbent, composed of ligninolytic macrofungus mycelium supported on PET-coated SBS paper. In the third stage, the technical feasibility of reusing the bioabsorbent was evaluated. The effluent generated from dyeing baths and washes was collected and analyzed, providing a final effluent with an average residual concentration of 57.3 mg/L of dye. The results showed that higher concentrations of carbon and nitrogen gave rise to the bio-adsorbent with higher values of total proteins and enzymatic activity. The bio-adsorbent use and reuse tests showed 94% color removal for the RBBR dye over 30 days of reuse. The use of the bio-adsorbent for the decolorization of dyes and textile effluents is a potential efficient and low cost.

Bacterial Degradation of Synthetic Dye by Pseudomonas sp. Obtained from Dyeing Mill Effluent

Environmental pollution is one of the major concerns of today’s world. Due to rapid industrialization and urbanization, a large number of wastes are generated and discharged into the environment and causing major pollution problems. For obtaining reactive dye decolorizing bacterial isolates, effluent samples were collected from a dyeing mill. From bacterial pure culture, 10 isolates were selected for screening. Screening of these isolates for the capability to decolorize and degrade reactive dye was performed in a nutrient broth medium containing reactive dye. 6 isolates among these bacterial isolates showed dye decolorizing ability within 120 hours of incubation. These isolates were further identified based on cultural, morphological, and biochemical characteristics. These characteristics indicated that these six bacterial isolates were distributed to the bacterial genus of Bacillus (2 isolates), Pseudomonas (2 isolates), Aeromonas (1 isolate), and Alcaligenes (1 isolate). For the study of dye decolorization and degradation, Reactive Dark Blue dye used in jute and textile industries was chosen. Pseudomonas, a prominent dye decolorizing isolate during screening, was taken for the optimization of different physicochemical parameters. This bacterium decolorized and grew well up to 500 mgL-1 of Reactive Blue dye. Pseudomonas sp. showed noteworthy decolorization of approximately 84% at 200 mgL-1 of dye concentration after 96 h of incubation. The optimum temperature for dye degradation was at 37 °C. The maximum level of decolorization for Pseudomonas sp. was observed at pH 8.0. This isolate showed better decolorization extent under static conditions rather than shaking conditions. This result indicated that the dye had been utilized by this bacterial isolate. It can be concluded that Pseudomonas is a prospective candidate in the biodegradation of Reactive Blue dye and might be useful in bioprocess technology used for the bioremediation of dyeing mill effluents.

Study of dye desorption mechanism of bone char utilizing different regenerating agents

The reactive blue BF-5G dye is used on the textile industry due to its bifunctional characteristic that enables a higher interaction between the dye and the fabric fibers. Nonetheless, the dyeing produces a high amount of wastewater and the removal of the dye with a regenerative adsorbent is an attractive cost-efficient process. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the desorption mechanism of the reactive blue BF-5G dye on bone char employing different regenerating agents at different pH conditions. Aqueous solutions with pH from 2 to 12 and alcoholic solutions of methyl, ethyl and isopropyl were used as regenerating agents in a batch system with constant temperature. The highest regeneration efficiency with water was at pH = 12 (~2.0%) which was low due to alkaline conditions. The increase of negative charges on the surface of the bone char at pH = 12, generated electrostatic repulsion between the adsorbent and the dye, followed by its desorption. In addition, with increasing concentration of sodium hydroxide, the desorption efficiency is reduced due to the fact that Na+ compensate the negative charge generated on the surface of the bone char. On the other hand, since dye desorption using organic regenerating agents is due to replacement of the dye molecules by an organic one, an increase in regeneration was observed. The highest regeneration efficiencies of ~21.0% and 19.5% were obtained using isopropyl and ethyl alcohols, respectively. These results indicate that the strong interactions between the dye and the bone char surface were not broken by the regenerating agents studied, thus achieving low dye desorption efficiency. Therefore, desorption efficiencies are related only to the regeneration of weaker interactions on bone char surfaces for these systems, in batch conditions.

Degradation of anthraquinone dye reactive blue 19 using persulfate activated with Fe/Mn modified biochar: Radical/non-radical mechanisms and fixed-bed reactor study

In this study, a heterogeneous activator was prepared via the Fe/Mn modification of sludge-derived biochar (Fe/MnBC) to achieve high-efficiency activation of persulfate (PS) for reactive blue 19 (RB19) degradation. The morphologies and chemical states of Fe/MnBC were examined by various characterizations. A comprehensive assessment was conducted to reveal the effects of biochar preparation conditions and system reaction conditions. According to the results of scavenger quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) testing, the mechanisms of Fe/MnBC combined PS system on RB19 degradation were proposed, including radical and non-radical mechanisms. The formation and involvement of sulfate radical (SO4·−), hydroxyl radical (OH·), and singlet oxygen (1O2) were proved in this system, and Fe(IV)/Mn(VII) was also speculated to participate in the non-radical degradation process. These findings give a new insight into the mechanisms of PS activated by metal-biochar composite. Besides, fixed-bed reactor (FBR) experiments indicated that the Fe/MnBC has considerable PS activation potential for dyes removal. The degradation process was further modeled by the central composite design (CCD-RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANN) methods. The statistical metrics and prediction indicated that the prediction results of ANN model were better than CCD-RSM model, and the ANN model could perfectly predict the reaction process of Fe/MnBC FBR for engineering applications.

Eco-Friendly Degradation of Blue Reactive Dye Enriched Textile Water by Floating Treatment Wetlands (FTWs) System (Part A)

Enriched effluents of textile dye are considered highly complex and containing hazardous components. Their discharge to nearby drains without treatment has high risk to environmental and human health. The physico-chemical strategies under practice to treat these effluents have technical and economical restrictions. Comparatively, biological treatment methods like floating treatment wetlands are less expensive and eco-friendly. Blue reactive dye enriched textile water and prepared synthetically and added to an artificial Floating Treatment Wetlands (FTWs) system vegetated with Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes aquatic plants along with Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis bacterial strains. Plant-microbe synergistic effect was studied by measuring the physico-chemical parameters i.e. pH, EC, TDS and TSS of dye enriched water after 0 (at the start of the experiment), 24, 48 and 72 h retention time. A substantial decrease in all these factors (11.34 %, 40.67 %, 64.37 %, 58.23 %, for pH, EC, TDS and TSS respectively) was noted for E. crassipes and B. cereus combination after 72 h retention time. This high lighted the fact that plant assisted microbial FTWs technique can be a unique approach to remediate the textile effluents.

Investigation the effect of intensity and direction of light on the removal of reactive blue dye from simulated wastewater using photo-Fenton oxidation under UV irradiation: Batch and continuous methods

This study aims to remove reactive blue dye (R.B) from simulated wastewater by utilizing advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) using a photo-Fenton (UV/H2O2/Fe+2) system. A photo-reactor containing four fixed UV lamps had been employed in a batch and continuous mode under the effect of several operating variables (dosage of H2O2; dosage FeSO4; pH; temperature; irradiation time). Response surface methodology (Box–Behnken design) and Portable Statgraphics Centurion statistical software were used to design the experiments and conducting the mathematical correlation of the required responses as well as the interaction effects among variables. The optimal conditions of the operating variables; dosage hydrogen peroxide, ferrous sulphate, pH, temperature and irradiation time were 78 ppm, 20 ppm, 3, 40°C and 90 min, respectively which give 84.82% of removal efficiency. Then, the effect of light intensity and distance from a UV source were studied at optimum conditions in the batch photo-reactor where the highest dye removal efficacy was obtained at a light intensity of 24 w and a distance of 15cm. For continuous system, two operating conditions were studied, the direction of the light radiation and the flow rate which proofed that the dye removal efficiency decreased with an increase of flow rate and the top direction compared to the side direction of the light where the removal percentage of (R.B) was 100% for the flow rate of 10 ml/min while it was 84.16% for a flow rate of 50 ml/min. The results show that the photo-Fenton method is an effective treatment method of Wastewater containing dyes.

Single-step synthesis of efficient nanometric boron carbon nitride semiconductor for photocatalysis

Carbon-based materials have demonstrated great advantages over other metal-based photocatalyst materials. With the recent development in textile industries, residual commercial dyes discharged out as wastewater is a serious environmental concern. Herein, we have developed Boron Carbon Nitride nanosheets via thermal condensation (TBCN) and solvothermal route (SBCN). X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Ultraviolet-Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy used to describe the surface optical properties of as-prepared samples. The results were compared to identify a facile single-step route for the synthesis of pure BCN photocatalyst materials thereby to avoid additional treatments for purification of the synthesised material. The optical bandgap of TBCN was estimated to 2.68 eV, resembling a typical semiconductor. XPS study revealed the presence of residual starting material as impurities in the as synthesised SBCN sample. Photodegradation of Malachite green, Acid green and Reactive blue dyes were carried out using the synthesised samples and the photoactivity of TBCN & SBCN were studied. The BCN photocatalyst after photodegradation was further characterized to understand the structural change of the material. Toxicological studies were conducted using the treated and untreated water by Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.). Based on the results, this study provides a facile single-step approach for the synthesis of BCN with great durability and stability which are promising for removal of textile dyes from wastewater.

Decolorization and Degradation of Reactive Blue Dye Used in Jute and Textile Industries by a Newly Isolated Bacillus sp.

For biodegradation of reactive dyes used in jute and textile industries, bacteria were isolated from a dyeing mill effluent. Bacteria having a remarkable ability to decolorize and degrade reactive dye were screened by using dye Reactive Dark Blue WR (RDB-WR). Cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics were observed, and based on these seven isolates having higher decolorizing capability was identified. Among these isolates, one of the prominent dye decolorizing isolates Bacillus sp. was taken for decolorization study. Under different physicochemical conditions, decolorization and degradation capabilities of Bacillus sp. were optimized by using RDB-WR, a dye commonly used in the jute and textile industries. This bacterium decolorized and grew well up to 500 mg L-1 of RDB-WR. Bacillus sp. showed significant decolorization approximately 86% at 200 mg L-1 of RDB-WR after 96 h of incubation. Optimum degradation of dye was achieved at 37 °C. Maximum decolorization was observed at pH 7.0 under static conditions. The study confirmed the potential of Bacillus in the biodegradation of Reactive Dark Blue WR. This bacterial isolate might be prospective in the biological treatment of dyeing mill effluents due to the high extent of decolorization.

High performance polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) mixed matrix membrane (MMM) doped by various zeolite imidazolate frameworks

Zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) in three particle sizes (40, 70 and 100 nm) was prepared through both solvothermal and hydrothermal methods and employed to decorate polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The finger-like macro-voids, sponge-like poly-porous morphology and surface roughness of prepared membranes were characterized by SEM and AFM microscopy. The FTIR spectrum and XPS analysis bear out the chemical component. ZIF-8 has the characteristics of higher porosity and appropriate pore size, which is a condition for improving the permeability and pollution resistance of the modified membrane. Results indicated that different ZIF-8s have different enhancement effects on PVDF MMM. 100 nm ZIF-8 membrane possessed pure water flux (PWF) of 350 L m−2h−1, which was 10 times more than the bare membrane (30 L m−2h−1), and OVA flux recovery ration (FRR%) is 98%. 40 nm ZIF-8 membrane owned BSA FRR% of 98.4%. The 70 nm ZIF-8 showed the best mechanical properties. The dynamic contact angles of UP-Z70 ranged from 104.5° to 62.5° within 180 s. Furthermore, pore size distribution, molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) and porosity were also researched to evaluate the MMM. The dislodge of Reactive Black KN-B, Reactive Red 3BS and Reactive Brilliant Blue KN-R dyes by MMM were studied under different dye concentrations and transmembrane pressures. The membrane can provide selective separation methods for dyes and Reactive Brilliant Blue KN-R up to 99%. Overall, the permeability, hydrophilicy, anti-fouling performance and wastewater treatment of modified membranes were regulated by the ZIF-8 in a steerable blending reaction modification process.

Adsorption of reactive blue BF-5G dye on MCM-41 synthesized from Chocolate clay

Abstract The efficiency of as-synthesized and calcined mesoporous silica, using clay as a silica source, to remove the reactive blue BF-5G dye was investigated. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The kinetic and adsorption isotherms were also studied. The XRD and ED-XRF results showed that the Chocolate clay is rich in SiO2 (69.4%) and has a large amount of other oxides, which can be eliminated by acid leaching. According to the characterization results, the MCM-41 synthesis was effective and produced a highly-ordered material. The kinetic study showed the adsorption corresponded predominantly to the pseudo-second order model. Adsorption equilibrium was reached after 3 h, and the data were better fitted to the Freundlich model. Furthermore, both samples obtained satisfactory removal results, being potential adsorbents having reduced cost due to the use of an alternative silica source.

A novel strategy for enhancing anaerobic biodegradation of an anthraquinone dye reactive blue 19 with resuscitation-promoting factors

Anaerobic process has been widely applied as a cost-effective method for textile wastewater treatment. However, many bacteria exhibit low metabolic activity in unfavorable conditions due to the entry into a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state. Thus, in this study, a novel method of using resuscitation-promoting factors (Rpfs), which has been proven to resuscitate and stimulate the growth of VBNC bacteria, is explored to enhance the degradation of the anthraquinone dye reactive blue 19 (RB19) in the anaerobic process. The results show that Rpfs could efficiently prompt RB19 decolorization. Compared to the conventional anaerobic condition, RB19 decolorization efficiency was increased by more than 20% with the Rpf addition. UV–visible spectral and gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry analysis indicate that the aromatic amines structures of RB19 was cleaved. More importantly, the Rpf addition appeared to stimulate and/or enrich some dye-degrading species of the family Peptostreptococcaceae, thus leading to a higher RB19 decolorization efficiency.

Kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamics of the blue 19 dye adsorption process using residual biomass attained from rice cultivation

Rice husk ash and rice husk are waste materials generated in the rice agro-industries. This study focuses on the possibility of using these materials as adsorbents for the removal of reactive blue dye 19. The adsorbents were characterized by employing the point of zero charge technique, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray microanalysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The adsorption study was performed in a static system and by determining the influence of the initial concentration, adsorbent dose, initial pH, contact time, and temperature effect. The conditions of the removal process were established as being an initial pH 2, an adsorbent dose of 1 g/100 mL, and an equilibrium time of 120 min. A kinetic study was performed, and the data obtained for rice husk ash as regards blue dye 19 adsorption fitted best to the Bangham model, while those obtained for RH fitted best to the pseudo-second order and Bangham models. The equilibrium isotherms were analyzed by employing the Langmuir, Freundlich, Toth, and Sips models, and the Langmuir and Toth models proved to be the best representatives of blue dye 19 adsorption for both rice husk ash and rice husk. The thermodynamics of the adsorption process was studied, showing that the rice husk/blue dye 19 and rice husk ash/blue dye 19 removal systems were spontaneous and exothermic.

Biodegradation of reactive dyes by some bacteria using response surface methodology as an optimization technique

Water pollution as a result of contamination with dye-contaminating effluents is a severe issue for water reservoirs, which instigated the study of biodegradation of Reactive Red 195 and Reactive Blue dyes by E. coli and Bacillus sp. The effects of occupation time, solution pH, initial dyes concentrations, biomass loading, and temperature were investigated via batch-system experiments by using the Design of Experiment (DOE) for 2 levels and 5 factors response surface methodology (RSM). The operational conditions used for these factors were optimized using quadratic techniques by reducing the number of experiments. The results revealed that the two types of bacteria had a powerful effect on biodegradable dyes. The regression analysis revealed a good match of the experimental data to the second-order polynomial with a high coefficient of determination (R2). The optimum conditions achieved by E. coli were temperature (39.9 °C), initial concentration (99.6 mg L−1), biomass loading (14.9 VBiomass/VSolution), incubation time (1 day), pH (7.23), while the optimum conditions achieved by Bacillus sp. were temperature (28.3 °C), initial concentration (98 mg L−1), biomass loading (5.8 VBiomass/VSolution), incubation time (1 day), and pH (7.9) obtained from the desirability function.

Performance Evaluation and Optimization of Dyes Removal using Rice Bran-Based Magnetic Composite Adsorbent.

Although several studies have explored green adsorbent synthesized from many types of agriculture waste, this study represents the first attempt to prepare an environmentally friendly rice bran/SnO2/Fe3O4-based absorbent with economic viability and material reusability, for the promotion of sustainable development. Here, rice bran/SnO2/Fe3O4 composites were successfully synthesized and applied for adsorption of reactive blue 4 (RB4) and crystal violet (CV) dyes in aqueous solutions. The adsorption data were well-fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The maximum adsorption capacities of the RB4 and CV dyes as indicated by the Langmuir isotherm model were 218.82 and 159.24 mg/g, respectively. As results of response surface methodology (RSM) showed, the quadratic model was appropriate to predict the performance of RB4 dye removal. The findings exhibited that an optimum removal rate of 98% was achieved at 60 °C for pH 2.93 and adsorption time of 360 min. Comparative evaluation of different agricultural wastes indicated that the rice bran/SnO2/Fe3O4 composite appeared to be a highly promising material in terms of regeneration and reusability, and showed that the composite is a potential adsorbent for dye removal from aqueous solutions. Overall, the study results clearly suggest that an adsorbent synthesized from rice bran/SnO2/Fe3O4 magnetic particle composites provides encouraging adsorption capacity for practical applications for environmental prevention.

Synthesis and characterization of La(III) supported carboxymethylcellulose-clay composite for toxic dyes removal: Evaluation of adsorption kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics

The discharge of organic dyes into the aquatic environment is a serious problem owing to the persistence of possible health risks and ecological hazards of these pollutants. This paper reports a facile method for the preparation of composite material consisting of lanthanum incorporated carboxymethylcellulose-bentonite (LCB) composite and utilized for the removal of Indigo Carmine (IC), Acid Blue 158 (AB158) and Reactive Blue 4 (RB4) dyes from water by batch adsorption techniques. The optimal conditions for the dye adsorption were found to be pH = 3, initial dye concentration: 50 mg/L and adsorbent dosage of 100 mg. The adsorption efficiency of IC, AB158 and RB4 dye molecules were 80.41%, 83.54% and 86.91% respectively. The entire adsorption process was completed within 40 min. The adsorption data fits well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, demonstrating the physico-chemical adsorption of the dyes on LCB matrix. The Langmuir, Freundlich, and D-R isotherm models were used to describe saturation point. The fabricated adsorbent material was characterized using PXRD, FTIR, SEM-EDAX, TGA-DSC and surface area measurements. The thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The LCB composite showed remarkable adsorption-desorption efficiency for dye removal in water/wastewater treatment process; hence it can be considered as a competent and potential adsorbent for dye removal.