Blood Cells In Urine Research Articles

Efficacy of Phlogenzyme® in men following transurethral laser enucleation of prostate hyperplasia: results of a randomized trial

Introduction. The most advanced and effective method of surgical treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is transurethral laser enucleation of the prostate (tLEP). Recently, there has been a growing interest in exploring new approaches to reduce the risk of complications following tLEP.Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of using Phlogenzym® as part of a comprehensive treatment plan for patients following tLEP to reduce dysuria (urinary discomfort), leukocyturia (white blood cells in urine), and prevent infectious and fibrosis-related complications.Materials & methods. An open-label, randomized trial enrolled 105 patients undergoing tLEP. The patients were randomly assigned to two groups: the study group (n=50) received standard postoperative care in combination with Phlogenzym® for 30 days, while the control group (n=55) received standard care (α1-adrenergic blocker for 28 days) only. uring the follow-up period, which lasted for 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively, complaints were evaluated using the IPSS-QoL, and IIEF-5 questionnaires, as well as indicators of urinalysis and urine culture, prostate volume measurements, residual urine volume, and uroflowmetry data.Results. Among all patients, the median preoperative values for prostate volume, IPSS, QoL score, and median peak urine flow rate were 90 cc, 18 points, 5 points, and 7.9 mL/s, respectively, with no significant differences between the groups. One month after surgery, in the study group, there was a more significant decrease in prostate volume (57% vs. 41%), although this difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). At the 6-month follow-up, bacteriuria was less common in the study group (42% vs. 67%), and there was a consistent trend toward a reduction in the incidence of fibrous complications, although these differences were not statistically significant either (p > 0.05). No adverse events occurred during the follow-up period.Conclusion. Our experience suggests that the use of Phlogenzym® is safe during the postoperative period following tLEP surgery. The use of this drug leads to a reduction in prostate volume postoperatively and significantly reduces the bacteriuria by the six-month follow-up. Additionally, there is a persistent positive trend towards reducing the overall incidence of fibrotic complications in the surgical site. The results achieved and the absence of significant side effects characterize Phlogenzym® as having a favorable clinical profile.

HAEMATURIA DETECTABLE IN OUTPATIENT CHILDREN AND TEENAGERS: THE FREQUENCY AND POSSIBLE REASONS

Determining the cause of haematuria in children often causes significant difficulties, especially for outpatients, due to the large number of diseases with increased quantity of red blood cells in urine and complexity of such patients examination.
 The frequency and features of haematuria have been defined in outpatient children and teenagers. The frequency of haematuria in 2018-2021 was on average 4,5 %, increasing significantly from 2,4 % in 2018 to 8,3 % in 2021. The most cases of haematuria after a hot summer can relate to increased concentration of salt components in urine due to insufficient drinking intake. Haematuria identified in outpatient children was not a manifestation of severe diseases with poor prognosis (tumors, tuberculosis). It was small, transient, and disappeared in most patients after increased fluid intake, nutrition and physical activity correction, antibacterial medicines and phytotherapy appointment in urinary tract infection

Epidemiological Study and Clinical Presentation of Urinary Tract Infection

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an immune response of the urothelium to bacterial invasion, bacteriuria (presence of bacteria in urine) and pyuria (presence of white blood cells in urine) are characteristic indicators of UTI. Prompt and effective management of UTIs is crucial to prevent complications, such as kidney infections and recurrent infections, and to alleviate symptoms, improve quality of life, and minimize antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence, antibiotic resistance, medical treatment, causative agents, diagnosis, and prevention of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in Sulaymaniah city. A total of 60 patients from Sulaymaniah Teaching Hospital were included in the study. The most commonly diagnosed conditions were acute pyelonephritis and cystitis. Various evaluations were conducted, including history taking, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. Mid-stream urine samples were collected for culture and sensitivity analysis.The duration of symptoms such as dysuria, fever, and frequency varied, ranging from 1 to 3 days. During medical examinations, suprapubic tenderness was the most commonly observed finding. Dysuria was reported as the predominant symptom by 19 patients. The majority of patients fell within the age range of 21-40 years. The study findings indicated a higher prevalence of UTIs among females. The most frequently identified causative microorganism was Escherichia coli (E. coli), which accounted for approximately 90% of cases. Gentamycin emerged as the most commonly used antibiotic due to its effectiveness against E. coli. The high prevalence of antibiotic resistance among other pathogens necessitates ongoing surveillance and appropriate antibiotic stewardship to combat UTIs effectively. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the incidence, antibiotic resistance, and management of UTIs in Sulaymaniah city. It emphasizes the need for tailored treatment approaches considering the prevalent causative agents and their susceptibility patterns.

#3121 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A GLUTEN-FREE DIET IN PATIENTS WITH IGA NEPHROPATHY

Abstract Background and Aims Modern data from the world literature confirm the association of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and celiac disease. The inclusion of a gluten-free diet (GFD) in the diet has a beneficial effect not only on gastrointestinal symptoms, but also reduces the clinical and laboratory activity of IgAN. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a gluten-free diet on the course of IgAN using general clinical and immunological tests 6 months after the start of its use. Method 65 patients with morphologically confirmed IgAN were included in the study. To detect a violation of gluten metabolism, screening determination of the level of IgA antibodies to tissue transglutaminase (Anti-TTG IgA) and IgA antibodies to deamidated gliadin peptides (Anti-DPG IgA) was performed. According to the results of the screening examination, a group of patients with the level of antibodies exceeding the reference values were formed (group 1, n = 13) and a group of patients in whose blood did not exceed the reference values, or were absent at all (group 2, n = 52). Patients of both groups were recommended GFD for a period of at least 6 months. The effectiveness of GFD was evaluated by the following indicators: protein in urine (g/l); red blood cells in urine (RBCs) (hpf); daily proteinuria (g/day); blood creatinine (mmol/l), GFR calculated by the formula CKD-EPI (ml/min /1.73 m2) at the beginning of the study and 6 months after the inclusion of dietary recommendations. Statistical analysis of the data obtained was carried out using the statistical program SPSS Statistics 26.0 (IBM, USA). When comparing quantitative indicators, the distribution of which differed from normal in two related groups, the Wilcoxon criterion was used. The null statistical hypothesis about the absence of differences and connections was rejected at p<0.05. Results among the examined patients there were 61 men (93.8%), 4 women (6.2%). The average age of men was 39.0±8.2 years, women - 34.7±9.7 years. The duration of the underlying disease at the time of inclusion in the study was 55.98 [40.67-71.28] months. 57 people (85.1%) received ACE inhibitors/sartans in therapeutic doses as the main therapy, 8 people (11.9%) did not receive drug therapy. It was possible to evaluate the effectiveness of GFD in patients from group 1 in 9 people. During the follow-up period, 2 patients from group 1 showed progression of the disease to the End-Stage Renal Disease (GFR according to CKD-EPI <15 ml/min/1.73 m2), which required their exclusion from the study, in 2 more patients it was not possible to evaluate the effectiveness of GFD due to insufficient follow-up periods (less than 6 months.) GFD was also recommended to patients from group 2. Dietary restrictions were applied to patients with daily protein loss > 0.5 g/day and/or anti-TTG IgA and anti-DPG IgA levels in the range of pre-reference values, thus it was possible to evaluate the effectiveness of GFD in patients of group 2 in 21 people. According to the results of the analysis, a statistically significant decrease in daily proteinuria (p = 0.028) and microscopic hematuria (p = 0.018) was revealed. After 6 months from the start of compliance with GFD, daily proteinuria decreased in 66.7%; microscopic hematuria – in 77.8% in group 1 patients. Among group 2 patients, a statistically significant decrease in microscopic hematuria (p = 0.05) was observed in 76.2% of those included in the study. Conclusion the inclusion of GFD in the diet of patients with IgAN is justified in patients with the presence of gluten antibodies in the blood serum, as it allows to significantly reduce the severity of proteinuria, microscopic hematuria in these patients. Screening examination of patients with IgAN for gluten metabolism disorders will expand therapeutic possibilities, and GFD can become part of a nephroprotective strategy.

Pitfalls in the diagnosis of hematuria.

Detection of hemoglobin (Hb) and red blood cells in urine (hematuria) is characterized by a large number ofpitfalls. Clinicians and laboratory specialists must be aware of these pitfalls since they often lead to medical overconsumption or incorrect diagnosis. Pre-analytical issues (use of vacuum tubes or urine tubes containing preservatives) can affect test results. In routine clinical laboratories, hematuria can be assayed using either chemical (test strips) or particle-counting techniques. In cases of doubtful results, Munchausen syndrome or adulteration ofthe urine specimen should be excluded. Pigmenturia (caused by the presence of dyes, urinary metabolites such asporphyrins and homogentisic acid, and certain drugs in the urine) can be easily confused with hematuria. The peroxidase activity (test strip) can be positively affected by the presence of non-Hb peroxidases (e.g. myoglobin, semen peroxidases, bacterial, and vegetable peroxidases). Urinary pH, haptoglobin concentration, and urine osmolality may affect specific peroxidase activity. The implementation of expert systems may be helpful in detecting preanalytical and analytical errors in the assessment of hematuria. Correcting for dilution using osmolality, density, or conductivity may be useful for heavily concentrated or diluted urine samples.

Metagenomics-based systematic analysis reveals that gut microbiota Gd-IgA1-associated enzymes may play a key role in IgA nephropathy.

Background: IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common type of glomerulonephritis in Asia. Its pathogenesis involves higher expression of galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) and dysregulated intestinal mucosal immunity. The objective of this study was to explore whether specific gut microbiota and associated enzymes affect Gd-IgA1 in IgAN. Methods: This study carried out shotgun metagenomic sequencing with Illumina on fecal samples collected from 20 IgAN patients (IgAN group) and 20 healthy controls (HCs group) who were recruited from January 2016 to December 2018 at the Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine. Differences analysis in gut microbiota was performed to determine the overall microbiota composition, the representative enterotypes, and the microbiota abundance. Correlations between gut microbiota and clinical indicators were assessed by Spearman’s analysis. Moreover, the functional prediction of microbial communities and the quantitative calculation of enzymes encoded by microbiome were performed using the MetaCyc pathway and the bioBakery three platform, respectively. Results: Bacteroides plebeius and Bacteroides vulgatus levels were higher, while Prevotella copri and Alistipes putredinis levels were lower in the IgAN group compared to HCs group. Enterotype I characterized by Bacteroides was closely related to the IgAN patients. Moreover, Bacteroides fragilis, Flavonifractor plautii and Ruminococcus gnavus were characteristic bacteria enriched in IgAN patients. Spearman’s correlation analysis found that Eggerthella lenta and Ruminococcus bromii were positively correlated with urine protein-creatinine ratio, while Ruminococcus gnavus showed a direct association with red blood cells in urine, and Bacteroides vulgatus and Ruminococcus gnavus were positively correlated with eGFR. These results indicated that intestinal dysbacteriosis occurred in IgAN patients and was associated with clinical and biochemical features. In addition, MetaCyc pathway analysis predicted microbiota-related metabolic pathways, including the biosynthesis of amino acids and glycans, were associated with the IgAN group. Microbial enzymes analysis highlighted that Gd-IgA1-associated α-galactosidase and α-N-acetyl-galactosaminidase secreted by Flavonifractor plautii were enriched in IgAN patients. Conclusion: These findings suggested that α-galactosidase and α-N-acetyl-galactosaminidase secreted by Flavonifractor plautii might be related to the production of Gd-IgA1, indicating that enzymes originated from abnormal intestinal microbiota may contribute to the production of Gd-IgA1 and play an important role in the pathogenesis of IgAN.

Co-relation of Blood in Urine with Likeness of Teaching as Profession

Teaching is a profession that gives rise to all types of professions. Profession means that someone had complete knowledge about a specific field like doctor, engineer, accountant and lawyer. Goal of this study was to link likeness of teaching as profession with presence of blood in urine. Sum of 89 students participated in this study. Urine analysis of all these subjects was performed by urine dipstick test. The existence of red blood cells in urine is known as hematuria and it is of two types. First one is that which shows the symptoms of brown coloration of urine. 11.76% males had blood in urine and 88.24% had no blood in urine while 18.37% females had blood in urine and 81.63% had no blood in urine. 50% males and 14.29% females had blood in urine while 50% males and 85.71% females had no blood in urine. End result of this study was that presence or absence of blood in urine had no co-relation with likeness of teaching as profession.

Nanoparticle-mediated delivery system alleviates the formation of infection stones by activating TRPV5.

Infection stones constitute a small but intractable group of diseases of urinary system. In this study, we explored the potential therapeutic effect of a small activation RNA, ds-320, encapsulated in chitosan (320-chitosan). Western blot analysis verified the downregulation of TRPV5 in patients and rat model of infection stones, as well as the stimulation of ds-320 on TRPV5 expression. MTT assay showed that chitosan-mediated delivery was less cytotoxic to ds-320 compared with liposome delivery. Further a modified invasion assay revealed an inhibitory effect of 320-chitosan on bacterial invasion into normal rat kidney epithelial NRK-52E cells. The establishment of infection stone model was performed by intravesical injection of 1×108 CFU of Proteus mirabilis. In animal experiments, no visible stones were obtained. The number of live bacteria and white blood cells in urine showed no difference among all infected rats at the time of sacrifice. However, we observed a decline in urine calcium and pH, suggesting the effect of acidification. Overall, our study provides evidence for the protective effect of 320-chitosan, for its ability to down-regulate urinary calcium, acidify urine, and inhibit bacteria from invading renal epithelial cells. Thus, it can be served as an important complementary therapy for infection stones.

Evaluation and application of two methads for the determination of red blood cells in urine

Objective: This study was aimed to evaluate the accuracy and conformity of the dry chemical urine analyzer UA-5800 and the urine formed element analyzer EH-2080Cused in the detection of urine red blood cells, and establish screening and retesting standards for urine red blood cell testing. Methods: Automatic urine analysis line EU-8000 (composed of dry chemical urine analyzer UA-5800 and urine formed element analyzer EH-2080C) was used to conduct hematuria and urine erythrocyte test in 2336 fresh urine samples from occupational medical examinations in our hospital, the sensitivity (true positive rate) , specificity (true negative rate) and the positive coincidence rate (positive rate) and negative coincidence rate (negative rate) of the corresponding test results were analyzed tow instruments. Results: The sensitivity of urinary occult blood detected by UA-5800 and urinary erythrocytes examined by EH-2080C were 98.33% and 95.00%, there was no statistical significant between the two results (χ(2)=0.50、P>0.05) ; specificity was 82.47% and 97.45% respectively, which existed statistical significant (χ(2)=337.05、P<0.01) . Comparing the two methods, the statistical significant remained (χ(2)=339.05、P<0.01) . Among all results of urinary occult blood detected, the EH-2080C had the highest urinary erythrocyte negative coincidence rate (99.89%) ; while in the comparison of urinary occult blood positive grades at 3+, the highest positive coincidence rate of urinary erythrocyte in EH-2080C was 85.76%; when the urine occult blood levels were weakly positive, 1+, 2+, the positive coincidence rate of EH-2080C examination was low (8.97%, 14.40% and 36.48%) , which increased with elevated positive grade. Conclusion: The positive specimens screened by automatic urine analysis line were examined by gold standard microscope combining with with the criteria of urine red blood cell screening and retesting in our laboratory, which can ensure high accuracy and high efficiency of urine erythrocyte analysis.

Urine red blood cell classification based on Siamese Network

Urine examination is an important examination commonly used in medical in vitro examination. The morphological classification of red blood cells in urine plays an important role in the diagnosis of hematuria and renal diseases. In order to improve the accuracy and efficiency of urine red blood cell classification, a urinary red blood cell classification algorithm based on Siamese Network of dual-mode contrastive loss function was proposed. In the dual-mode contrastive loss function, the Cosine Similarity measure and a weight factor were added as the constraint of Euclidean distance in the Contrastive Loss function, which improves the similarity judgment ability of the Contrastive Loss function for the two input eigenvectors. The experimental results show that the Cosine Similarity measure has a positive effect on the Contrastive Loss function, and can effectively improve the accuracy of the whole classification model.

Renal abnormalities and its associated factors among school-aged children living in Schistosoma mansoni endemic communities in Northwestern Tanzania

BackgroundIn sub-Saharan Africa, renal abnormalities are a major public health concern, especially in children living in Schistosoma haematobium endemic areas. However, there is a dearth of data on renal abnormalities among children living in Schistosoma mansoni endemic areas. The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of renal abnormalities among school children in a Schistosoma mansoni endemic community in Northwestern Tanzania.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted between January and March 2017 among school children aged 6–13 years, attending three primary schools located along the shoreline of Lake Victoria. A single urine sample was collected from each child and screened for S. mansoni using circulating cathodic antigen and for S. haematobium eggs using a urine filtration technique. A urine dipstick was used to screen for urine protein levels, creatinine levels, microalbuminuria, and red blood cells. Venous blood was obtained for estimation of creatinine level and for malaria diagnosis. The primary outcomes were the prevalence of renal abnormalities, defined by the presence of low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), proteinuria or microalbuminuria, and hematuria in urine.ResultsOf 507 children included in the final analysis, 49.9% (253/507) were male with a mean age of 8.51 ± 1.3 years. Overall, 64.0% (326/507) of the children were infected with S. mansoni, and 1.6% (8/507) of the children were infected with S. haematobium. A total of 71 (14%) of the children had proteinuria, 37 (7.3%) had hematuria, and 8 (1.6%) had a low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Overall prevalence of renal abnormalities was 22.9%. Renal abnormalities (proteinuria) were associated with S. mansoni infection (OR = 4.9, 95% CI 2.1–11.2, p < 0.001) and having red blood cells in urine (OR = 5.3, 95% CI 2.5–11.2, p < 0.001).ConclusionTwenty-two percent of school children who participated in this study had renal abnormalities associated with S. mansoni infection. Given the high prevalence of S. mansoni, longitudinal epidemiological surveillance is warranted to measure the burden of renal abnormalities and assess the impact of the praziquantel treatment on these abnormalities.

原发性系统性淀粉样变性一例

A 58-year-old man suffered from itchy eruptions on the extensive surface of extremities and buttocks for 20 years.Skin lesions was the most prominent and primary manifestation.Physical examination showed glossauxesis with hard texture,no significant abnormality of cardiopulmonary and abdominal,and no swelling of general superficial lymph nodes.Accessory examination found a large number of red blood cells in urine and moderate proteinuria,an increase in creatinine and BUN as well as left side pleural thickening,which suggested the involvement of other systems.Skin biopsy showed mild hyperplasia of squamous cells and hyperkeratosis.The homogeneous eosinophilic material was found to deposit at the dermis of which congo red staining was positive.The diagnosis of primary systemic amyloidosis was made.

Electrical detection of blood cells in urine

Available methods for detecting blood in the urine (hematuria) can be problematic since results can be influenced by many factors in patients and in the lab settings, resulting in false positive or false negative results. This necessitates the development of new, accurate and easy-access methods that save time and effort. This study demonstrates a label-free and accurate method for detecting the presence of red and white blood cells (RBCs and WBCs) in urine by measuring the changes in the dielectric properties of urine upon increasing concentrations of both cell types. The current method could detect changes in the electrical properties of fresh urine over a short time interval, making this method suitable for detecting changes that cannot be recognized by conventional methods. Correcting for these changes enabled the detection of a minimum cell concentration of 102 RBCs per ml which is not possible by conventional methods used in the labs except for the semi-quantitative method that can detect 50 RBCs per ml, but it is a lengthy and involved procedure, not suitable for high volume labs. This ability to detect very small amount of both types of cells makes the proposed technique an attractive tool for detecting hematuria, the presence of which is indicative of problems in the excretory system.

Diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous rupture of renal pelvis caused by pelviureteric junction obstruction in infants

Objective To analyze the clinical features of spontaneous rupture of the renal pelvis (SRRP) in infants caused by UPJO. Methods A retrospective analysis of 7 cases of SRRP in infants caused by UPJO in our hospital from October 2013 to October 2018 was performed. All the patients included 5 males and 2 females. The average age was(12.0±6.1) months(ranging 2 days-25 months). 3 cases suffered renal rupture in left side and 4 cases suffered renal rupture in right side. 2 cases had grade Ⅲ hydronephrosis and 5 cases had grade Ⅳ hydronephrosis. Other symptoms included fever in 4 cases, digestive symptoms in 3 cases, oliguria in 2. 7 cases were revealed RBC(+ + + )with urinary occult blood positive in urine test. 6 cases were found the white blood cells in urine was more than 8/μl. 3 cases had the elevated blood C-reactive protein.3 cases suffered with renal function insufficiency, which the creatinine was more than 110 μmol/L. The 2 cases of urinary extravasation was found in the posterior abdominal cavity and 2 in posterior abdominal cavity and abdominal cavity by CT enhanced scan. 4 cases performed open pyeloplasty, nephrostomy and perirenal drainage.2 cases performed pyeloplasty, nephrostomy, abdominal and perirenal drainage. 1 case performed perirenal drainage and retrograde indwelling Double-J stents. Results All operation performed successfully. The median operation time was 84 min (ranging 45-90 min). The estimate blood loss was 15 ml (ranging 10-35 ml)without any transfusion. The median time of postoperative perirenal drainage tube was 3 d (ranging 2-5 d), The median time of the abdominal drainage tube was 5 d (ranging 3-7 d), the median time of nephrostomy was 12 d (ranging 10-14 d). The median hospital stay was 14 d (ranging 10-21 d). The median follow-up was 18 months (ranging 3-36 months). One performed the second stage pyeloplasty after double-J stents removed, and the renal function gradually recovered. Conclusions The SRRP in infants caused by UPJO is rare and easily misdiagnosed. The degree of hydronephrosis and inflammation may be important factors affecting the spontaneous rupture of pediatric renal pelvis. When it occurs, it requires active intervention by the operation, while treating the stenosis of the UPJ and draining the extravasation of urine. Key words: Hydronephrosis; Spontaneous rupture of the renal pelvis; Ureteropelvic junction obstruction

Is there any Synchronization between Blood in Urine and Dandruff ?

The utmost intention of this article was to assess if there is a connection between blood in urine and dandruff. Presence of 5 or more red blood cells in urine is known as hematuria...

RELATION OF FALOODA ICE CREAM LOVING WITH LEUKOCYTES IN URINE

Cells that protect us from infectious disease called white blood cell. There are five main types of leukocytes and they have short life cycle. Due to high range of white blood cells in urine mostly women have urinary infection. Large number of cells into urine give positive result normal range of them in urine 0 to 6 per high power field. One can reduce the urinary infection by adopting healthy life style. By eating falooda it is beneficial for our health but some time by eating too much it may cause cardiovascular disease and hyperglycemia.

Glomerular Hematuria: Cause or Consequence of Renal Inflammation?

Glomerular hematuria is a cardinal symptom of renal disease. Glomerular hematuria may be classified as microhematuria or macrohematuria according to the number of red blood cells in urine. Recent evidence suggests a pathological role of persistent glomerular microhematuria in the progression of renal disease. Moreover, gross hematuria, or macrohematuria, promotes acute kidney injury (AKI), with subsequent impairment of renal function in a high proportion of patients. In this pathological context, hemoglobin, heme, or iron released from red blood cells in the urinary space may cause direct tubular cell injury, oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and further monocyte/macrophage recruitment. The aim of this manuscript is to review the role of glomerular hematuria in kidney injury, the role of inflammation as cause and consequence of glomerular hematuria, and to discuss novel therapies to combat hematuria.

Accelerating peroxidase-like activity of gold nanozymes using purine derivatives and its application for monitoring of occult blood in urine

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is an important kind of nanozymes and a variety of its artificial enzymatic activities have been reported, such as oxidase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase. The DNA with poly purine-modified AuNPs shows an enhancement peroxidase activity compared with poly pyrimidine-modified AuNPs. In this work, purine derivatives are modified on the surface of AuNPs. The peroxidase-like activity of AuNPs is dependent on the chemical structure of the molecules capped on the surface. We find that ferric ions can accelerate the mimic enzymatic ability of 2, 6-diaminopurine (DAP) modified AuNPs. The enhanced catalytic activity comes from the synergistic reaction of AuNPs and ferric ions. The cooperative system can be applied to measure hemoglobin and red blood cells in urine with better sensitivity. Generally, there is no or few red blood cells in human urine. The presence of blood in the urine is closely related with serious diseases, for example chronic nephrotic syndrome and urinary system tumors. Compared the commercial urine test paper, the method based on DAP-AuNPs has a good sensitivity and wider quantitative range and will be helpful to do urine test at home.

The efficacy of double percutaneous nephrostomy combined with ureter occlusion stent in treating cervical cancer complicated with vesicovaginal fistula after radiotherapy

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of double percutaneous nephrostomy combined with ureter occlusion stent in treating cervical cancer complicated with vesicovaginal fistula after radiotherapy. Method A prospective analysis was taken for 12 patients with cervical cancer complicated with vesicovaginal fistula after radiotherapy who were diagnosed by gynecological examination, imaging and cystoscopy. All patients received concurrent double percutaneous nephrostomy and ureter occlusion stent implantation.The improvement of symptoms and postoperative complications were observed. The number of white blood cells in urine, renal function, number of diapers in daily use (pieces), daily vaginal and urethral exudate, pain score,physical status (ECOG) score and quality of life score (KPS) before and 7 d after the procedure were compare by the paired Student's t test. Results Twelve patients were successfully implanted 24 ureter occlusion stents after successful nephrostomy. Postoperatively, urinary fistula immediately disappeared in all patients. One week after operation, bilateral hydronephrosis disappeared in 4 patients, renal insufficiency and renal function returned to normal in 4 patients. There were significant differences in the number of white blood cells in urine, the number of diapers in daily use, the daily vaginal and urethral exudate, pain score, KPS and ECOG score compared with before and 7 d after the procedure (all P 0.05). No serious complications occurred after the operation. Conclusion Double percutaneous nephrostomy combined with ureter occlusion stent can effectively and safely treat cervical cancer complicated with vesicovaginal fistula after radiotherapy. Key words: Uterine cervical neoplasms; Vesicovaginal fistula; Double percutaneous nephrostomy; Ureter occlusion stent

Protocolo de evaluación de la hematuria

We define Non visible hematuria the presence of three or more red blood cells in high powered field (HPF) in a properly collected urine specimen in the absence of an obvious benign cause. Urine dipstick has a high sensitivity and specificity to detect red blood cells in urine. From urologic point of view benign prostatic hyperplasia, urinary infection and urinary lithiasis are the most frequent causes for hematuria.