Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil Research Articles

Biogasoline Production from Palm Oil: Optimization of Catalytic Cracking Parameters

Production of biogasoline from vegetable oil is one of the future directions in providing fuels for post-oil society. The catalytic cracking of refined bleached deodorized palm oil over a promoted ZSM-5 catalyst was carried out in a fixed-bed reactor. The fixed-bed catalytic process consists of three steps including reaction, stripping, and regeneration. The optimal catalytic cracking parameters were determined. The properties of catalyst were investigated by thermogravimetry analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and N2 physisorption analysis while regeneration temperature effect toward catalyst acidity is being investigated by NH3 temperature programmed desorption technique. The apparent results show that the optimized reaction temperature was at 500 °C with a WHSV of 2.5 h−1 and the reaction time of 2 h. Meanwhile, the most effective regeneration temperature was found at 600 °C for three cycles of reaction–regeneration operation. During these cycles, 100% conversion of triglycerides and 48% selectivity to bio-naphtha can still be achieved.

Gasoline Yield Enhancement in Fluid Catalytic Cracking by Coprocessing of Petroleum Gasoil with Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil and Palm Fatty Acid Distillate

Gasoline is liquid hydrocarbon fuel used for spark-ignition engine. Most of gasoline production is carried out in the petroleum oil refinery through several stages of process and fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is an important process that can convert some of heavy oil fractions like vacuum gasoil (VGO) and residue to be cracked into gasoline and lighter products. Consumption of gasoline for transportation fuel in Indonesia is higher than its production capability, so this gap has compelled to search the alternative process route using renewable feedstock. Coprocessing of petroleum gasoil with crude palm oil in fluid catalytic cracking had been investigated previously resulting in lower value of conversion as well as gasoline yield when applying co-feeds at higher level of vegetable oils. Cracking feedstock containing triglyceride and fatty acid from vegetable oil is supposed to be the other possibility as a reason of conversion and yield changes. The research work is aimed to find out another way for gasoline yield upgrading in fluid catalytic cracking process using available catalyst by coprocessing of VGO with refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) and small amount of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). The experimental work of cracking reaction was performed on fluid-bed reactor of ACE unit at temperature of 530 °C, nearly atmospheric pressure and catalyst-oil ratio of 5.5 g/g. Three kind of oil feeds were tested namely VGO, VGO mixed with 5% RBDPO and VGO added with 5% RBDPO-PFAD of mixing ratio 9:1. The cracking reaction results in gaseous and liquid products. The gaseous phase product was analyzed using online gas chromatography to detect light hydrocarbon components of C1, C2 and H2 as dry gas and hydrocarbon components of C3 and C4 as LPG. The liquid item was investigated through gas chromatography of simulated distillation to separate fluid components including gasoline, light cycle oil (LCO) and slurry oil. Carbon material placed on catalyst through cracking reaction was analyzed at regeneration step of spent catalyst passed through catalytic converter by online Infrared method. Coprocessing of VGO with 5% RBDPO and VGO with 5% RBDPO-PFAD can alter conversion and product yields. The presence of triglyceride and fatty acid in oil feeds during cracking reaction influence signifi- cantly to gasoline enhancement. Although this coprocessing work has shown initial phenomenon in accordance with hypothesis, further investigation is necessary to explore deeper in order to obtain an optimized process condition by various levels of coprocessing feed.

Techniques for analysing and monitoring during continuous bio-hydrogenation of kerosene from palm oils

In this research work, analytical, experimental methods and monitoring techniques of bio-hydrogenated kerosene (BHK) production in continuous mode were presented. Two kinds of raw materials obtained from palm processing plant named as refined bleached deodorised palm oil (RPO) and palm kernel oil (PKO) were converted into BHK via hydrocracking reaction catalysed by Pd/Al2O3 catalyst in pilot scale. Firstly, both of RPO and PKO were pretreated by thermal technique. Subsequently, fatty acid compositions of palm oils were analysed by Gas Chromatography (GC). Then, hydrocracking reaction of RPO and PKO were separately conducted in continuous high pressure packed bed reactor (HPPBR). After reaction, crude-biofuel was refined into BHK via fractional distillation. In addition, some properties of BHK obtained from RPO/PKO such as were C, H, O elements, freezing point, flash points, total acid number and carbon distribution were analysed following the ASTM and UOP 915 standards.•Thermal pretreatment of refined bleached deoderised palm oil (RPO) and palm kernel oil (PKO).•Continuous hydrocracking reaction of palm oil was conducted in pilot scale.•Characterisation of bio-hydrogenated kerosene obtained from palm oil.

Effect of Heating on Lard Adulteration in RBD Palm Oil Using Gas Chromatography and Chemometrics

Adulteration has gained much concern in the oils and fats industry due to health and religious issues. This study assesses the effect of heating on the profiling of lard (15% and 30% lard) spiked in refined bleached deodorized (RBD) palm oil at 120 oC, 180 oC and 240 oC for 1, 2 and 3 hours. The volatile compounds released were identified using (gas chromatography mass spectrometry headspace) GC-MS-HS method. Multivariate data from GC-MS-HS were mean centred prior to Principal Components Analysis (PCA) using Unscrambler software. The result obtained from the scores plot for 30% lard and 15% lard in the RBD palm oil showed the same pattern for heating temperature at 120 oC and 180 oC. At 240 oC, both sample and control were scattered in the scores plot. However, the GC-MS-HS technique did not differentiate between 0% lard with 15% or 30% lard in RBD palm oil.

Production of bio-hydrogenated kerosene by catalytic hydrocracking from refined bleached deodorised palm/ palm kernel oils

In this work, refined bleached deodorised palm oil (RPO) and palm kernel oil (PKO) obtained from palm oil refinery, were used as feedstocks to investigate the production of bio-hydrogenated kerosene (BHK) via hydrocracking reaction. A statistical tool of box-behnken design (BBD) was applied to consider the effects of reaction temperature, pressure and liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) on biofuel production from RPO. The results revealed that the temperature was strongly significant effect on the yield and the optimal condition was found at 477 °C, 5.6 MPa and 1.5 h−1 of LHSV. Subsequently, crude biofuel was separated by fractional distillation, the biofuel yield was obtained at approximately 90% and providing 49.59% kerosene selectivity. Curiously, another feedstock of PKO which has lauric acid as the main composition whereas RPO contained palmitic and oleic acids, was used to produce BHK by using operating condition based-on RPO optimal condition. The biofuel yield derived from PKO reached at the same quantity. On the other hand, kerosene selectivity obtained was higher than in case of RPO (55.35%). However, high oxygen content was found in PKO-derived BHK, and this affected to freezing point and total acid number.

Optimization of Bio-Hydrogenated Kerosene from Refined Palm Oil by Catalytic Hydrocracking

In this work, hydro-processing was used as an alternative route for producing bio-hydrogenated kerosene (BHK) from refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RPO) in the presence of a 0.5 wt% Pd/Al2O3 catalyst. The Box-Behnken Design was used to determine the effects of reaction temperature, H2 pressure, and reaction time in terms of liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) on BHK production. The kerosene selectivity was used as the response for staticial interpretation. The results show that both temperature and LHSV produced significant effects, whereas H2 pressure did not. The optimal conditions were found to be 483 °C, 5.0 MPa, and 1.4 h−1 LHSV; these conditions provided approximately 57.30% kerosene selectivity and a 47.46% yield. The BHK product had a good heating value and flash point. However, the mass percentage of carbon and hydrogen was 99.1%, which is just below the minimum standard (99.5%), according to the carbon loss by the reaction pathway to form as CO and CO2. Water can be produced from the reaction induced by oxygen removal, which results in a high freezing point.

Pembuatan Margarin dan Baking Shortening dari Minyak Sawit Merah dan Aplikasinya dalam Produk Bakery

Minyak sawit merah (MSM) merupakan produk minyak sawit yang masih mempertahankan karoten (pro-vitamin A) dengan kadar tinggi. Diversifikasi MSM pada produk pangan perlu dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan gizi konsumen. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk membuat margarin dan baking shortening dari MSM dan mengaplikasikannya dalam produk bakery. MSM yang digunakan adalah CPO ternetralisasi (MSM CPO) dan CPO dari tandan buah segar (MSM TBS). Margarin dibuat 2 jenis yaitu grade A (MSM 100%) dan grade B (MSM : RBDPO 50:50) dan baking shortening 2 jenis yaitu grade A (MSM : RBDPS : RBDPKO 70:15:15) dan grade B (MSM : RBBDPO (50:50) : RBDPS : RBDPKO 70:15:15). Produk bakery yang dibuat 3 jenis yaitu roti manis, donat dan bolu gulung. Margarin dan baking shortening yang dihasilkan memiliki karoten tinggi, bilangan peroksida memenuhi standar (< 10 mgeq/kg) namun kadar asam lemak bebas (ALB) relatif tinggi (0,1 – 0,3%) dikarenakan oleh MSM memiliki kadar ALB tinggi. Roti manis, donat dan bolu gulung menggunakan margarin dan baking shortening MSM memiliki karakteristik meliputi kadar air, kadar lemak, kadar ALB, bilangan peroksida dan pengembangan adonan (kecuali donat dan bolu gulung) menyerupai produk komersial namun kadar karotennya lebih tinggi. Penerimaan panelis terhadap warna, aroma, tekstur dan rasa roti manis, donat dan bolu gulung menggunakan MSM : RBDPO (50:50) cukup tinggi daripada MSM 100% tetapi relatif rendah dibandingkan produk komersial. Meskipun demikian, campuran MSM dan RBDPO dapat menjadi alternatif dalam peningkatan gizi produk bakery.

PENENTUAN KUALITAS DEGUMMED BLEACHED PALM OIL (DBPO)DAN REFINED BLEACHED DEODORIZED PALM OIL (RBDPO) DENGAN PEMBERIAN BLEACHINGEARTH PADA SKALA INDUSTRI

Bleaching earth is a material absorbing various impurities bounded during the degumming process. Its other function is as CPO colour bleaching material in bleaching process. The study was conducted to determine the efficiency of the production process at the best concentration of giving bleaching earth toquality of degummed bleached palm oil (DBPO) and refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO), during fractionation. The quality parameters observed were free fatty acid (FFA), colour, cloud point and iodine number. The use of earth bleaching concentration ranges was set from 0.6% to 1.0%. Production process efficiency was measured on the basis of maximum RBDPO output and minimum input at a capacity of 2,000 tons per day with a flow rate of 41.6 t/h. The best results were obtained with FFA DBPO values of ≤ 4.5%, FFA RBDPO of 0.051% - 0.053%, colour of DBPO of 19R-21R, colour of RBDPO 2.25R-2.70R, the use of bleaching earth 0.8% - 0.9%. At this concentration cloud point DBPO was 2.15 ppm and 1.95 ppm. For the RBDPO cloud point at the same bleaching earth, the concentration was 2.47 and 1.76 ppm. The measurement results of iodine value were at 51,794 mg I2/g to 52,775 mg I2/g, meaning the value was still in the industry RBDPO quality standard of 50 - 55 mg I2/g. Addition of 0.8% - 0.9% bleaching earth could maintain the quality of DBPO and RBDPO with the efficient production process reaching 95.51%.Keywords: cloud point, degumming, flow rate ,free fatty acid, iodine number

Microwave Assisted Cationic Polymerization of Different Type Palm Oils with Boron Trifluoride Ethereal Catalyst

Indonesia is a major producer of palm oils. However, more than 76% of the production is exported as crude palm oil (CPO) with low economic values. Chemical conversion is necessary to produce more valuable derivatives of renewable biobased material including a thermoplastic polymer. In this study, crude palm oils (CPO), refined-bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) and refined bleached deodorized palm oil olein (RBDPOO) were converted under microwave-assisted cationic polymerization with the boron trifluoride ethereal catalyst. The precursors were irradiated using the commercial microwave with various reaction conditions. The raw material compositions, iodine values, and functional groups of the raw material and polymers were analyzed by gas chromatography, titrimetry, and Fourier Transform infrared spectrophotometry, respectively. The differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) was used to observe the thermal characteristics of the polymers. The iodine value of the resulting polymer products was lower than the raw materials which indicated the decrease of the C=C bonds due to the polymerization. This result is supported by the decreased intensity of alkene bands in the infrared spectra of the product. The DSC thermogram curve proved that the product is a thermoplastic polymer with a melting point ranged from 40.3 to 45.2 °C; and the freezing point of 22.5 to 28.1 °C. In conclusion, palm oil-based thermoplastic polymer was successfully synthesized and characterized, and the best result was achieved when using RBDPOO as starting material.

Lightning Breakdown Voltage Evaluation of Palm Oil and Coconut Oil as Transformer Oil under Quasi-Uniform Field Conditions

This paper presents lightning (1.2/50 µs) breakdown voltages of palm oil (PO), coconut oil (CO) and mineral oil (MO) in a quasi-uniform sphere to sphere electric field at two gap distances. The type of PO used in this study is Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) Olein type. The effect of voltage polarities (positive and negative) and testing methods (rising voltage, up and down and multiple level) on the lightning breakdown performance were investigated. The results indicated that lightning breakdown voltages of CO and RBDPO are comparable to those of MO under various test conditions. The results indicated that there is no polarity effect for lightning impulse breakdown tests in a quasi-uniform field. The testing methods, including rising voltage method, up and down method and multiple level method have a notable influence on the breakdown voltages. The effect of the 50% breakdown voltage on rising voltage method, up and down method and multiple level method for RBDPO and CO is comparable to MO. The withstand voltage at 1% and 50% breakdown probabilities were obtained using the Normal distribution fitting on the cumulative probability plot of impulse shots. Based on a normal distribution fitting, withstand voltages 1% breakdown probability of POA were close to the MO. Finally, based on statistical studies and simulation using ANSYS software, the prediction formulas for breakdown voltage for larger gap distances for all samples were derived.

Thermal Stability Evaluation of Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) from Different Refining Parameters for Standard Crude Palm Oil

Thermal Stability Evaluation of Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) from Different Refining Parameters for Standard Crude Palm Oil

Quality Prediction of Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) Using Partial Least Square Regression Technique

Out of specification in the production of Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) will cause recycling in palm oil refining process as well as zero production during that period. Hence, the ability to predict the output quality variables so that appropriate adjustment can be made in the process beforehand is very useful in minimizing the production cost and time consumption. In this study, Multivariate Statistical Process Control (MSPC) is used to develop a prediction tool in order to predict the output quality variables before the process even began and eventually reduce the utility cost as compare to traditional method of using tacit knowledge which is not very practical. Knowing product quality in advance, adjustment can be made at the specific unit operation and also to identify in which standard the quality variables belongs to, be it Palm Oil Refiners Association Malaysia (PORAM) standard, China or Vietnam. The MSPC method used in this study is Partial Least Squares Regression (PLS) which capable in finding the relationships between the process and quality variables of the palm oil refining process assuming that the data are linear. In simulation, data used are obtained from Lahad Datu Edible Oil Sdn. Bhd. (LDEO) with percentage of fatty acid (FFA), moisture content, and iodine value as both the process and quality variable which undergone pre-screening and pre-processing of data. This study also considers a constant sampling time to ensure the randomness of the data as well as the residence time in determining the relationships of the quality variables corresponded to the actual process variables. Simulation results obtained from developed correlation coefficient are evaluated and compared using Mean Squared Error (MSE). MSE results shows that PLS method is capable in predicting the output quality variables.

Product Sampling Time and Process Residence Time Prediction of Palm Oil Refining Process

The quality of product produced in palm oil industries is important due to customer need and world demand. It is crucial to monitor and predict the quality of Refine Bleached Deodorised Palm Oil (RBDPO) produced. One of the most significant driving forces behind the demand for quality prediction of RBDPO is the reducing production cost of RBDPO. Palm oil had the highest manufacturing cost in that scenario, mainly because of the higher demand for ethanol in the pre-treatment step. The development of rapid and non-destructive measuring technique is needed to enhance the efficiency of palm oil quality monitoring. Today in the Lahad Datu Edible Oil Sdn. Bhd. (LDEO) company, the cost production of RBDPO is much higher and can be double or triple than the usual cost production due to the need of recycle process for getting the desired quality of RBDPO. The current production of RBDPO takes a lot of time. This show how important the quality predict of RBDPO in meeting the needs of the LDEO Company to reduce the need of recycle process due to the cost production and time consuming. This study aims to develop a statistical analysis that can predict the sampling time and residence time for the whole refinery process using autocorrelation and cross-correlation in MATLAB. The data analysis of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and RBDPO is based on five parameters, percentage of the free fatty acids (% FFA), the percentage of the moisture, the deterioration of bleachability index (DOBI), iodine value (IV) and peroxide value (PV), which are used to monitor the RBDPO quality provided by the LDEO Company. For the 65 sample size data, the sampling time and residence of the whole refinery process are 2 h and 2.4 h. Both data are required in developing a tool to predict the RBDPO quality.

Biorefinery for the Production of Biodiesel, Hydrogen and Synthesis Gas Integrated with CHP from Oil Palm in Malaysia

Abstract Malaysia is presently the world’s largest exporter of palm oil with total production of 19.22 million tonnes of crude palm oil (CPO) in 2013. Aside CPO, by-products such as empty fruit bunch (EFB), palm kernel shell (PKS), palm kernel oil (PKO), palm kernel cake (PKC) and pressed palm fibres (PPF) are produced from the palm oil mills. These biomasses can be used as potential feedstock for the production of biofuels, biogas and bioelectricity. One of the ways to fully harness the potentials of these biomasses is by employing the biorefinery concepts where all the products and by-products from oil palm are utilized for production of valuable bio-products. In this study, technological feasibility of biorefinery for the production of biodiesel, hydrogen, Fischer-Tropsch liquids (FTLs) integrated with combined heat and power (CHP) generation was investigated. Flowsheet was designed for each of the processes using Aspen HYSYS® v 8.0. Material balance was performed on a palm oil mill processing 250 tonnes per year of fresh fruit palm (FFP). Results from the material balance shows that 45.1 tonnes of refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RDBPO) and 52.4 tonnes of EFB were available for the production of biodiesel, hydrogen, FTLs and the CHP generation. The annual plant capacity of the biodiesel production is estimated to be 26,331.912 tonnes. The overall energy consumption of the whole process was estimated to be 36.0 GJ/h. This energy demand was met with power generated from the CHP which is 792 GJ/h leaving a surplus of 756 GJ/h that can be sold to the grid. The process modelling and simulation of the biorefinery process shows technological feasibility of producing valuable products from oil palm.

Biodiesel production over Ca, Zn, and Al mixed compounds in fixed-bed reactor: Effects of premixing catalyst extrudates with methanol, oil, and fatty acid methyl esters

We studied the production of biodiesel as fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) via transesterification of refined bleached deodorized palm oil with methanol in a fixed-bed reactor, using a new heterogeneous base catalyst in extrudate form. The catalyst extrudates were prepared using a dissolution–precipitation method from enamel venus shells (Meretrix meretrix) in the presence of zinc nitrate and alumina as binder precursors. The effects of addition of hydroxyethylcellulose as a plasticizer and of the extruder type on the extrusion process and physicochemical properties of the extrudates were studied. The as-prepared catalyst extrudate was a mixture of Ca, Zn, and Al compounds. Calcination at 400°C generated CaO as the major active phase, which was dispersed on the surface of an alumina support (ZSAH-400). The maximum FAME yield obtained over ZSAH-400 was 65% in a fixed-bed reactor operated at a methanol:oil molar ratio of 30:1, 65°C, and ambient pressure. The effects of premixing the catalyst extrudates with methanol, vegetable oil, and commercial methyl esters (CMEs) with different fatty acid chain lengths were investigated to improve FAME formation. The ZSAH-400 extrudate premixed with different CME types gave a stable FAME yield of ~96.5% throughout the operation. The promotion effect provided by premixing with methanol or oil was much less pronounced. A three-phase diagram, thermogravimetry, and solubility parameters suggest that the CME-rich layer covering the extrudate surface reduces the mass transfer limitations caused by immiscibility of the reactants.

バイオ燃料対応舶用機関の研究開発 - 精製パーム油(RBDPO)の適用評価

バイオ燃料対応舶用機関の研究開発 - 精製パーム油(RBDPO)の適用評価

Effect of moisture on breakdown voltage and structure of palm based insulation oils

For use as insulating liquids in power transformers, palm based oils are gaining worldwide attention as biodegradable alternatives and competitors to the petroleum based oils. However, moisture ingress into insulation oils and its effect on the oil breakdown voltage (BDV) must be studied because moisture in oil can alter the physicochemical property of oil and drastically affects the breakdown voltage. This paper presents a comparative study on effect of increasing moisture content on physical structure and BDV of three palm based insulation oils (Red Palm Oil, Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) and Palm Fatty Acid Ester (PFAE)) at room temperature. Insulation oil is known to have the ability to sustain its good performance up to certain percentage moisture increase. In this paper, an empirical relationship between the palm based oil BDV and the percentage moisture added was developed to approximate oil BDV at various moisture increases. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy was employed to investigate changes in the oil samples' functional group to assess the physical changes. This equation has been tested and verified. This equation can be used to estimate the BDV of the palm based insulation oils as their percentage moisture increases.

Breakdown Strength Characteristic of RBDPO and Mineral Oil Mixture as an Alternative Insulating Liquid for Transformer

Mineral oil (MO) works as an important electrical insulation and coolant in transformer which is non-biodegradable and nearly running out. Therefore, for sustainable and environmental concern, an alternative biodegradable insulating oil that potential to replace the mineral oil is introduced. In view of that, the breakdown strength characteristic of Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) and MO mixtures were investigated by varying the mixing percentage of RBDPO from 0% to 100% at 40oC. The results showed that the breakdown strength of the oil mixture abruptly decline to the minimum breakdown voltage of 50 kV at 20% of RBDPO mixture and gradually increased when the ratio of the RBDPO is added. The highest breakdown strength is achieved 87kv at 80% of RBDPO content. The result of kinematic viscosity is also presented.

Crystallisation and rheological properties of hydrogenated palm oil and palm oil blends in relation to crystal networking

AbstractRefined bleached deodorised palm oil (RBDPO) was blended with 4–25 wt‐% hydrogenated palm oil (HPO). The physical, chemical and rheological properties of these samples were studied during 4 wk of storage at 15 °C. During storage, it was observed that there was an increase in solid fat content, compression force, hardness index (HI), melting temperatures, and storage modulus (G') with increasing concentration of HPO in the blends and with storage time. X‐ray diffraction results showed that the crystal networks of the blends were stabilised in the β' polymorphic form. However, in pure RBDPO, a very weak β form was observed. An increase in storage modulus (G'), compression force and HI indicated that the crystal networks of the blends became more highly structured with increasing storage time and concentration of HPO, which implies that post‐hardening had occurred without transformation of the polymorphic form from β’ to β.