Blanket Layer Research Articles

Speckle Vibrometry for Contactless Instantaneous Heart Rate and Respiration Rate Monitoring on Mechanically Ventilated Patients.

Objective: Contactless monitoring of instantaneous heart rate and respiration rate has a significant clinical relevance. This work aims to use Speckle Vibrometry (i.e., based on the secondary laser speckle effect) to contactlessly measure these two vital signs in an intensive care unit. Methods: In this work, we propose an algorithm for the estimation of instantaneous heart rate and respiration rate from mechanically ventilated patients. The algorithm uses multiple regions, principal component analysis, and dominant angle analysis. A semi-automated peak detection method is implemented to precisely label the aortic valve opening peak within the cardiac waveform. Results: Compared with electrocardiography, the present work achieves limits of agreement of [-2.19, 1.73] beats per minute of instantaneous heart rate. The measurement spot is on the chest covered with two to three layers of duvet blankets. Compared with the airway flow signal measured by the mechanical ventilator, the present work achieves limits of agreement of [-0.68, 0.46] respirations per minute of instantaneous respiration rate. Conclusions: These results showcased Speckle Vibrometry's potential in vital sign monitoring in a clinical setting. Significance: This is the first human clinical study for Speckle Vibrometry.

Crustal origin for olivine in the lunar Shioli crater ejecta boulders: Insights from the geological setting of Theophilus crater and Nectaris basin

On the Moon, impact craters and basins expose a wide range of crustal and mantle rocks that provide excellent opportunity for sampling them, understanding their origins and reconstructing spatial and temporal evolution of lunar interior. The previous studies detected olivine-bearing mantle rocks in and around large impact craters and basins. The Japanese SLIM mission landed on the ejecta of a ∼ 280-m-diameter Shioli crater that was emplaced on the ejecta blanket of ∼ 103-km-diameter Theophilus crater, for characterizing potential mantle-derived olivine in the Shioli crater ejecta boulders. To test this hypothesis, we studied the geological setting of Shioli crater, host Theophilus crater and Nectaris multi-ring basin using the orbiter data from Chandrayaan-1 and 2, Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, and Kaguya missions and the earth-based Arecibo radar observation. The asymmetrically distributed secondary craters and impact melt ponds around Theophilus crater suggests that a northeast-directed oblique impact produced this crater. Composition of Theophilus crater and surrounding region indicates that the crater excavated a heterogeneous target composed of a thin layer of high-Al olivine basalt (Mare Nectaris) underlain by anorthositic highland rocks possibly intruded by Mg-suite plutons; layers of Cyrillus crater ejecta blanket and Nectaris basin materials (both ejecta and impact melt sheets) were also present beneath the mare basalt flows. Hence, the Theophilus ejecta blanket is a mixture of all these materials. Our dating of Theophilus crater suggests that it is a ∼ 2 Ga Eratosthenian crater. Shioli is a fresh simple crater that was formed at ∼ 1 Ma on the uprange ejecta blanket of Theophilus, where the Arecibo radar data indicated the presence of abundant buried Theophilus ejecta boulders. An ESE-directed hypervelocity oblique impact event produced the elongated Shioli crater and its asymmetrically distributed bright ejecta. Shioli is a primary impact crater indicating the role of impact spallation processes associated with this hyper-velocity impact in producing thousands of ejecta (or spall) boulders around Shioli crater, displaying their asymmetric dispersal pattern and spatial variation of boulder sizes and shapes. The larger and elongated boulders are concentrated near the crater rim, while their size and axial ratio gradually decreases outward from the crater rim. The SLIM mission landed on a thin downrange ejecta of Shioli crater, where fewer large-size boulders are present. Our compositional study suggests that the Shioli ejecta boulders are composed of olivine basalt (Mare Nectaris) mixed with highland anorthositic fragments, including the reworked Cyrillus ejecta and Nectaris basin materials. The Shioli ejecta boulders were produced by complex impact fragmentation of already existing, buried Theophilus ejecta boulders. The regional crustal structure of Nectaris basin and its petrological composition suggest that both Nectaris basin and Theophilus crater did not excavate the lunar mantle. Therefore, the Shioli ejecta boulders are of crustal origin, including the olivine minerals present in them. Our results have important implications for the origin of olivine in the Shioli crater boulders being investigated by the SLIM mission.

Monitoring Harmful Algal Blooms and Water Quality Using Sentinel-3 OLCI Satellite Imagery with Machine Learning

Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms release toxins and form thick blanket layers on the water surface causing widespread problems, including serious threats to human health, water ecosystem, economics, and recreation. To identify the potential drivers for the bloom, there is a need for extensive observations of the water sources with bloom occurrences. However, the traditional methods for monitoring water sources, such as collection of point ground samples, have proven limited due to spatial and temporal variability of water resources, and the cost associated with collecting samples that accurately represent this variability. These limitations can be addressed through the use of high-frequency satellite data. In this study, we explored the use of Random Forest (RF), which is one of the widely used machine learning architectures, to evaluate the performance of Sentinel-3 OLCI (Ocean and Land Color Imager) images in predicting bloom proxies in the western region of Lake Erie. The sixteen available bands of Sentinel-3 images were used as the predictor variables, while four proxies of the cyanobacterial masses, including Chlorophyll-a, Microcystin, Phycocyanin, and Secchi-depth, were considered as response variables in the RF models, with one RF model per proxy. Each of the proxies comes with a unique set of traits that can help with bloom detection. Among four RF models, the model for Chlorophyll-a performed the best with R2 = 0.55 and RMSE = 20.84 µg/L, while R2 performance for the rest of the other proxies was less than 0.5. This is because Chlorophyll-a is the most dominant and optically active pigment in water, while Phycocyanin, which is a strong indicator of harmful bloom, is present in low concentrations. Additionally, Microcystin, responsible for bloom toxicity, has limited spectral sensitivity, and Secchi-depth could be influenced by various factors besides blooms, such as colored dissolved organic and inorganic matter. On further examining the relationship between the proxies, Microcystin and Secchi-depth were significantly correlated with Chlorophyll-a, which enhances the usefulness of Chlorophyll-a in accurately identifying the presence of algal blooms.

Compact fusion blanket using plasma facing liquid Li-LiH walls and Pb pebbles

Liquid plasma facing walls allow for increased neutron-wall loading expanding the design space of fusion power-plants and experimental devices towards compact high-field reactors. This study presents the design of a compact radial build blanket for fusion devices composed of variable quantities of Lead (Pb) and Lithium-Lithium Hydride (Li-LiH). A tank-like cylindrical neutronic model of the early design of the stellarator reactor proposed by Renaissance Fusion is implemented in OpenMC (neutron transport and dose rate analyses). The reactor's radial build composition and blanket layer thicknesses are varied to fulfill the requirements on tritium breeding ratio (TBR), nuclear heat extraction, radiation shielding (for the coils, internal structures and external environment) for a stellarator-based power-plant. The analyses suggest that a radial build lower than a meter thick between the plasma and coils would be sufficient to allow for a TBR ∼ 1.60, an energy multiplication factor of ∼ 1.07, to capture ≥ 90% of the nuclear heat, limit the neutron fluence at the coils below 1019 n/cm2, and limit the structural damage on the liquid metal vessel and magnet structure. In particular, a blanket composed of 32 cm of Pb and Li-LiH, 54 cm of a heavy metal hydride such as vanadium hydride (VH2), along with a 1.3 m of concrete bioshield, would minimize the radial build of the stellarator reactor while fulfilling tritium breeding, shielding and heat extraction requirements.

Interdigitated‐back‐contacted silicon heterojunction solar cells featuring novel MoOx‐based contact stacks

AbstractThe fabrication process of interdigitated‐back‐contacted silicon heterojunction (IBC‐SHJ) solar cells has been significantly simplified with the development of the so‐called tunnel‐IBC architecture. This architecture utilizes a highly conductive (p)‐type nanocrystalline silicon (nc‐Si:H) layer deposited over the full substrate area comprising pre‐patterned (n)‐type nc‐Si:H fingers. In this context, the (p)‐type nc‐Si:H layer is referred to as blanket layer. As both electrodes are connected to the same blanket layer, the high lateral conductivity of (p)nc‐Si:H layer can potentially lead to relatively low shunt resistance in the device, thus limiting the performance of such solar cells. To overcome such limitation, we introduce a thin (<2 nm) full‐area molybdenum oxide (MoOx) layer as an alternative to the (p)nc‐Si:H blanket layer. We demonstrate that the use of such a thin MoOx minimizes the shunting losses thanks to its low lateral conductivity while preserving the simplified fabrication process. In this process, a novel (n)‐type nc‐Si:H/MoOx electron collection contact stack is implemented within the proposed solar cell architecture. We assess its transport mechanisms via electrical simulations showing that electron transport, unlike in the case of tunnel‐IBC, occurs in the conduction band fully. Moreover, the proposed contact stack is evaluated in terms of contact resistivity and integrated into a proof‐of‐concept front/back‐contacted (FBC) SHJ solar cells. Contact resistivity as low as 100 mΩcm2 is achieved, and fabricated FBC‐SHJ solar cells obtain a fill factor above 81.5% and open‐circuit voltage above 705 mV. Lastly, the IBC‐SHJ solar cells featuring the MoOx blanket layer are fabricated, exhibiting efficiencies up to 21.14% with high shunt resistances above 150 kΩcm2. Further optimizations in terms of layer properties and fabrication process are proposed to improve device performance and realize the efficiency potential of our novel IBC‐SHJ solar cell architecture.

Revisiting Design Rules for Floating Metal

Electrostatic discharges (ESDs) from electrically isolated conductors (commonly called “floating metal”) were discovered to be sources of anomalies on early spacecraft. Ground tests demonstrated that discharges from floating metal were more severe and hazardous than discharges from equal areas of the dielectric film. This led to requirements to ground all thermal blanket layers. Charging and discharging of wires and coaxes were later discovered to be more severe if the conductors were ungrounded, which led to requirements to ground all unused and unterminated wires. Ground tests also showed that discharges from isolated conductors on printed circuit boards (PCBs) were also a potential risk despite the much lower flux levels inside these units. Subsequent tests showed that the peak voltage and energy of ESD transients induced in nearby PCB circuits scaled with the area of floating conductors. Based on those results, NASA HDBK 4002 and 4002A recommended limiting the area to 3 cm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{2}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> (and to 0.3 cm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{2}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> if the floating metal is on a PCB). (The recently released HDBK-4002B has removed these area guidelines.) Recent tests have shown that the peak voltage and delivered energy vary dramatically with the mode of discharge of the floating metal. Blow-off discharge amplitudes were similar to those observed in previous tests. But when the discharge punched through the insulator between the floating metal and underlying conductor, peak voltages and delivered energies were orders of magnitude higher. Given that modern designs employ multilayer circuit boards, the opportunity for punchthrough discharges is higher than that existed on the thick single-layer FR4 boards the HDBK 4002 guideline is based upon.

Thermal atomization on superhydrophobic surfaces of varying temperature jump length

This paper presents an experimental study of drop impingement and thermal atomization on hydrophobic and superhydrophobic (SH) surfaces. Superhydrophobic surfaces having both microscale and nanoscale geometry are considered. Microscale SH surfaces are coated with a hydrophobic coating and exhibit micropillars and cavities which are classified using the surface solid fraction and center to center pitch. The solid fraction and pitch values explored in this study range from 0.05-1.0 and 8-60 μm respectively. Nanoscale textured surfaces are created by applying a blanket layer of carbon nanotubes. Both types of surfaces are further classified by a temperature jump length (λT). All experiments were conducted at We = 85. Results of atomization as a function of time for the impingement event are provided for several surfaces of varying surface geometry, surface temperature, and temperature jump length. Nanoscale SH surfaces are shown to completely suppress atomization at all conditions explored. Results of the maximum atomization that occurred on a given surface are also shown as a function of the surface temperature. The surface temperature at which the maximum atomization occurs varies with surface geometry. Further, the time after impact when the maximum atomization occurs is also a function of the SH surface parameters. In general, the maximum atomization magnitude and the surface temperature at which maximum atomization occurs each decrease with increasing λT. Further, the time when maximum atomization occurs increases with increasing λT.

Dam Seepage Control Uses the Blanket Layer Method

An analysis of the seepage occurring on the dam needs to be done to determine whether the size is safe to prevent collapse on the dam body. The blanket layer is a method used in seepage control. This study discussed the effectiveness of the blanket layer method in significantly reducing the seepage on the dam body by reviewing the significant drainage and stability against the uplift. A case study of Telagasari Flood Control Dam (Bendali), which suffered a water loss due to leakage on the sewer path, was carried out by performing several scenarios of analysis based on the modelling of the addition of the blanket layer, which resulted in a 98.97% decrease in the drain discharge that occurred against the conditions prior to the drain control.

Improved drain lag by reduced surface current in GaN HEMT via an ultrathin HfO2 blanket layer

This paper reports the influence of an ultrathin 1.5 nm atomic-layer-deposited HfO2 blanket layer as a gate dielectric on GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) grown on a 4H-SiC substrate. Transistors with a gate length of 250 nm and a source-to-drain distance of 3 µm were manufactured. The proposed technique involves HfO2 deposition at 250 ∘C prior to the gate metallization with no additional lithography steps. This approach reduced the drain lag by 83% compared to the conventional design with no gate dielectric. The HfO2 layer suppressed the parasitic lateral conduction from the gate, reduced surface trapping, and improved gate electrostatics. The manufactured devices exhibited nearly three orders of magnitude decreased surface leakage, better turn-on behavior, and improved cut-off frequency f T linearity by 16%. High quality metal-oxide interface formation was confirmed by the conductance method. Results demonstrate that the blanket HfO2 deposition is a promising approach to improve the current dispersion characteristics and gate electrostatics of GaN HEMTs without incurring major changes to the established fabrication techniques.

Optimization of a sequencing batch reactor with the application of the Internet of Things

Internet of Things (IoT) technology was applied to the operation of the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) process to increase nitrogen removal and tackle the disturbances caused by the inflow fluctuations. To cope flexibly with the fluctuations in the inflow load, the time required for settling and discharging (TRSD) was reduced by inventing an automatic mechanical decanter, operated by monitoring the height of the sludge blanket layer and the concentration of suspended solid (SS) in the supernatant. The average TRSD of the automatic mechanical decanter was 1 hr, which was reduced by 27–59% compared to the conventional SBR processes treating domestic wastewater. Increasing the bio-reaction time with reduced TRSD allows improved performance while maintaining the overall cycle time of the SBR processes. Nitrogen removal was enhanced by feeding the influent in two steps in an 8:2 ratio while monitoring nitrogen ions in the bioreactor. The total nitrogen (T-N) removal of the step-feed modes was 92–93%, while that of the single-feed modes was 82–88%. Although the average time required for the bio-reaction steps increased by 51 min in the step-feed mode under the same temperature condition (13–16 °C), the total cycle time of the SBR process did not exceed 6 hr/cycle due to the reduced TRSD. By applying IoT technology, reliable operation of the SBR and improved T-N removal were achieved.

Influence of Biaxial Geogrid at the Ballast Interface for Granular Earth Railway Embankment

The development of reinforcements for soil has made an impact in most of the civil engineering sectors especially transportation. The use of geogrids is frequent in roadways but they are also finding use in railways. The major impact that geogrids could have is providing desired stiffness to a section by reducing material and serving as a proper reinforcement material. In the current study, an attempt has been made to redesign the railway embankment economically with the help of geogrids. Biaxial geogrid is used to substitute the blanket layer (thickness up to 100 cm) in the railway embankment by fulfilling the strain modulus requirement of the embankment, calculated using a plate bearing test as per DIN 18134. The experiment is performed on the embankment replicated in a metallic test chamber with granular soil as subgrade and geogrid is placed beneath the ballast. The experimental study is validated by a 3-D numerical model using Midas GTS NX software. The experimental analysis shows an improvement of 31.47% in the second modulus of the earth embankment. For the implementation of this study, a design section of Indian railways is adopted. With the help of geogrid, a reduction of 50% is observed in the embankment height, thereby reducing the overall costs.

Energy alignment manipulation at the C60/TiO2(110) interface using a blanket molecular dipole approach

Modifying the energy alignment between the frontier levels of a chromophore and the band edges of a semiconductor substrate using a “blanket layer” of molecular dipoles is explored. The electronic structure, measured with ultraviolet and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy, of C60 deposited directly onto the TiO2(110) surface is compared with that of C60 deposited onto the surface covered by a blanket layer of the custom-designed helical peptide Z-(Aib)6-Ipa, which has a large dipole moment of 18.6 D oriented along its molecular axis and pointing toward the substrate. The C60 HOMO level is shifted 600 meV to deeper binding energy in the presence of the blanket layer, in good agreement with what is expected from a simple parallel plate capacitor model. These results demonstrate a simple and versatile strategy for controlling energy level alignment at organic/inorganic interfaces.

Microstructuring to Improve the Thermal Stability of GeSn Layers.

Tin segregation in Ge1-xSnx alloys is one of the major problems potentially hindering the use of this material in devices. Ge1-xSnx microdisks fabricated from layers with Sn concentrations up to 16.9% underwent here annealing at temperatures as high as 400 °C for 20 min without Sn segregation, in contrast with the full segregation observed in the corresponding blanket layers annealed simultaneously. After annealing, no changes in the elemental composition of the microdisks were evidenced. An enhancement of the total integrated photoluminescence, with no modifications of the emission energy, was also observed. These findings show that microstructuring offers a completely new path in maintaining the stability of high Sn concentration Ge1-xSnx layers at temperatures much higher than those used for growth. This approach enables the use of thermal annealing processes to improve the properties of this alloy in optoelectronic devices (such as light emitting diodes, lasers, photodetectors, or modulators). It should also facilitate the integration of Ge1-xSnx into well-established technologies requiring medium temperature processes. The same strategy may help to prevent Sn segregation during high temperature processes in similar metastable alloys.

Research on the thermal hydraulic design of COOL blanket for CFETR

The supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) cOoled Lithium-Lead (COOL) blanket is under development for Chinese Fusion Engineering and Test Reactor (CFETR). This paper presents the preliminary results of thermal hydraulics on the blanket and shield layer, without considering the MagnetoHydroDynamics (MHD). The mass flow rate in each channel is iteratively adjusted to achieve the outlet temperature of 600 °C and 700 °C, respectively, and the temperature of all materials satisfy with the requirements. The effects of buoyancy-driven at the lower velocity is preliminary observed in the inboard blanket, where occurs the clumps of vortices in the channels. Furthermore, the outlet temperature can further reach 800 °C if the TC is decreased to 2 W/(m·K). At the TC of 28 W/(m·K), the outlet temperature can reach 610.2 °C, respectively, approaching the design edge (600∼700 °C). Moreover, when the TC of co-based cemented tungsten carbide (WC) in the shield layer is 90 W/(m·K), the maximum temperature of WC is 504 °C, and there is a margin of 991 °C far away from the upper limit. It demonstrates that the shield layer can be cooled sufficiently only relying on the manifold.

Use of three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model for a new configuration of circular primary settling tank.

Appropriately used, computational fluid dynamics models are powerful tools to design and optimize primary settling tanks (PSTs). This paper uses a Fluent-based 3D model to identify the possible causes for underperformance of the circular PSTs at the Cali waste-water treatment plant, Colombia, and to propose design modifications to improve performance. A new configuration for the center well (CW) is proposed and evaluated. The influence of a rotational sludge scraper and of continuous sludge removal were considered in the numerical simulation. The new configuration included the modification of the current CW diameter and the location of a second baffle with the CW. The results suggest that the installation of the second baffle allows a more uniform flow distribution within the PST and consequently, the hydrodynamic problems associated with short-circuiting of the influent to the bottom of the tank are reduced. The second baffle suppresses the downward current, effectively dissipates the kinetic energy in the influent and forces the particles to move toward the bottom of the PST. In addition, the second CW baffle allows the formation in the inlet zone of a consistently more concentrated sludge blanket layer and thicker sludge, reducing the risk of solids leaving in the effluent of the PST.

Predicting Lift-Off Time When Deep-Frying Potato Dough Snacks

When frying potato snacks, it is typically observed that the dough, which is submerged in hot oil, after some critical time increases its buoyancy and floats to the surface. The lift-off time is a useful metric in ensuring that the snacks are properly cooked. Here we propose a multiphase mathematical model for the frying of potato snacks, where water inside the dough is evaporated from both the top and bottom surfaces of the snack at two receding evaporation fronts. The vapor created at the top of the snack bubbles away to the surface, whereas the vapor released from the bottom surface forms a buoyant blanket layer. By asymptotic analysis, we show that the model simplifies to solving a one-dimensional Stefan problem in the snack coupled to a thin-film equation in the vapor blanket through a nonlinear boundary condition. Using our mathematical model, we predict the change in the snack density as a function of time and investigate how lift-off time depends on the different parameters of the problem.

Nonpolar GaN-based nanopillar green light-emitting diode (LED) fabricated by using self-aligned In3Sn nanodots

We fabricate nonpolar InGaN/GaN single quantum-well based a-plane nanopillar green light-emitting diode (LED). The top-down fabrication method was used for fabricating nanopillar LED from the planar LED, where self-aligned In3Sn nanodots were used as an etching mask. Fabricated nanopillars have high yield with large height-to-diameter aspect ratio found by scanning-electron-microscopy characteristics. The size of nanopillars depends on the size of In3Sn nanodots which are fabricated from the ITO (indium tin oxide) thin film by 3% HCl solution. It is systematically investigated that the size of nanodots depends on the ITO thickness rather than the etching time. In order to achieve uniform current injection into nanopillars, a p-type transparent ITO contact is selectively deposited on the top of each nanopillar. The ITO contact layer consists of a slanted oblique-angle (85○/−85○) layer followed by a thick blanket layer for uniform current distribution. The macroscopic optoelectronic characteristics show the uniform current distribution over the chip area, which is also interactively explained.

Analysis of development and depth of backward erosion pipes in the presence of a coarse sand barrier

Backward erosion piping (BEP) is a failure mechanism that can affect the safety of water-retaining structures. It can occur when a local anomaly on the downstream side of an embankment causes a concentration of seepage flow at that location. Shallow pipes may then form, progressing in the upstream direction and leading to a collapse of the water-retaining structure. A novel and economically appealing measure against BEP is the coarse sand barrier (CSB), which is now being developed in a multiscale experimental programme in the Netherlands. The method involves placing a trench filled with coarse sand below the blanket layer on the downstream side of the embankment. The CSB prevents the upstream progression of the pipe and significantly enhances resistance to BEP. This paper presents medium-scale laboratory tests involving a range of sands, barrier depths and relative densities. The piping process and the observations of pipe progression in the presence of a CSB are presented, followed by a conceptual model. The presence of a CSB changed the erosion pattern. It resulted in pipe formation perpendicular to the flow direction over the entire width of the barrier before the barrier was damaged. The findings also demonstrate the effect of material properties on pipe initiation, progression and pipe depth. Measurements of the pipe depth are presented and analysed, revealing the significance of pipe depth for understanding the piping process. This analysis shows considerable erosion in the downstream background sand and demonstrates that erosion profiles and measured pipe depths are significantly larger than in BEP tests without a CSB.

Comparative Analysis of Design Parameters for High-Speed Railway Earthworks in Different Countries and a Unified Definition of Embankment Substructure

This paper compares design specifications and parameters for high-speed railway (HSR) earthworks in different countries (i.e., China, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, Spain and Sweden) for different track types (i.e., ballasted and ballastless), and for different design aspects (i.e., HSR embankment substructure, compaction criteria, width of the substructure surface, settlement control, transition section, and design service life). Explanations for differences in HSR implementation among different countries are provided and reference values of the design parameters are obtained. In an attempt to unify different types of HSR substructures around the world, a widely applicable definition of the stratified embankment substructure based on the practices adopted in different countries is proposed. The functions and requirements of each functional layer (i.e., the blanket layer, frost protection layer and filtering layer) are summarized.

Permodelan Pengekangan Kolom Pada Beton Mutu Normal Dengan Metode Elemen Hingga 3-D

The column is a critical element in the building structure, the failure of the column will directly result in the collapse of other related structural components. The column must have strength, stability and ductility. In increasing the capacity and ductility of the column by providing confinement, to protect concrete elements from breaking due to the influence of the working pressure. Analyzing ultimate axial load capability, stress-strain distribution patterns and crack patterns in concrete elements and column ductility. Tests of several models and variations of the restraint distance in short columns of normal concrete quality with longitudinal reinforcement of steel steels and carbon steel transversal reinforcement. The columns were analyzed using the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) method with the help of a full scale ANSYS 3-D application, with material properties for concrete using SOLID65 and steel reinforcement using LINK8 and SOLID45 loading plates. The type of pedestal used is the joints with axial loading (axial loadstep) centric direction. The effect of the restraint model and the variation of the restraint distance to the value of the column ultimate axial load for the whole model is relatively small with a ratio of 1.079, while for the ratio of the axial deformation ratio of 1.496. The pattern of stress and strain distribution when yielding spreads throughout the column area but when it reaches the ultimate distribution the concentration is concentrated in the support area. The first dominant crack occurs in the pedestal area and generally occurs in the concrete blanket layer, in the ultimate condition cracks have occurred evenly throughout the column area. The ratio of the ratio of ductility values ??for all column models and the restraint distance is relatively large with a ratio value of 1.523