Black Bengal Research Articles

Morphometric characterization of Black Bengal Goat under farming condition in Bangladesh

The study was undertaken to characterize of Black Bengal Goat (BBG) under farming condition. Data on the different parameters were collected during July 2006 to June 2013 at BLRI goat research farm. A total of 299 animals of different ages from birth to 36 months of both sexes were included. All type of measurements were taken when goats standing freely. All measurements were taken in metric unit. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 17.0 statistical computer program. In BLRI goat herd, four different types of coat color were observed in BBG i.e. Black, Black and white, Black and brown and completely white. Body length is higher in males than that of females for all generation and age group. Male goats had higher heart girth than that of female goats irrespective of age and generations. Average adult (>24 months age) body weight of male and female goats as 29.9±1.76 and 23.6±0.81 kg, respectively. Wither height was higher in adult males than females for same age. Left and right horn length in both sexes ranged from 3.6 to 13.2 cm. Female goats had higher ear length than male goats. Tail length of Black Bengal goats ranged from 8.0±0.52 to 11.1±0.43 cm and tail breadth ranged from 2.1±0.10 to 3.6±0.43 cm for different age and sex group. Average male foreleg length in >24 months of age possessed higher than that of female. Average udder length and breadth of BBGs were 7.5±0.24, 11.7±0.44 and 14.3±0.46 and 5.9±0.16, 7.4±0.28 and 7.8±0.23 cm, respectively for age groups 6-12, 12-24 and >24 months of age. The average testis length and breadth in adult males were 9.1±0.18, 7.5±0.48 and 9.8±0.49 and 6.8±0.13, 5.2±0.27 and 6.3±0.32, cm respectively for 6-12, 12-24 and >24 months of ages groups.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2018, 4(1): 95-104

Alterations in haemato-biochemical profile and blood metabolites during different periods of prepubertal growth in black Bengal goat (Capra hircus): effect of sex and season

ABSTRACTThe study was carried out to investigate hemato-biochemical profile and blood metabolites during different periods of pre-pubertal growth in summer- and winter-born black Bengal kids of either sexes. The body weight was 8.07 ± 0.21 kg on 180 day with significantly (P < 0.01) higher growth in male kids. The winter born kids exhibited significantly (P < 0.01) higher body weight, packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb), total leukocyte counts (TLC), glucose and cholesterol and significantly (P < 0.01) lower non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and α-amino nitrogen (AAN). Both PCV and Hb were lowest on day 15 and then increased significantly (P ≤ 0.01) and reached maximum value at 90 days (PCV) and 180 days (Hb). TEC increased significantly (P ≤ 0.01) from day 15 to 180 days and reached its maximum value at 180 days age. Both glucose and total cholesterol were maximum at day 15 and significantly (P ≤ 0.01) decreased with the advancement of age and found lowest was at day 150. But, total protein was lowest at day 15 and increased significantly (P ≤ 0.01) up to day 150. NEFA and AAN were lowest on day 15 and increased significantly (P ≤ 0.01) with the advancement of age and reached peak value on 180 days.

Sero-epidemiology of Bluetongue and Caprine arthritisencephalitis in goats of middle Indo-Gangetic plains

The study was undertaken in middle of Indo-Gangetic plains of India. Bluetongue (BT) is endemic throughout the country. However, Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAE) is sporadically reported from India. The study was undertaken to evaluate the burden of these viral diseases of goat due to unavailability of systemic study in the region. Commercial ELISA kits were used for the study. BTV antibody sero-surveillance was undertaken in 504 random serum samples and Lentivirus antibody sero-surveillance for CAE in 280 random serum samples. None of the goats covered under the study had any form of clinical manifestations of these diseases. The study revealed moderate (15.64%) sero-positivity of BTV antibody and only two cases of sero-positivity of CAE. Two positive cases of CAE in Sirohi breed was brought from Rajasthan. Overall sero-positivity of BTV antibody in male was higher than female goats. The binary regression of circulating BTV antibody was significant for Sirohi and Black Bengal breeds under the study indicating breed differences.

Serum testosterone concentration in surgically castrated Black Bengal goats

The experiment was carried out to detect the blood serum testosterone concentration after orchiectomy in Black Bengal bucks (Capra hircus). Twelve apparently healthy bucks of 8 - 10 months old were randomly divided into two groups. Group A were castrated surgically through open uncover method and group B remained intact. Local analgesia (2% lidocaine hydrochloride) @ 0.5 mL per spermatic cord and 0.5 mL at the tip of each scrotum were applied initially in all bucks. After aseptic preparation, incision was given at the tip of the scrotum and tunica vaginalis was incised to exteriorize the testis. Anchoring was done at the spermatic cord followed by orchiectomy. The scrotal raphe was incised to reach the other testis and the same procedure was followed. Blood samples were collected from jugular vein before orchiectomy and on day 30. In the castrated bucks, serum testosterone concentration was significantly (P&lt;0.01) decreased from day 0 (6.1 ± 0.2 ng/mL) to day 30 (0.6 ± 0.0 ng/mL), which confirmed the efficacy of castration.Bangl. vet. 2016. Vol. 33, No. 2, 71-77

Semen Preservation and Artificial Insemination in Bengal Goat at Field Level

Semen ejaculates (n=72) were collected from five Black Bengal Bucks by artificial vagina method. Semen samples were evaluated for volume, sperm cell concentration, motility and morphology. Semen samples were preserved using Tris –Egg yolk-Citrate buffer in liquid state at refrigeration temperature. Rural youths (n=21) were trained on artificial insemination (AI) in goats and preserved semen was used for AI in rural villages of West Bengal and kidding rate was recorded. Black Bengal buck semen was characterized by 0.75 ±0.25 ml volume, 1522 ± 35.30 X 10 6 /ml sperm cell concentration, 85.40 ± 8.20% progressive forward motility and 92.0 ± 1.90% normal morphology. S ignificant (P<0.01) reduction in sperm motility was observed during storage at refrigeration temperature and sperm motility reduced to less than 40% after 96 h of storage. Out of 146 does inseminated with preserved semen, 69 does became pregnant and delivered kids with 47.26% kidding rate. It was concluded that Bengal buck semen can be preserved using Tris –Egg yolk- Citrate buffer at liquid state in refrigeration temperature and can be used for artificial insemination in remote villages over a four days of storage with acceptable kidding rate. Keywords: Goat, semen, preservation, insemination Cite this Article Karunakaran M, Ajoy Mandal, Mohan Mondal et al. Semen Preservation and Artificial Insemination in Bengal Goat at Field Level. Research & Reviews: Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology (RRJoVST) 2015; 4(2): 25–28p.

The effects of PPR on the reproductive health of Black Bengal goats and the possible role played by oxidative stress.

Outbreaks of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) viral disease in Black Bengal goats were investigated from the middle Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Clinical profile of PPR-affected flocks was recorded from four different outbreak sites of the region. The PPR outbreak was diagnosed serologically using commercially available sandwich ELISA kit. Relatively, low mortality rate (mean 26.75%) for PPR outbreak was recorded due to the endemic status of the disease. To understand the role of oxidative stress in PPR virus pathogenesis, various oxidant and antioxidant parameters in goats infected with PPR were estimated and compared with the uninfected/healthy goats of the same flock. The measured high level of pro-oxidant malondialdehyde (MDA) obtained from lipid peroxidation along with lower levels of anti-oxidants viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) in PPR-affected Black Bengal goats suggests oxidative stress as one of the mechanism of pathogenesis of PPR virus. In addition, the correlation of oxidative stress due to PPR and the resulting reproductive disorders in the female goats were evaluated. The abortion in pregnant does observed during PPR outbreak was proportional to debility and oxidative stress manifested during PPR infection. The reproductive performance of recovered female goats in the period of 18months of monitoring was significantly compromised in terms of kidding and twinning frequency. The mortality rate in kids born from PPR-recovered goats was significantly higher compared to those from health goats in the first 9months post-recovery. From the present study, it may be concluded that together with the PPR virus, infection in goats and the resulting oxidative stress play a vital role for abortion and reduced post-reproductive performance in Black Bengal female goat.

Development of Region Specific Hybrid Goat and their Performance Evaluation under High Altitude Condition

&lt;p&gt;Goat meat (chevon) comprises an important source of protein to provide essential amino acids in addition to other meat and plant sources of proteins. Therefore, demands for chevon are huge from civil and defence sector in this region. However, there is limited availability of fresh tender chevon in Ladakh region round the year. Hence, there was a need of augmenting local availability of fresh goat meat by developing animal technology for fast growing region-specific crossbred goat for meat purpose that can efficiently perform under adverse climatic conditions prevailing in this region. The present crossbred goat was developed by using mixing genes of adaptive and meat traits through cross breeding between local goats (Changthangi and Gaddi breeds of goats) and Sirohi/Black Bengal goats. To develop this technology, we introduced Black Bengal and Sirohi from plain areas and native breed of goats viz. Gaddi and Changthangi goats for further adaptation and growth performance studies at Leh-Ladakh. After initial studies goats were divided into high altitude resistant/adapted and susceptible groups. High altitude resistant/adapted goats were taken for further cross breeding and pure breeding. All the kids produced out of this breeding were studied for physiological responses, growth performance, and blood biochemical parameters to know their adaptive and growth performance at high altitude. Crossbred kids of Sirohi ♂/Black Bengal ♂ X Changthangi ♀ had significantly (P&amp;lt;0.05) higher weight gain, adaptive physiological responses and blood biochemicals level as compared to exotic pure bred and other cross bred kids. These crossbred kids attained market weight faster than local as well as breeds from plain areas (Sirohi and Black Bengal goats). Average meat yield is 7-10 kg per adult crossbred goat if slaughtered at 9-12 month age. These cross bred (broiler goat) may be reared at Leh-Ladakh for meat purpose. Hence, this animal technology may help in increasing of fresh goat meat (chevon) supply to meet army’s and civil requirements in Leh-Ladakh.&lt;/p&gt;

Molecular evidence and phylogenetic analysis of orf virus isolates from outbreaks in Tripura state of North-East India.

This study describes the first confirmed report of contagious ecthyma in Black Bengal goats from Tripura state, a North-Eastern state of India situated at the Indo-Bangladesh border. Outbreaks were characterized by the high rates of morbidity (58-67%), low mortality (8-10%) and case fatality (11-15%). The etiology of the outbreaks was confirmed as orf virus (ORFV) by standard virological/serological and molecular techniques including sequence analysis of B2L, a major envelop protein gene of genus Parapoxvirus. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis based on B2L gene of ORFV isolates from Tripura revealed that they were closely related to each other and also to other Indian isolates, in particular to ORFV-Shahjahanpur 82/04 isolate from North India. They revealed several specific nucleotide/amino acid substitutions, namely G299A (G100D), G660A, C705T, C795T (N267D) and G872A (R291H) which may be of notable epidemiological significance. This report necessitates the systematic investigation of orf outbreaks in susceptible populations including wild species particularly at transboundary regions by use of rapid diagnostics to control the infection by deploying an effective vaccine/therapeutics and better managemental practices.

English

English

Incidence of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Rangpur sadar of Bangladesh

This epidemiological study was conducted to find out the incidence of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in goat and sheep at Upazilla Veterinary Hospital, Rangpur sadar, Rangpur during the period of January to April, 2014. In this period, 236 clinically infected goat and sheep were examined in which 22 (9.32%) PPR cases were diagnosed on the basis of history, clinical signs and gross pathological lesions. High fever (104-107 oC), mucopurulent oculo-nasal discharge, rapid and labored breathing, mouth lesion and diarrhea were the common clinical sign of PPR infected goat and sheep. The postmortem examination findings were dark red areas and congestion in different lobes of lungs, enlargement of spleen and lymph nodes, erosion of abomasums and characteristics zebra striping in the mucosa of colon. This present study reveals that about 7-12 months aged group of goats were more prone (40.91%) to PPR compare to adult (above 1 year) and Black Bengal goat was more susceptible (72.32%) than Jamunapari (27.78%) goat where the occurrence of PPR disease was more in goat (81.82%) than sheep (18.18%).Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2017, 3(4): 529-533

Hemato-biochemical parameters of Pesti-des Petits Ruminants (PPR) affected goats in Chittagong, Bangladesh

Objective: The research work was aimed at assessing the prevalence and risk factors of Peste-des-petits-ruminants (PPR) in goats in some selected areas of Bangladesh along with a comparison of different hemato-biochemical parameters of PPR infected goats. Materials and methods : A presumptive diagnosis of PPR was done based on clinical signs and symptoms. A structured record keeping sheet was used for the estimation of prevalence and risk factors of PPR in goat. A total of 103 blood samples were collected randomly and analyzed for hemato–biochemical parameters using automated hemo-analyzer. Results: Out of 103 cases, Black Bengal (59%) and young goats aging minimum-12 months (43.85%) were recognized as highly susceptible to PPR disease. Strong association was found among all the three factors such as age, breed and sex (RR>1). All the values of hematological parameters such as TEC, TLC, Hb, PCV, and DLC were decreased in PPR affected goat as compared to healthy goats except lymphocyte counts, which was increased significantly ( P =0.00). The amount of total protein (3.15 gm/L) and albumin (16.88 gm/L) were reduced drastically in PPR affected goats. Conclusion: The lymphocyte content in blood was significantly increased where as the total protein and albumin percent were decreased in the goats affected with PPR. Moreover, this variation in blood profile due to PPR virus infected in goat might be a good indicator in this disease diagnosis. http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2018.e270

Comparative Adaptibilty Reflected by Hematological Parameters and Serum Minerals-Electrolytes Level of Black Bengal Goats in Coastal Areas of Sundarban, West Bengal

The main objective of this study was to find out the adaptive changes of hematological parameters and mineral profile of Black Bengal goats in coastal areas of Sundarban in comparison with New Alluvial zone of West Bengal. For this purpose, whole blood and serum samples were collected form Ayeshpur village (New Alluvial zone or zone-1) located at Mohanpur of Nadia district and villages of Gosaba block (Sunderban coastal area or zone-2) of 24-Parganas district of West Bengal. The mean value of Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC and MCV in New Alluvial Plains is higher than the values in Coastal saline area. Highly significant difference (P0.05) in Coastal zone and Alluvial Plains. The difference in the level of serum electrolytes Potassium and Chloride were found to be higher in zone-2 than zone-1 where as Sodium value was observed as higher in zone-2 than zone-1 resulting a highly significant difference in Sodium and Potassium level.

Topographic and Morphometr ic Anatomy of Mental Foramen of Black Bengal goat ( Capra hircus ) in Bangladesh with its Clinical Implication for Regional Anesthesia

Topographic and Morphometr ic Anatomy of Mental Foramen of Black Bengal goat ( Capra hircus ) in Bangladesh with its Clinical Implication for Regional Anesthesia

Microbial Assessment of Chevon of Black Bengal Goat

This study was conducted to assess the microbial load of Black Bengal goat meat during handling and selling in different markets of Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Total 27 samples were collected from three different places of the city, including KR market, Seshmore and Mesua Bazar. These samples were subjected to determine Total Viable Count (TVC), Total Coliform Count (TCC) and Yeast Mold Count (YMC) by using standard protocols. In raw meat, mean value of TVC were highest in Seshmore market (5.24±0.42 log cfu/g) at 0 hour but having no significant differences with other two places. In case of TCC and YMC highest count were in meat of Mesua Bazar. In case of TCC, difference were observed (P&lt;0.05) among the markets. At 5 hours all the bacterial counts were increased having significant differences with the initial count and in most of the cases the bacterial count crossed the acceptable limit. This was may be due to the unhygienic practices of butchers. Consumers were not conscious. Suggestion has been given to improve the knowledge on hygiene among the meat producers to reduce microbial load.

Influence of feeding regime on semen quality and conception rate of Black Bengal goat's by artificial insemination under the semi-intensive system

The research work was conducted to study the quality of semen using two different feeding regime and conception rate by artificial insemination of Black Bengal goat's under the semi-intensive system The Black Bengal goats were fed by two types of concentrate supplements and graze them on the field for 5 to 6 hours per day for a period of 6 months. Semen from buck was collected using artificial vagina and the collected semen was evaluated for physical and microscopical test (total sperm cell counts by hemocytometer, normal and abnormal sperm counts and live and dead sperm cell counts). For total count 3115 to 3120 million sperm per ml, 82% to 87% live sperm and 85 to 88% normal sperm cells were observed from the Black Bengal bucks. Goats were artificially inseminated by using a vaginal speculum and a locally developed inseminating device, and it was found that about 50% goats were conceived.

Effects of gamma irradiation on shelf life and quality of Black Bengal goat meat

This study was undertaken to assess the effects of gamma irradiation (0, 1.5, 2, 4 kGy) on shelf life and meat quality of Black Bengal goat. About 3 kg of fresh Black Bengal goat meat samples were taken and divided into four groups like T1 (non-irradiated, control), T2 (irradiated, 1.5 KGy), T3 (irradiated, 2.0 KGy) and T4 (irradiated, 4.0 KGy). Irradiated and non-irradiated meat samples were stored at refrigeration temperature to elucidate the storage effect. One way ANOVA was performed to investigate the effects of gamma irradiation on different groups. Significant differences were found in color and overall acceptability compared to non-irradiated group and only overall acceptability significantly decreased with increasing storage. No significant differences were observed in flavor, tenderness and juiciness between non-irradiated and irradiated groups. Irradiation influenced color and overall acceptability of chevon. Dry matter content was found higher in 4 KGy irradiated group and increased gradually in day intervals. Cooking loss, free fatty acid, peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances indicated 1.5 KGy irradiation rated best. Microbial findings revealed that 2 KGy irradiated group is better due to safe level of microbial loads which increase shelf life of Black Bengal goat meat. Finally, it may be concluded that 1.5 and 2 KGy doses gamma irradiation in Bengal goat meat enhances sensory attributes, physico-chemical and microbial levels found satisfactory.&#x0D; Asian Australas. J. Food Saf. Secur. 2017, 1 (1), 65-73

Molecular epidemiology of goat pox viruses.

Goat pox disease outbreaks were observed in different places affecting Black Bengal Goats in West Bengal (WB) and Tellicherry, Vembur and non-descriptive breeds in Tamil Nadu (TN) causing severe lesions and mortality up to 30%. Clinical specimens from all the outbreaks were screened by polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and confirmed the diseases as Goat Pox. Virus isolation in Vero cell line was done with randomly selected ten samples, cytopathic effects (CPE) characterized by syncytia and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were observed after several blind passages. Nucleotide sequence of complete p32 gene using randomly selected two isolates and three clinical specimens revealed presence of Goat pox virus (GTPV)-specific signature residues in all the sequences. Phylogenetic analysis using the present five sequences along with GenBank data of GTPV complete p32 gene sequences showed all the GTPV sequences cluster together except Pellor strain (NC004003) and FZ Chinese strain (KC951854). The five sequences either from WB or TN cluster more closely with GTPV isolates of Maharashtra state that were responsible for cross species outbreak of pox disease in both sheep (KF468759) and goats (KF468762) in India during the year 2010. All the Indian goat pox viruses, including the Mukteswar strain, isolated in 1946 and sequence reported in 2004 clustered together with the GTPVs causing the recent outbreaks. It was observed that GTPVs caused similar clinical manifestation irrespective of their geographical locations and breed characteristics, no variation observed among the Indian isolates based on p32 gene over the period of seventy years and disease outbreaks could not be observed or reported in vaccinated goats.

An assessment of socio-economic conditions of the farmers related to goat fattening in Rangpur district of Bangladesh

The experiment was carried out at Kaunia upazila in Rangpur district to investigate the socio-economic conditions of the farmers, use of different hormones, feed additives and their effects. The data were collected through interview schedule by selecting 30 respondents who were involved in goat fattening. Collected data were analyzed using Excel sheet. It was found that most of the farmers were middle aged categories (50%) and educational level of the farmers was primary (57%), secondary (23%), and higher secondary (10%). Half of the respondents were farmer, followed by businessman (20%). About 67% farmers used own capital, 3% farmers took loan from bank and 23% took loan from other sources such as NGO. It was also found that about 33% respondents had on short time training experience and the rest 67% had no experience. Almost 97% farmers reared Black Bengal goat and 3% Jamunapari goat. Near about 97% farmers used roadside grass and tree leaves and only 3% farmers used cultivated fodder. Only 7% farmer used growth promoter &amp; feed additives in feed where 93% farmers are not being used growth promoter &amp;feed additives in feed. But not a single farmer used growth hormones for fattening purpose. Therefore, still now goat meat would be safe for human consumption without any health hazard.&#x0D; Asian Australas. J. Food Saf. Secur. 2017, 1 (1), 1-6

Effects of dietary supplementation of spices on forage degradability, ruminal fermentation, in vivo digestibility, growth performance and nitrogen balance in Black Bengal goat.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of spices on forage utilization and nitrogen (N) emission using in vitro and in vivo approach. A 6×5 factorial triplicate arrangement was used to assess the in vitro degradability of rice straw with control (without spices) and individual (40mg/g rice straw) spices (cumin, coriander, clove, black cumin, turmeric) at five different incubation times. In vitro dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) degradability of rice straw were highest in presence of spices except for clove. Clove significantly reduced the total volatile fatty acids concentration, molar proportion of acetate and propionate ratio, but increased propionate production. Acetate and butyrate production were not affected by treatments. The ammonia-nitrogen concentration was lowest for clove and turmeric compared to other spices. Rumen pH was unchanged but gradually decreased over the incubation period. For in vivo study, 12 bucks with average live weight 7.65±0.19kg were assigned to a completely randomized design with three treatments and four replicates for a 28-day period. Bucks were fed a total mixed ration without (0g/kg DM) or with (2.5, 7.5g/kg DM) clove supplementation. DM intake, body weight and apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein (CP) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) were not affected by increasing dietary doses of clove but tended (p=.09) to increase DM and OM digestibility. The urinary N and urine urea N concentration of bucks decreased linearly with incremental doses of clove diet. In contrary, clove supplementation had positive effects on plasma urea N and retained N in bucks. We concluded that though some spices had positive effects on ruminal digestion and fermentation, the dosage level assessed in the current study (up to 7.5g/kg DM clove) can be promoted as an effective dietary approach to mitigate N losses in bucks.

Evaluation of gastrointestinal bacterial population for the production of holocellulose enzymes for biomass deconstruction.

The gastrointestinal (GI) habitat of ruminant and non-ruminant animals sustains a vast ensemble of microbes that are capable of utilizing lignocellulosic plant biomass. In this study, an indigenous swine (Zovawk) and a domesticated goat (Black Bengal) were investigated to isolate bacteria having plant biomass degrading enzymes. After screening and enzymatic quantification of eighty-one obtained bacterial isolates, Serratia rubidaea strain DBT4 and Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus strain DBT87 were revealed as the most potent strains, showing both cellulase and xylanase production. A biomass utilization study showed that submerged fermentation (SmF) of D2 (alkaline pretreated pulpy biomass) using strain DBT4 resulted in the most efficient biomass deconstruction with maximum xylanase (11.98 U/mL) and FPase (0.5 U/mL) activities (55°C, pH 8). The present study demonstrated that bacterial strains residing in the gastrointestinal region of non-ruminant swine are a promising source for lignocellulose degrading microorganisms that could be used for biomass conversion.