Bitter Plants Research Articles

Study on phytochemical, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Genitiana kurroo Royle

Gentiana kurroo Royle is an endangered bitter medicinal plant of the Indian subcontinent region. This medicinal plant mainly grows in Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and North-west Himalayas. Native people frequently use the medicinal plant’s root and rhizome for various local remedies. The leaf and root samples of the plant were studied for their phytochemicals screening and antibacterial and antioxidant properties. The methanolic root extract as a comparison to methanolic leaf extract was detected with high concentration of phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenol, glycosides whereas, other phytochemicals like carbohydrates, tannins, and terpenoids showed equal concentration in methanolic root and leaf extracts. In antibacterial study, the methanolic root extract was found to exhibit a maximum zone of inhibition (33 ± 1) against E.fecalis and minimum zone (17 ± 2) against E. coli. The methanolic leaf extract showed a maximum zone of inhibition (31 ± 1) against E. fecalis and a minimum zone (18 ± 2) against K. pneumonia. The antioxidant activity of G.kurroo revealed that the methanolic extracts of root as compared to the methanolic extract of leaves showed comparatively high antioxidant activity and this is due to the presence of high phenol and flavonoid content.

Validation of Analytical Methods of Several Secondary Metabolic Compounds in Andrographis paniculata, Zingiber officinale var. rubrum, and Nigella sativa as COVID-19 Therapy: A Review

Several Indonesian plants contain active compounds that can limit infection and replication of SAR-CoV-2 based on their activity against relevant therapeutic targets. This literature review aims to review validated analytical methods on bitter plants (Andrographis paniculata), red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum), and black cumin (Nigella sativa), which has potential therapeutic activity against SARS-CoV-2. Sources of information used in this literature review were obtained using search engines such as Science Direct, Google Scholar, and PubMed. Andrographolide (sambiloto), gingerol (red ginger), and thymoquinone (black cumin) were shown to be specifically capable of inactivating SARS-CoV-2 with good targeting accuracy. The generally validated plant analysis methods used RP-HPLC/HPTLC, UV-Vis Spectrophotometry, GC-FID, GC, and UHPLC-DAD.

Image processing and area estimation of chia (Salvia hispanica L.), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), and bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) leaves based on statistical and intelligent methods

The leaf area (LA) is essential for interception of solar radiation and is determinant factor in plant photosynthesis and penetration of light in the canopy and the plant growth rate. In this research, we assessed the robustness of models on an independent set of data in chia (Salvia hispanica L.), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd), and bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.). The number of 1000 leaves from each plants were selected from different levels of the canopy during the growth period and immediately transferred to the laboratory and prepared for imaging. After the LA was calculated using image processing system, regression and artificial intelligence methods were considered to LA estimation. Out of 47 evaluated regression models, a+b((L+W) 2 model explained more than 95% of phenotypic variation of LA for three plants (L and W represented length and width of leaf respectively). Among the various training algorithms studied, the trained neural network with Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation training algorithm had the lowest MSE error and R2 value more than 0.98 in estimating the LA of quinoa, chia and bitter melon plants. In this study, prediction of LA of chia and quinoa with ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System) and Support Vector Regression (SVR) system indicated that using this system LA is estimated with high accuracy (R2 > 98%). Generally, results showed that methods based on artificial intelligence can estimate the LA in an acceptable manner. This research application codes can be used to generate an application on a smartphone to calculate the LA of chia, quinoa, and bitter melon.

Insect vectors transmission of phytoplasma to vegetables in Eastern Visayas Philippines

Phytoplasma diseases are found affecting vegetables in Eastern Visayas, Philippines. Identifying the insect vectors that transmit phytoplasma in the field is necessary for the management of this disease. This study was conducted to identify the vectors of phytoplasma affecting bitter gourd, loofah, and string beans. Insects associated with these vegetables that had shown phytoplasma symptoms in the field were collected, mass-reared, and the progenies of mass reared insects were used for transmission to healthy host plants. Phytoplasma detection was done through PCR and nest PCR assays. Phytoplasma was positively transmitted to healthy bitter gourd plants by a cicadellid leafhopper, Hishimonus sp. and brown planthopper, Ricania speculum. The ~ 1.25Kb phytoplasma-specific band was amplified in these insects. The phytoplasmas transmitted by the Hishimonus sp. and R. speculum produced two different types of symptoms to the bitter gourd, and rDNA sequence analysis separated them into two clusters which confirmed that the phytoplasmas belong to two different strains. Although the Aphis gossypii and Aphis craccivora also produced symptoms in bitter gourd and string beans, and the pathogen was detected in the insects, whether they vectored phytoplasma to their respective hosts needs further study, since the symptoms produced were quite different from the ones produced by the cicadellid leafhopper and Ricania speculum.

Upaya Penanaman, Pemanfaatan Serta Pembuatan Jamu Godok Dari Tanaman Obat Sambiloto Dimasa Pandemi Covid-19 Di Desa Palir Kecamatan Tengahtani Kabupaten Cirebon

The Covid-19 that has hit the world has encouraged people to boost their immune systems. STF Muhammadiyah through Community Service (PkM) activities with community members, village officials in Palir Village, Tengahtani District, Cirebon Regency are directly involved in conducting outreach activities, planting, utilizing, and making herbal medicine from the bitter godok plant. The activity was carried out at the Palir village hall with 36 socialization participants. Before and after the socialization activities, residents filled out questionnaires on how to plant and use bitter plants. This activity was carried out using the presentation method, playing videos on how to make simplicia and making herbal medicine, question and answer discussions, pasting and distributing brochures at residents' homes and the meeting hall, and distributing bitter plant seeds to the community. The community did not know how to plant and use bitter plants before the PKM activities were carried out but after the socialization activities, there was an increase in the percentage of residents' knowledge about planting and using bitter plants. Score 3 there was a significant increase before and after PKM activities, from 11.11% to 56.48%. So that with this PKM activity, the community will increase their awareness and knowledge about the benefits, how to plant, processing bitter to improve the level of public health.

A review on salient pharmacological features and chemical constituents of bitter melon

Since prehistoric times, plants have been used as medicine and foodstuff across the world. The Cucurbitaceae family includes the Bitter Melon, Momordica charantia. The bitter melon plant is a vine with green leaves and yellow blooms, and the cucumber-like fruit is rectangular and green. It has been used as food and medicine for millennia in the Amazon, Asia, South America, India, East Africa, and the Caribbean. The name "Momordica" derives from the Latin word mordica, which means "to bite," and refers to the notched margins of the leaf that appear to have been bitten. The plant, also known as "bitter melon" or "bitter gourd," lives truly the case to its common name by being exceedingly bitter throughout, including the fruit. This review seeks to offer information on the distribution and cultivation of bitter gourd and also explain the chemical constituents and their biological or pharmacological activity of herbal drugs of Momordica charantia Linn. (Cucurbitaceae). Our first goal was to understand more about the different pharmacological activity of the plant and the mode of action through which the activity is responsible. This review gives a thorough knowledge of traditional use of Momordica charantia with its detailed botanical description. Momordica charantia includes a large number of chemically distinct compounds, needing intensive screening processes to determine the pharmacological effects of its phytoconstituents at the molecular level. Furthermore, the paper highlights the medicinal potential of its bioactive components as well as their use in value-added food items. It has the power to fight against numerous lifestyle-related ailments, such as cancer recurrence, diabetes mellitus, abdominal pain, kidney (stone), fever, and scabies, due to the presence of bioactive chemicals.

Cytokinin plays a critical role in bitter gourd rootstock-induced thermotolerance of cucumber

Plants, as sessile in nature, are constantly confronted with diverse biotic and abiotic stresses throughout their life cycle in the changing environment. As a result, plants evolved root-shoot communications to optimize plant growth and development, and regulate responses to environmental stresses. Here, we examined the roles of root-sourced cytokinin (CTK) response to heat stress in grafted cucumber seedlings. Cucumber plants grafted onto cucumber roots and bitter gourd (<i>Momordica charantia</i>) roots were exposed to heat to examine their heat tolerance by assessing the levels of photosynthetic capacity, CTK contents, chlorophyll-a/b-binding protein (Lhcb2), ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and its activating enzyme (RCA) content, and the enzyme activity of Rubisco. Bitter gourd rootstock enhanced cucumber scions heat stress tolerance. This enhancement was positively correlated with a higher content of CTK in both leaf and root parts, chlorophyll contents, and Rubisco abundance and activity. In addition, the higher level of CTK and Rubisco content in bitter gourd grafted plants shoots than in cucumber self-gafted plants shoots were attributed to an increase in CTK transport from roots in grafted plants under high-temperature conditions. These results indicated that CTK transfer from bitter gourd rootstock to scion and triggered the accumulation of Rubisco in leaf, thus improving the heat resistance of bitter gourd-grafted plants.

Community Empowerment Post-COVID-19 to Support Economic Resilience through Agricultural Innovations in Karangtalun Hamlet, Wukirsari, Imogiri, Bantul DIY

Community service in Karangtalun Hamlet is carried out by mentoring and increasing the potential of the Turtledove breeder "Sumber Rejo". The local Turtledovedove is believed to be a relic of the Mataram Palace. However, its potential has not been optimized. The availability of feed in the form of barley plants that grow wild has not been cultivated. Turtledovefish disease is difficult to control, the presence of bird droppings has not been used as fertilizer, the availability of water is very limited, and the existence of bitter plants has not been utilized. The method of implementing the activities is carried out through stages, namely, coordinating with the "Sumber Rejo" farmer and livestock group, Dusun Community Leaders, Wukirsari Village Head, Kapanewon Imogiri, Bantul Regional Government especially the Agriculture Service, Environment Service, Industry Service, followed by Focus Group Discussion (FGD), on methods of applying technology, starting from identifying needs, designing and manufacturing organic fertilizers, testing operations, operational assistance, and information technology. Community services that have been carried out are assisting "Sumber Rejo" breeders by providing GB1 profeed probiotic medicine for the immunity of Turtledove Turtledovedove, cultivating Jerwawut, and Sambiloto in parent houses, utilizing bird droppings as organic fertilizer and creating productive economic business embryos.

Phytosynthesis of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using King of Bitter Andrographis paniculata and Its Embryonic Toxicology Evaluation and Biomedical Potential.

Phytosynthesis particles are the efficient activity of biomedical and environmental. In this present study, the green synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles using the king of bitter herbal plant Andrographis paniculata was synthesized and characterized using XRD, SEM, HRTEM, AFM, and antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities. The size of the particles HRTEM shows 50 nm, and SEM shows the spherical shape, which reveals the synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles. XRD spectrum shows crystallinity of nanoparticles, and an average size is calculated about 22.97 nm. The phytosynthesis TiO2 shows the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. Similarly, toxicity studies have demonstrated the hatching and viability LD 50 value of TiO2 250 μg/L. The current study's findings suggested that phytosynthesis TiO2 using extract of Andrographis paniculata exposure to potential hazard factors to biomedical and environmental uses.

A Mini-review: Effect of Andrographis paniculata nees on fish health

The use of medicinal ingredients derived from plants as a substitute for antibiotics needs to be done. Plants contain many secondary metabolites and other phytochemical compounds that have antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulant effects. The main advantage of herbal ingredients is that they are safe for consumption for humans and animals and are also safe for the environment. Andrographis paniculata Nees is one of the medicinal plants that has many benefits for human health. Based on the results of phytochemical tests, the main components contained in the plant A. paniculata are diterpenoids, flavonoids and polyphenols. The main bioactive compound contained in A. paniculata plants is andrographolide. Some of the pharmacological activities of A.paniculata are useful for human health, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antipyretic, antioxidant, antiparasitic, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic and stimulating the immune system. Based on the pharmacological activity of the bitter plant, the purpose of this article is to explain A. paniculata and the effect of A. paniculata health of fish. Based on the above studies, Andrographis paniculata Ness has the potential to be used as an alternative supplement for the health of various fish, because it has antibacterial, antioxidant and immunostimulant effects.

Host plant preference of Trioza erytreae on lemon and bitter orange plants

Trioza erytreae, the African citrus psyllid, is a vector of Candidatus Liberibacter spp., the causal agent of the citrus greening disease or Huanglongbing (HLB). The spread of the vector throughout the Iberian Peninsula has been continuous since its introduction in mainland Spain in 2014. The patterns of host preference and feeding behaviour largely depend on olfactory cues. Understanding these patterns is crucial to prevent further dispersion and develop management measures against the pest. In this work, a series of settlement, olfactometric, probing, and feeding experiments were conducted to assess the host preference of T. erytreae for lemon or bitter orange plants. The settlement experiment provided evidence on the preference of both sexes of T. erytreae for lemon plants, whereas males did not show any significant choice pattern in the case of the olfactometric assays. Forty EPG variables were analysed to describe and compare the probing and feeding behaviour of T. erytreae on lemon and bitter orange plants. The EPG variables indicated that T. erytreae has some difficulties in accepting the phloem of bitter orange plants. This suggests that lemon plants would be a better source for the acquisition of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) by T. erytreae since the psyllid spends much longer periods feeding from the phloem on lemon than on bitter orange.

Antibacterial activity of ethanol extract, n-hexan, ethyl acetate and butanol fraction of Momordica charantia L. seed against Staphylococcus epidermidis

Acne is a skin disease caused by excessive production of oil, causing clogged pilosebaceous follicular ducts and inflammation. One of the bacteria triggered acne is Staphylococcus epidermidis. Acne treatment usually uses antibiotics that inhibit inflammation and bacterial growth. To reduce the effects of using chemical drugs, research is needed to find natural treatment solutions such as using the bitter melon plant. The part that is often used from bitter melon is flesh of the fruit, while the seeds are only used as waste, so researchers are interested in examining the antibacterial activity of bitter melon seeds. Tests were carried out on ethanol extract, fraction of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol in bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) seeds against Staphylococcus epidermidis by determining the minimum bakterisid concentration (MBC) using the liquid dilution method of a concentration of 80%; 40%; 20%; 10%; 5%; 2.5%; 1.25% and 0.625%. The value of minimum bakterisid concentration (MBC) is indicated by the absence of colony growth on agar media. The minimum bakterisid concentration (MBC) in this study was only obtained in the ethyl acetate fraction, at a concentration of 40%, while in extracts and other fractions the MBC value was not obtained.

Concentration, Soil-To-Plant Transfer Factor Determination of Heavy Metals in Udu Area of Delta State, Nigeria

Heavy metals in varied concentrations are employed in the production of steel of different grades. Silver, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, and copper are of great importance in achieving this. They are part of the main ingredients in the production processes, which in most cases determines steel grades. The location of an integrated steel plant within Udu community of Delta State resulted in the pollution of the soil of the surrounding communities, most of which are involved in farming and fishing activities. This necessitated the transfer of these heavy metals from polluted soils into edible plants. These were mainly as a result of discharges of effluents, smoke and particulates from stack during production into the soils of the surrounding communities and finally into some edible plants; that are consumed by the communities as vegetables. Soil and leaf samples were collected from six different towns or communities in Udu. The towns are Ujevwu, Aladja, Ovwian, Ekete Inland, Orhuwhorun and Otor-Udu; and the heavy metals analysed are Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu and Fe. These samples were digested using USEPA Method 3050B and the heavy metals were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Results obtained showed the following range for transfer factors (TF) in three different edible plants; which are pumpkin plant (Telfaira occidentalis), bitter leaf plant (Vernonia amygdalina) and scent leaf plant (Occinium gratissimum). The range of values obtained for the transfer factors are- Ag: 4.48–196.45; Cd: 44.52–212.79; Co: 0.03–0.46; Cr: 0.38–3.37; Cu: 21.76–102.95 and Fe: 2.85–14.40. For the six sample sites, generally, the values are in the order: Cd ˃ Ag ˃ Cu ˃ Fe ˃ Cr ˃ Co. Result interpretation shows some level of contamination when compared to recommended standard of these heavy metals in plants. The effect of which can be devastating in the future if not checked.

Improved in planta genetic transformation efficiency in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.)

Production of transformed bitter gourd plants through in vitro regeneration is a laborious practice, which may also result in somaclonal variations. Thereby, in the current study, we have established a less tedious in planta protocol for more efficient genetic transformation of bitter gourd var. NBGH-470 (Apurva) using the seed as a target material. Bitter gourd seeds were transformed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 bearing the pCAMBIA1301 binary vector, and the transformed plants were selected against hygromycin B. The putatively transformed bitter gourd (To) plants were examined by GUS assay. Two parameters, including vacuum infiltration and sonication improving the in planta transformation, have been investigated in the present work. Amongst several time durations examined, the highest transformation rate (37%) was achieved upon subjecting the pre-cultured bitter gourd seeds to sonication for 15 min, followed by vacuum infiltration for 6 min in LBA4404 culture suspension. The transformed bitter gourd (T1) plants were selected against hygromycin B, and the transgene integration was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Southern hybridization, and reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). The developed protocol in the current study is suitable to genetically engineer the bitter gourd plants with disease and pest-resistant traits.

Chitosan-Selenium Nanoparticle (Cs-Se NP) Foliar Spray Alleviates Salt Stress in Bitter Melon.

Salt stress severely reduces growth and yield of plants. Considering the positive effects of selenium (Se) and chitosan (Cs) separately against abiotic stress, in these experiments, we synthesized chitosan–selenium nanoparticles (Cs–Se NPs) and investigated their ability to reduce the negative effects of salt stress on growth and some biochemical parameters of bitter melon (Momordica charantia). Bitter melon plants were grown at three NaCl salinity levels (0, 50, and 100 mM) and a foliar spray of Cs–Se NPs (0, 10, and 20 mg L−1) was applied. Some key morphological, biochemical, and physiological parameters in leaf samples and essential oil from fruit were measured at harvest. Salinity decreased growth and yield while foliar application of Cs–Se NPs increased these critical parameters. Furthermore, Cs–Se NPs enhanced bitter melon tolerance to salinity by increasing antioxidant enzyme activity, proline concentration, relative water content, and K+, and decreasing MDA and H2O2 oxidants and Na aggregation in plant tissues. Yield was also improved, as the highest amount of essential oils was produced by plants treated with Cs–Se NPs. Generally, the greatest improvement in measured parameters under saline conditions was obtained by treating plants with 20 mg L−1 Cs–Se NPs, which significantly increased salinity tolerance in bitter melon plants.

Phytochemical Screening and Antifungal Activity of Samadera indica

Samadera indica plant is an antifungal and bitter plant spread all over India. The applications of NDDS in phytopharmaceuticals have been widely investigated and various commercial formulations of plants are available in the global market. The goal of nano drug delivery system of herbal extract is to reduce toxicity, to improve drug efficacy, to improve better therapeutic effect, etc. Nanomicelles of samadera indica were successfully prepared by solvent evaporation method and studied various parameters such as Preliminary phytochemical screening, Scanning electron microscopy, and antifungal study. In present methodology, it was concluded that the Nanomicelles of methanolic extract of samadera indica plant was successfully prepared. It was safe and non- toxic. Plant extract contained flavonoids, triterpenes, and alkaloids which is responsible for antifungal activity. This research work concludes that the samadera indica is used as antioxidant, antimicrobial as well as antifungal compound. Novel drug delivery system is a advanced technology for delivering the drug with their so many advantages. Nanomicelles is an excellent pharmaceutical carriers by using bioactive constituents of plant having no side effects, effective formulation for various diseases especially in case of skin diseases. Novel formulation enhanced the topical drug delivery system of Samadera indica in order to treat skin infections was developed.

The toxicity of alkaline compounds of some plants in some aspects of the life of the house fly Musca domestica)Diptera:Musacidae)

Current research included evaluating the efficacy of extracts of Citrus alkaloid raw materials Citrullus colocynthis L., Rubus sanctus Shreb and Lycium barbarum in the cumulative mortality of the Musca domestica. The alkaloids extract of the raspberry plant R.sanctus recorded a clear superiority over the bitter melon C. colocynthis and L. barbarum, as the mortality rates for eggs ranged between 80.78-43.34% for the R.sanctus plant in concentrations 20-2.5 mg / ml, while it reached 66.93-32.50% for the C.colocynthis plant. In comparison with the control treatment of 16.60%, the botanum L.barbarum followed with a loss rate ranging between 63.68-31.12% for the same extract and the aforementioned concentrations. There is a direct relationship between the percentages of loss and the concentrations used.As for the effect of extract of raw alkaline compounds of plants on the destruction of the three larval phases of the housefly, the effect was evident as the highest rates of killing were achieved for the larval phases of all plants and at the highest concentration of 20 mg / ml, with the exception of what the third phase of the bitter melon plant showed in terms of resistance, as the mortality of the aforementioned phase reached 85.56% compared with the percentage of destruction in the control treatment of 8.61%. There is also a direct relationship between the concentrations and the percentages of destruction. The results also indicate a difference in the sensitivity of the larval stages of the extracts, as the first phase was the most sensitive compared to the rest of the other larval stages.

Gibberellic Acid Induced Changes on Growth, Yield, Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase and Peroxidase in Fruits of Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.)

Bitter gourd is one of the important cucurbits and highly liked among both farmers and consumers due to its high net return and nutritional value. However, being monoecious, it exhibits substantial variation in flower bearing pattern. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are known to influence crop phenology while gibberellic acid (GA3) is one of the most prominent PGRs that influence cucurbits phenology. Therefore, a field trial was conducted at University of Agriculture Faisalabad to evaluate the impact of a commercial product of gibberellic acid (GA3) on growth, yield and quality attributes of two bitter gourd (Momordica charantiaL.) cultivars. We used five different concentrations (0.4 g, 0.6 g, 0.8 g, 1.0 g, and 1.2 g per litre) of commercial GA3 product (Gibberex, 10% Gibberellic acid). Results showed that a higher concentration of gibberex (1.0 and 1.20 g L−1 water) enhanced the petiole length, intermodal length, and yield of bitter gourd cultivars over control in Golu hybrid and Faisalabad Long. A significant decrease in the enzyme superoxidase dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities were observed with an increasing concentration of gibberex (1.0 and 1.20 gL−1 water) as compared to control. These results indicate that the exogenous application of gibberex at a higher concentration (1.2 g L−1) has a dual action in bitter gourd plant: i) it enhances the plant growth and yield, and ii) it also influenced the antioxidant enzyme activities in fruits. These findings may have a meaningful, practical use for farmers involved in agriculture and horticulture.

A Review of Nigerian Potential Hop Substitutes in Beer Brewing: 1983-2020

The Nigerian economy depended mainly on crude oil during the era of oil boom of 1973 which lasted up till1983. Agriculture was grossly neglected by successive governments. Following the economic recession that occurred years after and due to fall in crude oil price, the Nigerian government began to advocate for economic diversification. Consequently, agriculture became the area of interest and priority for industrial raw material sources. Unfortunately, Nigeria had imbibed the tradition of importing raw materials for all her industrial productions thereby creating unfavourable balance of trade between Nigeria and her foreign trading partners thus resulting in increase in the prices of finished products. Beer production is not exempted from the price increase since its raw materials are equally imported with their attendant problems on Nigeria’s foreign exchange. One of such raw materials is hops. The hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is a perennial dioecious climbing plant of hemp (cannabis) family and belonging to the order (urticales) which are grown in the temperate regions of the world, solely to meet the demand of the brewing industry. Hop extracts give beer its bitter taste, improve foam stability and act as antiseptics towards microorganisms. The quest to substitute hops with some tropical bitter vegetables in Nigeria’s brewing industry dates back to 1983 and since that time, many have compared hop extracts with those of Nigerian bitter plants such as Garcinia kola, Azadirachta indica, Vernonia amygdalina and Gongronema latifolium. This review takes a critical look on the efforts made so far since 1983 in investigating the potentiality of using Nigerian bitter plant extracts as suitable substitute for those of hop in the Nigerian brewing industry with special emphasis on Gas Chromatography Mass–Spectrometry (GC–MS) and Gas Chromatography–Flame Ionization Detector (GC–FID) techniques. It was concluded that none of the Nigerian plants has perfect potential as suitable substitute for hops in the Nigerian brewing industry. Consequently, further research efforts in the area of mixtures/blends of extract of plant species which mimic hop taste is strongly recommended.

The Effect of Bitter Melon Leaves (Momordica Charantia L) Ethanol Extract on the Trichophyton Rubrum Fungal Inhibiting Zone of Diffusion Method

The bitter melon plant (Momordica charantia L) has medicinal properties. Bitter melon leaves contain secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids. The compound has anti-fungal properties. This study aims to determine the effect of ethanol extract of bitter melon leaves (Momordica charanthia L) on the inhibition zone of the fungus Trichophyton rubrum diffusion method. The research method used was a quasi-experiment with a purposive sampling technique. The population in this study were bitter melon extract made with criteria of old leaves (obtained from bitter melon plants), 5th leaf from shoot to base, green leaves, non-rot leaves, non-ripped leaves and not eaten by caterpillars that have taken in Rasau Jaya Village 1, Rasau Jaya District, Bina Karya Hamlet. The sample used in this study was pared leaf extract (Momordica charantia L) using ethanol solvent with a concentration of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90% using Dimethyl Sulfoxide as thinner. Analysis of the Linear Regression Test obtained the value (p = 0.00 &lt;0.05), then Ha was accepted meaning that there was an influence of ethanol extract of the bitter melon leaf (Momordica charantia L) on the inhibition zone of the fungus Trichophyton rubrum by the diffusion method. The results of R Square (R2) which amounted to 0.930 showed that the magnitude of the contribution of the concentration of bitter melon leaf extract in influencing the inhibitory zone of the fungus Trichophyton rubrum was 93%.