Biological Properties Of Polysaccharides Research Articles

A Review of the Characterization and Biological Properties of Polysaccharides From Food Waste

A Review of the Characterization and Biological Properties of Polysaccharides From Food Waste

Strategical derivatization of exo-polysaccharide Xanthan gum for enhancing the antioxidant potential

This work targets to enhance the antioxidant properties of biopolymer Xanthan gum (XG) by derivatization of underlying functional groups with ethylenediamine, diethyl triamine, 4-aminobenzoic acid and thioglycolic acid led to chemically modified products designated as XEDA, XDET, XABA and XTGL respectively. The XG derivatives were manifested by FTIR, FESEM and EDS analysis. Antioxidant potential was evaluated by scavenging of OH radical, DPPH radical and determination of reducing power which demonstrated XDET possessed the better antioxidant activity followed by XEDA, XABA, XTGL and XG in a concentration-dependent manner. Thus, the derivatization of XG extended the research towards biological properties of polysaccharide.

Extraction optimization, purification, and biological properties of polysaccharide from Chinese yam peel.

In this study, the Chinese yam peel polysaccharide (CYPP) was obtained under the extraction conditions optimized by the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Further biological properties of CYPP-1 purified from CYPP were also determined. The results indicated that the optimum extraction conditions were an extraction temperature of 90.5°C, a liquid-solid ratio of 28.0ml/g, and an extraction time of 2.94 h, along with a yield of 8.81 ± 1.48%. CYPP-1 was identified as a kind of heteropolysaccharide mostly composed of glucose and galactose (59.4:1.0). The molecular weights were two main parts of 50.5kDa (54.77%) and 4.4kDa (21.02%), and the triple-helix conformation was not formed in CYPP-1. Besides, CYPP-1 showed good biological properties including in vitro antioxidant activity and immunomodulatory function on RAW264.7 cells, as well as favorable hypoglycemic effect. Overall, the high-value utilization of CYPP-1 reveals a broad application prospect in the industrial production of functional foods and pharmaceuticals. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Yam peel, which is discarded in large quantities during postharvest processing, results in the production of tremendous by-products and is a great waste of resources. In this study, the yield of water-soluble polysaccharide from yam peel reached 8.81 ± 1.48%. Besides, the purified CYPP-1 exhibited excellent antioxidant activity, favorable immunomodulatory function, and hypoglycemic effect. The high productivity and bioactive effects are both great merits for Chinese yam peel polysaccharide as a promising candidate for foods and medicines industrial production.

Influences of subcritical water extraction on the characterization and biological properties of polysaccharides from Morchella sextelata

Subcritical water extraction (SWE) and hot water extraction (HWE) were used to extract polysaccharides from Morchella sextelata (MSP). The physicochemical and structural characteristics and biological properties of MSPSWE and MSPHWE were evaluated. SWE achieved a higher crude MSP yield (18.09 ± 0.09%) than HWE (4.95 ± 0.05%; p < .01). Using SWE, MSPSWE showed a higher total sugar content and fat-binding capacity. MSPSWE and MSPHWE contained the same monosaccharides, but with significantly different average molecular weights and microstructures without alterations in the main chemical structure, as revealed via FT-IR and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. DSC analysis revealed favorable thermal stability. Biological activity assays elucidated that MSPSWE had stronger antioxidant activity in vitro and significantly promoted RAW264.7 cell proliferation and nitric oxide production. Therefore, MSPSWE may represent a potent antioxidant and immunomodulator in the functional food field, with SWE serving as an effective method for extracting highly bioactive M. sextelata polysaccharides. Novelty impact statement The molecular weight of Morchella sextelata polysaccharides (MSPs) decreased following subcritical water extraction (SWE), which also improved their yield (from 4.95% to 18.09%). Furthermore, the MSPs obtained via SWE showed stronger antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities than those obtained via hot water extraction.

Structural and Biological Properties of Water Soluble Polysaccharides from Lotus Leaves: Effects of Drying Techniques.

In the present study, the influence of five drying techniques on the structural and biological properties of polysaccharides from lotus leaves (LLPs) was investigated. Results revealed that the yields, contents of basic chemical components, molecular weights, and molar ratios of compositional monosaccharides of LLPs varied by different drying technologies. Low molecular weight distributions were observed in polysaccharides obtained from lotus leaves by hot air drying (LLP-H), microwave drying (LLP-M), and radio frequency drying (LLP-RF), respectively. The high contents of bound polyphenolics were measured in LLP-H and LLP-M, as well as polysaccharides obtained from lotus leaves by vacuum drying (LLP-V). Furthermore, both Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of LLPs were similar, indicating that drying technologies did not change their basic chemical structures. Besides, all LLPs exhibited obvious biological properties, including in vitro antioxidant capacities, antiglycation activities, and inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase. Indeed, LLP-H exhibited higher 2,2-azidobisphenol (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging ability (IC50 values, LLP-H, 0.176 ± 0.004 mg/mL; vitamin C, 0.043 ± 0.002 mg/mL) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrate phenyl) hydrazine radical scavenging ability (IC50 values, LLP-H, 0.241 ± 0.007 mg/mL; butylated hydroxytoluene, 0.366 ± 0.010 mg/mL) than others, and LLP-M exerted stronger antiglycation (IC50 values, LLP-M, 1.023 ± 0.053 mg/mL; aminoguanidine, 1.744 ± 0.080 mg/mL) and inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase (IC50 values, LLP-M, 1.90 ± 0.02 μg/mL; acarbose, 724.98 ± 16.93 μg/mL) than others. These findings indicate that both hot air drying and microwave drying can be potential drying techniques for the pre-processing of lotus leaves for industrial applications.

Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Polysaccharides from Dictyophora indusiata Prepared by Different Extraction Techniques.

In this study, different extraction techniques, including traditional hot water extraction (HWE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), pressurized assisted extraction (PAE), and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), were used to extract Dictyophora indusiata polysaccharides (DFPs), and their physicochemical and biological properties were compared. Results revealed that extraction yields of D. indusiata polysaccharides prepared by different extraction techniques ranged from 5.62% to 6.48%. D. indusiata polysaccharides prepared by different extraction techniques possessed similar chemical compositions and monosaccharide compositions, while exhibited different molecular weights (Mw), apparent viscosities, and molar ratios of constituent monosaccharides. In particularly, D. indusiata polysaccharides prepared by HWE (DFP-H) had the highest Mw and apparent viscosity among all DFPs, while D. indusiata polysaccharides extracted by UAE (DFP-U) possessed the lowest Mw and apparent viscosity. In addition, the in vitro antioxidant effects of D. indusiata polysaccharides prepared by PAE (DFP-P) and DFP-U were significantly higher than that of others. Indeed, both DFP-P and DFP-H exhibited much higher in vitro binding properties, including fat, cholesterol, and bile acid binding properties, and lipase inhibitory effects than that of D. indusiata polysaccharides prepared by MAE (DFP-M) and DFP-U. These findings suggest that the PAE technique has good potential for the preparation of D. indusiata polysaccharides with desirable bioactivities for the application in the functional food industry.

Self-Assembled Nanogels Based on Ionic Gelation of Natural Polysaccharides for Drug Delivery.

The polysaccharides (PS) have been widely used as biomaterials in drug delivery, due to their excellent biocompatibility, ease of functionalization, and intrinsic biological activities. Among the various PS-based biomaterials, the self-assembled PS nanogels (NG) featuring facile preparation are attracting evergrowing interests in various biomedical applications. Specifically, NG derived from the self-assembly of natural PS well maintain both the physicochemical and biological properties of PS while avoiding the chemical modification or alteration of PS structure, representing a potent drug delivery system for various therapeutic agents. In this review, the natural PS, such as chitosan, alginate, and hyaluronan, for self-assembled NG construction and their advantages in the applications of drug delivery have been summarized. The residues, such as amine, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups, on these PS provide multiple sites for both ionic cross-linking and metal coordination, which greatly contribute to the formation of self-assembled NG as well as the drug loading, thus enabling a wide biomedical application of PS NG, especially for drug delivery. Future developments and considerations in the clinical translation of these self-assembled PS NG have also been discussed.

Polysaccharides from Marine Algae in Modern Technologies of Regenerative Medicine

The present review considers the physicochemical and biological properties of polysaccharides (PSs) obtained from marine algae (alginates and fucoidans from brown algae; carrageenans from red algae; and ulvans from green algae). These PSs are used in the latest technologies of regenerative medicine (tissue engineering, modulation of drug delivery system, and design of wound dressing materials). Special attention is paid to the ability of PS to form hydrogels, as hydrogel dressings meet the basic requirements for a perfect wound dressing. This review discusses the current trends in the development of a new generation of PS-based materials for creation of drug delivery systems and various tissue-engineering scaffolds; this approach allows one to create human-specific tissues and to develop target-oriented and personalized regenerative medicine products.

Marine Algae Polysaccharides as Basis for Wound Dressings, Drug Delivery, and Tissue Engineering: A Review

The present review considers the physicochemical and biological properties of polysaccharides (PS) from brown, red, and green algae (alginates, fucoidans, carrageenans, and ulvans) used in the latest technologies of regenerative medicine (tissue engineering, modulation of the drug delivery system, and the design of wound dressing materials). Information on various types of modern biodegradable and biocompatible PS-based wound dressings (membranes, foams, hydrogels, nanofibers, and sponges) is provided; the results of experimental and clinical trials of some dressing materials in the treatment of wounds of various origins are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the ability of PS to form hydrogels, as hydrogel dressings meet the basic requirements set out for a perfect wound dressing. The current trends in the development of new-generation PS-based materials for designing drug delivery systems and various tissue-engineering scaffolds, which makes it possible to create human-specific tissues and develop target-oriented and personalized regenerative medicine products, are also discussed.

곤충유래 다당류의 물리화학적 및 생물학적 특성

곤충유래 다당류의 물리화학적 및 생물학적 특성

Physicochemical, Structural, and Biological Properties of Polysaccharides from Dandelion.

The edible and medicinal perennial herb dandelion is known to have antitumor, antioxidant, and anticomplement properties. However, the structural characterization and biological effects of its polysaccharides are not well understood. Here, we aimed to extract and investigate a novel polysaccharide from dandelion. A water-soluble polysaccharide, PD1-1, was successfully obtained from dandelion through ultrasonic-assisted extraction and purification using diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)–Sepharose fast flow and Sephadex G-75 columns. The results showed that PD1-1 is an inulin-type polysaccharide with a molecular weight of 2.6 kDa and is composed of glucose (52.39%), and mannose (45.41%). Glycosidic linkage analysis demonstrated that PD1-1 contains terminal α-d-Man/Glcp-(1→ and →1)-β-d-Man/Glcf-(2→ glycosidic linkage conformations. A physicochemical analysis indicated that PD1-1 has a triple helix structure and exhibits important properties, including good swelling, water-holding, and oil-holding capacities. Furthermore, PD1-1 showed good antioxidant activities in DPPH and hydroxyl free radical scavenging abilities, with IC50 values of 0.23 mg/mL and 0.25 mg/mL, respectively, and good hypoglycemic activities in α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition, with IC50 values of 0.53 mg/mL and 0.40 mg/mL, respectively, in a concentration-dependent manner. Results suggest that PD1-1 possesses efficacious antioxidant and hypoglycemic properties and has potential applications as a functional food ingredient.

Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of selenized polysaccharides from Sargassum pallidum.

This study was carried out to study the effects of selenylation on physicochemical and biological properties of polysaccharide (SPP) extracted from Sargassum pallidum. The selenized derivative of SPP (Se-SPP) with the selenium content of 2419 μg/g was synthesized by sodium selenite/dilute nitric acid method. Physicochemical characterization indicated that selenylation modification resulted in some changes in chemical composition, monosaccharide composition, molecular weight and surface morphology of polysaccharides. FT-IR spectroscopy showed that a new absorption peak appeared at 675 cm-1 in Se-SPP probably due to the substitution of selenyl groups. Bioactivity assay showed that Se-SPP exhibited higher scavenging radical activities and ferrous ion chelating activities than native SPP. Compared with SPP and acarbose, Se-SPP showed more significantly inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase activity in a noncompetitive inhibition type. The IC50 values of SPP, Se-SPP and acarbose were determined as 1.579, 0.896 and 2.742 mg/mL, respectively. These results suggest that Se-SPP can be used to develop a new selenium-complementary ingredient in functional foods.

Structural and biological properties of polysaccharides from lotus root.

To investigate the structure, in vitro digestibility and activity of polysaccharides from lotus root, their main fractions named LRPs were isolated and purified by gel filtration chromatography. Structural analyses indicated that: LRPs were α‑(1 → 6)‑d‑heteroglucans mainly composed of Glc-(1→, →6)-Glc-(1→, →6)-Gal-(1→, →4,6)-Gal-(1→ and →3,6)-Glc-(1→ at a molar ratio of 1.00: 4.33: 0.83: 0.13: 1.14; the total molar percentage of other monosaccharides in LRPs, including Man, Rha, GalA and Ara, was 8.10%; the molecular weights of LRPs was in the range of 1.33 kDa to 5.30 kDa. According to the change of molecular weight and the productions of reducing sugar and free monosaccharide, the simulated experiments of salivary, gastric and intestinal digestion confirmed that LRPs were almost undigestible. Moreover, LRPs showed the scavenging ability against DPPH and hydroxyl radicals, the growth inhibition ability against SGC7901 and HepG2 cancer cells in vitro, and the immunostimulating effect on the NO and TNF-α productions of macrophages in vitro. LRPs nearly remain their initial structure and activities in upper gastrointestinal tract and have health-improving potentials.

The Effect of Pectinase-Assisted Extraction on the Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Polysaccharides from Aster scaber.

The edible and medicinal perennial herb Aster scaber is known to have anticancer, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. However, the biological effects of its polysaccharides are not well understood. Here, we aimed to extract novel polysaccharides with enhanced biological properties from Aster scaber using enzyme-assisted methods. Amylase, cellulase, and pectinase were used to extract enzyme-assisted polysaccharide (ASEP)-A, ASEP-C, and ASEP-P, respectively. The yields, physicochemical properties, and immunostimulatory activities of the polysaccharides were investigated and compared with those of hot water extracted polysaccharide (ASWP). The highest yield (3.8%) was achieved for ASEP-P extracted using pectinase digestion. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and chemical composition analysis revealed that ASWP and three ASEPs were typical acidic heteropolysaccharides, mainly comprising rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, and galacturonic acid. Immunostimulatory activity assays on RAW264.7 macrophages showed ASEP-P to have the greatest immunostimulatory potential in terms of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokine productions and phagocytic activity. ASEP-P administration improved immune-enhancing effects in normal mice by improving the spleen index and splenic lymphocyte proliferation, and in immunosuppressed mice by modulating lymphocyte proliferation, natural killer (NK) cell activity, and leukocyte counts. The ASEP-P derived from pectinase hydrolysate of Aster scaber demonstrated efficacious immunostimulatory properties and has potential applications as an immune stimulator.

A mini-review of chemical and biological properties of polysaccharides from Momordica charantia

Recently, isolation and characterization of bioactive polysaccharides from natural resources have attracted increasing interest. Momordica charantia L. (M. charantia), belongs to the Curcubitaceae family, which is widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, and has been used as herbal medicine and a vegetable for thousands of years. M. charantia polysaccharides, as major active ingredients of M. charantia, have attracted a great deal of attention because of their various biological activities, such as antitumor, immunomodulation, antioxidant, anti-diabetes, radioprotection, and hepatoprotection. The present review provides the most complete summary of the research progress on the polysaccharides isolated from M. charantia, including the extraction, separation, physical-chemical properties, structural characteristics, and bioactivities during the last ten years. This review also provides a foundation for the further development and application in the field of M. charantia polysaccharides.

Fucoidans as a platform for new anticoagulant drugs discovery

AbstractAnionic fucose-containing polysaccharides (fucoidans of brown seaweeds, sulfated fucans and fucosylated chondroitin sulfates of invertebrates) are attracting a rapidly growing research interest due to different types of their biological activity discovered in recent years. In particular, algal fucoidans are characterized by large structural variations depending on the species used for their isolation and by the lack of structural regularity due to random distribution of both carbohydrate and non-carbohydrate substituents along the polymer chains. These features make it difficult to find distinct correlations between structural elements and biological properties of polysaccharides. Nevertheless, there is expectation that systematic structural and biochemical studies of fucoidans will form a basis for the development of new drugs. Herewith we summarize our recent results on the influence of fucoidan structure on blood coagulation.

Molecular weight distribution of polysaccharides from edible seaweeds by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC)

Biological properties of polysaccharides from seaweeds are related to their composition and structure. Many factors such as the kind of sugar, type of linkage or sulfate content of algal biopolymers exert an influence in the relationship between structure and function. Besides, the molecular weight (MW) also plays an important role. Thus, a simple, reliable and fast HPSEC method with refractive index detection was developed and optimized for the MW estimation of soluble algal polysaccharides. Chromatogram shape and repeatability of retention time was considerably improved when sodium nitrate was used instead of ultrapure water as mobile phase. Pullulan and dextran standards of different MW were used for method calibration and validation. Also, main polysaccharide standards from brown (alginate, fucoidan, laminaran) and red seaweeds (kappa- and iota-carrageenan) were used for quantification and method precision and accuracy. Relative standard deviation (RSD) of repeatability for retention time, peak areas and inter-day precision was below 0.7%, 2.5% and 2.6%, respectively, which indicated good repeatability and precision. Recoveries (96.3–109.8%) also showed its fairly good accuracy. Regarding linearity, main polysaccharide standards from brown or red seaweeds showed a highly satisfactory correlation coefficient (r>0.999). Moreover, a good sensitivity was shown, with corresponding limits of detection and quantitation in mg/mL of 0.05–0.21 and 0.16–0.31, respectively. The method was applied to the MW estimation of standard algal polysaccharides, as well as to the soluble polysaccharide fractions from the brown seaweed Saccharina latissima and the red Mastocarpus stellatus, respectively. Although distribution of molecular weight was broad, the good repeatability for retention time provided a good precision in MW estimation of polysaccharides. Water- and alkali-soluble fractions from S. latissima ranged from very high (>2400kDa) to low MW compounds (<6kDa); this high heterogeneity could be attributable to the complex polysaccharide composition of brown algae. Regarding M. stellatus, sulfated galactans followed a descending order of MW (>1400kDa to <10kDa), related to the different solubility of carrageenans in red seaweeds. In summary, the method developed allows for the molecular weight analysis of seaweed polysaccharides with very good precision, accuracy, linearity and sensitivity within a short time.

Effect of the degree of sulfation on the physicochemical and biological properties of Pleurotus eryngii polysaccharides

Polysaccharides extracted from Pleurotus eryngii were chemically modified by sulfation and the effects on the structural and biological properties of the polysaccharides were investigated as a function of the degree of sulfation. 13C NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that polysaccharides from P. eryngii were mainly composed of β-(1 → 3)-glucans with β-(1 → 6) branches. The structure of the sulfated polysaccharides was confirmed by FT-IR and their degree of substitution (DS) was determined to be 0.12–0.92. When P. eryngii polysaccharides were sulfated they were shown to be effective in inhibiting cancer cell growth in a dose-dependent way. Furthermore, their DPPH radical quenching effects were improved with increasing degree of sulfation. Thus, it seemed that the chemical modification of P. eryngii polysaccharides by sulfation effectively enhanced their potential biological properties.

Carbohydrate polymers as wound management aids

Wound management aids have, in recent years, seen a transition from being simple natural coverings which give a wound protection from the external environment during the formation of the scab to specialized high technology materials which are produced from both synthetic and natural polymers. Much of the development has resulted from a greater understanding of the processes involved in wound healing coupled with advances in technology to produce biocompatible materials with the necessary physical and chemical characteristics for enhancement of the healing process. Polysaccharides, being naturally occurring biomolecules, were an obvious choice for investigation as potential wound management aids. In recent years it was recognised that not only can polysaccharides be produced with the required physical characteristics for a wound management product but that the actual polysaccharide or polysaccharide derivative may itself actively participate in the process of wound healing. This paper sets out to review the various types of polysaccharides which were used as wound management aids, the physical forms in which they are used and also the biological properties of polysaccharides which enable them to participate actively in the wound healing process.

Estimation of the Sulfate Content of Hydrothermal Vent Bacterial Polysaccharides by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are characterized by unusual chemical and physical parameters, including high pressure and temperature. In this extreme environment, unusual microorganisms of biotechnological importance survive. Polymer-producing bacteria have been specifically studied for several years with the aim of demonstrating their ability to produce unusual polysaccharides in terms of physical, chemical, and biological properties. Because sulfates play an important role in the biological properties of polysaccharides, it is very important to determine their content with accuracy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used for sulfate analysis and the results were compared with those of other analytical techniques. We found a good correlation between FT-IR and other analytical techniques for sulfate concentrations ranging from 2.4 to 20%. The data indicated that this technique could be used to determine the chemical composition of the polymers along with a semiquantitative estimation of the sulfate content.