Biological Objects Research Articles

A Comparative Study of Cancer Cells Susceptibility to Silver Nanoparticles Produced by Electron Beam.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have a wide range of bioactivity, which is highly dependent on particle size, shape, stabilizer, and production method. Here, we present the results of studies of AgNPs cytotoxic properties obtained by irradiation treatment of silver nitrate solution and various stabilizers by accelerating electron beam in a liquid medium. The results of studies of morphological characteristics of silver nanoparticles were obtained by transmission electron microscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering measurements. MTT test, alamar blue test, flow cytometry, and fluorescence microscopy were used to study the anti-cancer properties. As biological objects for standard tests, adhesive and suspension cell cultures of normal and tumor origin, including prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, neuroblastoma, and leukemia, were studied. The results showed that the silver nanoparticles obtained by irradiation with polyvinylpyrrolidone and collagen hydrolysate are stable in solutions. Samples with different stabilizers were characterized by a wide average size distribution from 2 to 50 nm and low zeta potential from -7.3 to +12.4 mV. All AgNPs formulations showed a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on tumor cells. It has been established that the particles obtained with the combination of polyvinylpyrrolidone/collagen hydrolysate have a relatively more pronounced cytotoxic effect in comparison to samples stabilized with only collagen or only polyvinylpyrrolidone. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for nanoparticles were less than 1 μg/mL for various types of tumor cells. It was found that neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) is the most susceptible, and ovarian cancer (SKOV-3) is the most resistant to the action of silver nanoparticles. The activity of the AgNPs formulation prepared with a mixture of PVP and PH studied in this work was higher that activity of other AgNPs formulations reported in the literature by about 50 times. The results indicate that the AgNPs formulations synthesized with an electron beam and stabilized with polyvinylpyrrolidone and protein hydrolysate deserve deep study for their further use in selective cancer treatment without harming healthy cells in the patient organism.

The proteasome interactome and its role in the mechanisms of brain plasticity

Proteasomes are highly conserved multienzyme complexes responsible for the proteolytic degradation of short-lived, regulatory, misfolded, and damaged proteins. They play an important role in the processes of brain plasticity, and the decrease in their function is accompanied by the development of neurodegenerative pathology. Studies performed in different laboratories both on cultured mammalian and human cells and on preparations of the rat and rabbit brain cortex revealed a large number of proteasome-associated proteins. Since the identified proteins belong to certain metabolic pathways, multiple enrichment of the proteasome fraction with these proteins indicates their important role the proteasome functioning. Extrapolation of the experimental data, obtained on various biological objects, to the human brain, suggests that proteasome-associated proteins account for at least 28% of the human brain proteome. The proteasome interactome of the brain contains a large number of proteins involved in the assembly of these supramolecular complexes, regulation of their functioning, and intracellular localization, which can be changed at different conditions (for example, during oxidative stress) or in different phases of the cell cycle. In the context of the molecular functions of the Gene Ontology (GO) Pathways, the proteins of the proteasome interactome mediate cross-talk between components of more than 30 metabolic pathways annotated in terms of GO. The main result of these interactions is the binding of adenine and guanine nucleotides, crucial for realization of the nucleotide-dependent functions of the 26S and 20S proteasomes. Since the development of neurodegenerative pathology is often associated with a regioselective decrease in the functional activity of proteasomes, a positive therapeutic effect will obviously be provided by factors increasing the proteasomal activity. In any case, the pharmacological regulation of brain proteasomes seems to be realized through changes in the composition and/or activity of proteins associated with proteasomes (deubiquitinase, PKA, CaMKIIα, etc.).

THE USE OF CORRELATION ANALYSIS IN ASSESSING THE UNCERTAINTY OF THE INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL FACTORS ON THE RESULT OF THERMAL CONTROL OF BIOLOGICAL OBJECTS

Research task. The paper considers the solution of the scientific and practical problem of determining the influence of external factors on the result of non-contact thermal control of biological objects. Object of study. A human was chosen as a biological object. Research progress. Establishing the correlation dependence was carried out in the two most opposite seasons in terms of climate parameters – winter and summer. One person was taken for the study, whose temperature was measured using a FLIR Vue Pro R 640 thermal imager mounted on a Cheerson CX-20 quadcopter at one-hour intervals throughout the day. The data were obtained in the summer period on August 10, 2022. In the winter period, measurements were carried out on January 20, 2022. Research results. Conclusions were made about the absence of a linear correlation between humidity, air temperature and body temperature of BO in the summer period. On the contrary, a high correlation was established between all the indicated parameters in the winter period. Conclusions were made about the need to develop a mathematical model of the factor influence on the thermal control result of the BO in order to obtain analytical ratios for evaluating the quantitative information on each of the temperature control indicators under the factor influence on the conversion function of these indicators. It is noted that such a model will make it possible to rank the indicators of temperature control according to the decrease in their sensitivity to changes in the levels of the temperature control parameter. Usage suggestions. It is proposed to calculate the correcting coefficients to determine the exact value of the body temperature, because it was experimentally established that the values of the body temperature in the winter period differ from the actual values precisely due to the influence of the temperature of the external environment.

ПРАВОВЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ СТАНОВИЩА ТВАРИН-КОМПАНЬЙОНІВ: МІЖНАРОДНИЙ ДОСВІД І УКРАЇНА

The scientific article is devoted to the problem of changing the legal status of domestic animals in connection with the transition of humanity from the worldview concept of anthropocentrism to the concept of biocentrism. The characterization of international and regional legal acts in the field of protection of domestic animals (companion animals) was carried out. The importance of the formulation and subsequent implementation of the "concept of the five freedoms of animals" in the international and domestic legislation of the countries of the world is emphasized. The positive and negative experience of legal regulation of the position of domestic animals and the responsibility of their owners in the countries of the East and West is presented. It is noted that the attitude of the state to domestic animals is determined mainly by religion and political regime. The legislation of European countries notes the strengthening of society's responsible attitude towards companion animals, which implies a comprehensive approach to the problem of keeping animals. The latter includes educational work with animal owners, a tax on keeping animals, a clear prescription in legislation of the rights and responsibilities of pet owners, and very high fines, and sometimes even imprisonment, for neglecting pets. The responsibility of the municipal authorities for the aggressive behavior of homeless animals is also established. It is emphasized that the Ukrainian regulatory and legal framework is still lagging behind in the researched field, although since 2013 the process of implementation of European legislation has been underway. In a separate special law, animals are recognized as biological objects, that is, living beings, and the basic rights and obligations of pet owners and humane treatment of animals are recorded. The need to make changes to the civil legislation regarding the status of animals is noted. It is emphasized that low fines as a form of administrative responsibility do not contribute to increasing the responsibility of animal owners and officials.

Развитие принципов контроля электромагнитной обстановки с учетом дозиметрических параметров

The article considers a possibility of improving the methods of controlling the electro-magnetic environment subject to additional parameters. There has been conducted analysis of the Russian and international standards on hygienic regulation of electromagnetic fields to reveal the parameters characterizing the interaction between the energy of an electromagnetic field and biological objects. A specific absorbed rate and a specific absorbed energy are quantitative characteristics of the interaction of electromagnetic fields with biological objects. The biological effects of electromagnetic radiation on the biological objects are considered. A promising direction for ensuring safety from the effects of electromagnetic radiation is a comprehensive methodology of monitoring and visualizing the electromagnetic environment. To improve the principles of monitoring the electromagnetic environment there have been considered the methods of dosimetry of electromagnetic fields of the radio frequency range. Theoretical dosimetry methods are based on the use of anatomically realistic computer models of typical biological objects, taking into account the values of electrical properties for different simulated biological tissues in the models. There have been shown the advantages and disadvantages of theoretical dosimetry methods based on computational methods: the finite element method, method of moments, multipolar method, hybrid methods and analytically based methods. Experimental dosimetry consists in direct measurement of the magnitude of the electromagnetic field energy of the emitting object. A modern system of experimental dosimetry of electromagnetic radiation for assessing the dosimetric parameters of the absorbed electromagnetic field energy is presented including measuring probes, a probe positioning system, a testing system, a method for measuring parameters, as well as a control and data processing system. The conducted research makes it possible to identify theoretical and experimental methods of dosimetry that can be used to control the electromagnetic environment, taking into account dosimetric parameters.

Semiautomatic contour tracking method for biological object segmentation in thin-section electron microscope images with modified zero DC component-type Gabor wavelets.

In electron microscopic image processing, artificial intelligence (AI) is a powerful method for segmentation. Because creating training data remains time-consuming and burdensome, a simple and accurate segmentation tool, which is effective and does not rely on manual drawings, is necessary to create training data for AI and to support immediate image analysis. A Gabor wavelet-based contour tracking method has been devised as a step toward realizing such a tool. Although many papers on Gabor filter-based and Gabor filter bank-based texture segmentations have been published, previous studies did not apply the Gabor wavelet-based method to straightforwardly detect membrane-like ridges and step edges for segmentation because earlier works used a nonzero DC component-type Gabor wavelets. The DC component has a serious flaw in such detection. Although the DC component can be removed by a formula that satisfies the wavelet theory or by a log-Gabor function, this is not practical for the proposed scheme. Herein, we devised modified zero DC component-type Gabor wavelets. The proposed method can practically confine a wavelet within a small image area. This type of Gabor wavelet can appropriately track various contours of organelles appearing in thin-section transmission electron microscope images prepared by the freeze-substitution fixation method. The proposed method not only more accurately tracks ridge and step edge contours but also tracks pattern boundary contours consisting of slightly different image patterns. Simulations verified these results.

Highly Efficient Switchable Underwater Adhesion in Channeled Hydrogel Networks

AbstractThe ability to switch adhesion strength is a highly desirable property for adhesives applied in a wet environment. The major challenges involve the presence of a water layer between the substrate and adhesive, and the incorporation of efficient switching mechanisms. Despite the recent progresses in devising such systems, there exist several intrinsic limitations in the current strategies, such as high residual adhesion, the use of solid–liquid transition, or thin film configurations. Herein, a channeled poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) hydrogel containing bio‐inspired dopamine‐comonomers is reported, which undergoes temperature‐controlled reversible switching of underwater adhesion on both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. The introduction of microscopic channels inside the hydrogel, achieved by removing a sacrificial agarose network, greatly facilitates water removal from the interface and thus promotes underwater adhesive strength. On glass, the maximum adhesive stress of the channeled hydrogel can reach six times that of hydrogels without channels. Additionally, high switching efficiency and low residual adhesion can be achieved by the thermal phase transition of the PNIPAm network, also demonstrated by the capture and release of lightweight, irregular, fragile, and biological objects using the hydrogel. The channeling strategy provides implications for designing future underwater adhesive systems for, e.g., soft robotics or biomedical applications.

SL(2,C) Scheme Processing of Singularities in Quantum Computing and Genetics

Revealing the time structure of physical or biological objects is usually performed thanks to the tools of signal processing such as the fast Fourier transform, Ramanujan sum signal processing, and many other techniques. For space-time topological objects in physics and biology, we propose a type of algebraic processing based on schemes in which the discrimination of singularities within objects is based on the space-time-spin group SL(2,C). Such topological objects possess an homotopy structure encoded in their fundamental group, and the related SL(2,C) multivariate polynomial character variety contains a plethora of singularities somehow analogous to the frequency spectrum in time structures. Our approach is applied to a model of quantum computing based on an Akbulut cork in exotic R4, to an hyperbolic model of topological quantum computing based on magic states and to microRNAs in genetics. Such diverse topics reveal the manifold of possibilities of using the concept of a scheme spectrum.

The Knowns and Unknowns in Protein-Metabolite Interactions.

Increasing attention has been focused on the study of protein-metabolite interactions (PMI), which play a key role in regulating protein functions and directing an orchestra of cellular processes. The investigation of PMIs is complicated by the fact that many such interactions are extremely short-lived, which requires very high resolution in order to detect them. As in the case of protein-protein interactions, protein-metabolite interactions are still not clearly defined. Existing assays for detecting protein-metabolite interactions have an additional limitation in the form of a limited capacity to identify interacting metabolites. Thus, although recent advances in mass spectrometry allow the routine identification and quantification of thousands of proteins and metabolites today, they still need to be improved to provide a complete inventory of biological molecules, as well as all interactions between them. Multiomic studies aimed at deciphering the implementation of genetic information often end with the analysis of changes in metabolic pathways, as they constitute one of the most informative phenotypic layers. In this approach, the quantity and quality of knowledge about PMIs become vital to establishing the full scope of crosstalk between the proteome and the metabolome in a biological object of interest. In this review, we analyze the current state of investigation into the detection and annotation of protein-metabolite interactions, describe the recent progress in developing associated research methods, and attempt to deconstruct the very term "interaction" to advance the field of interactomics further.

Medical Antennas for Microwave Radiothermometry of Biological Objects.

The results of an analytical review of various antennas used in medicine are presented. Issues of modern microwave radiothermometry related to the development of new antennas are discussed, as well as possible ways to solve them. The tasks of further research aimed at creating new designs for conformal antennas and antenna arrays providing a significant expansion of the functionality and improvements in the characteristics of medical radiothermographs are formulated. The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Grant No. 22-19-00113), https://rscf.ru/project/22-19-00113/.

Genetic stability of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) plants obtained during long-term clonal micropropagation

The aim of the study was to evaluate the genetic stability of lavender cultivars during long-term clonal micropropagation using RAPD and ISSR markers. The material for the study was three lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) cultivars of the Crimean breeding - ‘Vdala', ‘Sineva', ‘Stepnaya'. The biological objects were the original donor plants (grown under controlled conditions), as well as microshoots after 6 and 16 subcultivations during in vitro propagation. We used two RAPD (OPA 10, OPO 13) and four ISSR primers (HB 13, HB 15, ISSR 1, ISSR 2, ISSR 3). It was not found significant differences on the number and length of shoots, the number of nodes on the shoot and the multiplication index after 6 and 16 subcultivations for all cultivars. According to the morphology, the microshoots of the three studied cultivars after different periods cultivation also did not differ from each other. Using 7 markers, we identified 62 loci. All primers used in the work were polymorphic (41.7...88.9%), and the amplification products reliably identified lavender cultivars. The length of the amplified fragments varied from 378 to 2177 base pairs. The microshoots, obtained using clonal micropropagation after 6 and 16 subcultivations, were identical in genetic profile to the original lavender cultivars. As a result, the possibility of long-term (at least 16 subcultivations) micropropagation of lavender was shown, while maintaining their genetic stability.

Telemonitoring of Human Biomedical and Biomechanical Signals

Methodological and algorithmic bases of the local-regional and global wireless networks operation for functional states of people long-term monitoring are offered. The construction of efficient wireless networks and portable devices for monitoring biological objects is proposed. High-speed algorithms for processing, encoding, encrypting and transmitting samples of monitoring signals and video data frames using a signaling approach are proposed. The express analysis of monitoring signal samples is offered. The described methods of effective long-term monitoring of functional states of biological objects using wireless networks, algorithms of operational processing, coding, encryption and express analysis of signals are the basis of information technology of wide application. The technology is focused on evidence-based monitoring of the condition of operators of various human-machine complexes, systems, vehicles, aviation and space systems, monitoring of athletes and healthy people in order to prevent various diseases.

Design and synthesis of a small molecular NIR-II chemiluminescence probe for in vivo-activated H2S imaging

Chemiluminescence (CL) with the elimination of excitation light and minimal autofluorescence interference has been wieldy applied in biosensing and bioimaging. However, the traditional emission of CL probes was mainly in the range of 400 to 650 nm, leading to undesired resolution and penetration in a biological object. Therefore, it was urgent to develop CL molecules in the near-infrared window [NIR, including NIR-I (650 to 900 nm) and near-infrared-II (900 to 1,700 nm)], coupled with unique advantages of long-time imaging, sensitive response, and high resolution at depths of millimeters. However, no NIR-II CL unimolecular probe has been reported until now. Herein, we developed an H2S-activated NIR-II CL probe [chemiluminiscence donor 950, (CD-950)] by covalently connecting two Schaap's dioxetane donors with high chemical energy to a NIR-II fluorophore acceptor candidate via intramolecular CL resonance energy transfer strategy, thereby achieving high efficiency of 95%. CD-950 exhibited superior capacity including long-duration imaging (~60 min), deeper tissue penetration (~10 mm), and specific H2S response under physiological conditions. More importantly, CD-950 showed detection capability for metformin-induced hepatotoxicity with 2.5-fold higher signal-to-background ratios than that of NIR-II fluorescence mode. The unimolecular NIR-II CL probe holds great potential for the evaluation of drug-induced side effects by tracking its metabolites invivo, further facilitating the rational design of novel NIR-II CL-based detection platforms.

Shellfish as Biosensors in Online Monitoring of Aquatic Ecosystems: A Review of Russian Studies

The use of biological objects in monitoring the state of the environment and the changes caused by the impact of environmental pollution on marine and fresh waters is a promising tool due to a lower cost in comparison to traditional monitoring and the ability to receive immediate information about the ecosystem status. In this review, we summarize the biological information about shellfish biomonitors and the results of studies focused on the development and use of the bioindicator species in early warning systems in Russia. Since the mid-1980s, Russian specialists have developed online biomonitoring systems; as in the rest of world, there are two main approaches that are currently applied to study the physiological status of potential biosensor shellfish species and to monitor freshwater and marine systems: valvometry (registration of gaping activity in bivalve mollusks) and photoplethysmography (registration of cardiac activity in mollusks and crustaceans). Valve movement responses to stressors such as abnormal conditions and pollutants include the closure of shell valves for a long period, decrease in the average distance between valves, rapid shell opening, and higher closing frequency. Cardiac activity reactions of shellfish to stress factors include rapid increases in heart rate and stress index, higher variability in heart rate than under normal conditions, and longer periods required for heart rate recovery after stress. The most common bioindicators used to monitor environmental disturbances in marine ecosystems are blue mussels, Iceland scallops, and red king crabs in cold-water habitats and Black Sea mussels in warmer waters as well as freshwater mussels and crayfish in fresh waters.

How to build vegetation patches in hydraulic studies: a hydrodynamic-ecological perspective on a biological object

Vegetation in freshwater and coastal ecosystems modifies flows, retains sediment, protects banks and shorelines from erosion. Hydraulic laboratory studies with live vegetation or artificial plant mimics, or numerical models with abstracted patches, are often used to quantify the effects of vegetation on water flow and sedimentation. However, the choice of plant and patch characteristics is often not supported by field observations of patch dimensions, density or spacing between consecutive patches. The discrepancy between plants in natural conditions and in flume experiments or numerical studies may affect the relevance of these findings for natural ecosystems. In this study, we provide guidelines for building realistic vegetation patches in hydraulic studies. We collected data on four species of fully submerged freshwater aquatic macrophytes that can grow into well-defined patches. We considered three relevant levels: individual plants (inside patches), isolated patches and multiple neighbouring patches. At the plant level, we observed significant differences in biomechanical traits (Young’s modulus, flexural stiffness), resulting in stem Cauchy numbers ranging from 85.25 to 325.84, and leaf Cauchy numbers from 163.81 to 2003.97. At the patch level, we found significant relationships between patch length, width and height, showing covariation among different patch characteristics. The relationships among patch dimensions differed significantly among sampling sites for three of the four species, suggesting high intraspecific variability in patch sizes. By providing a first set of guidelines for choosing correct and ecologically relevant plant characteristics, this dataset aims to improve our understanding of the complex processes occurring inside and around submerged vegetated patches.

Experimental model of acute blood loss using rats for screening evalution of non-specific activity of infusion solutions

BACKGROUND: In accordance with the current regulations, preclinical evaluation of the effectiveness of plasma substitutes for acute blood loss is carried out mainly on large laboratory animals (dogs, pigs) using a wide range of methods for assessing the structural and functional state of organs and systems of a biological object. It requires large expenditure of material resources and time, which is impractical at the stage of screening the effectiveness of newly developed infusion agents. In this regard, an urgent task is to develop a standardized model of acute blood loss on small laboratory animals for screening evaluation of the specific activity of infusion solutions with a subsequent research involving large laboratory animals. It is advisable to use laboratory rats as a biological object as they are the most suitable of the group of small laboratory animals for similarity of physiological laboratory indicators with humans.
 AIM: To develop a model of acute blood loss using small laboratory animals for screening evaluation of specific infusion solution activity.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experiments were carried out on rats of the Vistar line with a weight of 330 41 g. The animals were divided into 3 groups: 1 experimental (20 individuals with acute blood loss simulation without treatment), 2 experimental (20 individuals with acute blood loss simulation and its replacement with Rheopolyglucin), intact (10 individuals without modeling of blood loss). The study design included: general anesthesia (intramuscular injection Zoletil 100 and Xylazin 2% in a ratio of 1 : 5 at the rate of 0.01 ml/kg of weight), catheterization of the femoral artery followed by controlled hardware exfusion of blood at a rate of 0.5 ml/min until the establishment of persistent (for 2 minutes) arterial hypotension; hardware synchronous monitoring of mean arterial pressure (MAP) (by direct tonometry through the contralateral femoral artery); calculation of the percentage of blood loss from the estimated circulating blood volume (CBV) equal to 5% of the animals weight; heart rate (HR) (by electrocardiogram) during the first three hours after blood exfusion. In its capacity as a test drug Rheopolyglucin, which was administered through an arterial femoral catheter immediately after blood exfusion in volume and speed, equal to volume and speed of exfusion, was used. Additionally, for a comprehensive assessment of the mechanisms of maintaining hemodynamic parameters individual dynamic calculated indicators for each individual are proposed: the reduced shock volume of blood and the infusion efficiency indicator.
 RESULTS: All rats in the experimental group died, 25% of which 1720 minutes after blood exfusion, 75% in range from 45 to 90 minutes. Rheopoliglyukin infusion reduced the death of animals by up to 35% and delayed the average death time to 4555 minutes. A single exfusion of blood in rats resulted in loss of 79 ml of blood (4651% of circulating blood volume), which was accompanied by a decrease in mean arterial pressure and heart rate. Compensation for the decrease in circulating blood volume, including due to infusion, was manifested by an increase in these indicators. A sign of inefficiency of compensation was a slight increase of mean arterial pressure with dynamically increasing heart rate. It is proved that an increase in the values of calculated indicators (the given stroke volume of blood and the infusion efficiency indicator) are benchmarks for effective compensation of hemodynamic disorders, including as a result of infusion of hemodynamic drugs.
 CONCLUSIONS: The acute blood loss model with the calculation of the reduced shock volume of blood and the infusion efficiency index is advisable to use to assess the specific activity of infusion solutions in acute blood loss.

Ratiometric sensing of redox environments inside individual carboxysomes trapped in solution.

The rapid diffusion of biological nanoparticles in solution impedes our ability to continuously monitor individual particles and measure their physical and chemical properties. To overcome this, we previously developed the interferometric scattering anti-Brownian electrokinetic (ISABEL) trap, which uses scattering to localize a particle and applies electrokinetic forces to counteract Brownian motion, thus enabling extended observation. Here we present an improved ISABEL trap that incorporates a near-infrared scatter illumination beam and rapidly interleaves 405- and 488-nm fluorescence excitation beams, and apply this trap to the study of carboxysomes. Carboxysomes are bacterial microcompartments that self-assemble to sequester the enzyme rubisco and provide a favorable chemical environment for the fixation of carbon dioxide. With the ISABEL trap, we monitored the internal redox environment of individual carboxysomes labeled with the ratiometric redox reporter roGFP2. Carboxysomes were observed to vary widely in both redox-dependent fluorescence and scattering contrast (reporting on mass). Furthermore, we used redox sensing to explore the chemical kinetics within intact carboxysomes, where bulk measurements may contain unwanted contributions from aggregates or interfering fluorescent proteins. Overall, we demonstrate the ISABEL trap's ability to sensitively monitor chemical information inside single nanoscale biological objects, enabling new experiments on these systems.

Study of the Embryonic Toxicity of TiO2 and ZrO2 Nanoparticles

Currently, the widespread use of TiO2 and ZrO2 nanoparticles (NPs) in various industries poses a risk in terms of their potential toxicity. A number of experimental studies provide evidence of the toxic effect of TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs on biological objects. In order to supplement the level of knowledge and assess the risks of toxicity and danger of TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs, we decided to conduct a comprehensive experiment to study the embryonic toxicity of TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs in pregnant rats. For the experiment, mongrel white rats during pregnancy received aqueous dispersions of powders of TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day. To characterize the effect of TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs on females and the postnatal ontogenesis of offspring, a complex of physiological and biochemical research methods was used. The results of the experiment showed that TiO2 NPs as ZrO2 NPs (100 mg/kg per os) cause few shifts of similar orientation in the maternal body. Neither TiO2 NPs nor ZrO2 NPs have an embryonic and teratogenic effect on the offspring in utero, but both modify its postnatal development.

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ 3D-МОДЕЛЕЙ ПРИРОДНЫХ ОБЪЕКТОВ КАК СОСТАВЛЯЮЩИЙ СЕГМЕНТ ЦИФРОВОГО ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОГО ПРОЦЕССА

The article discusses the essence and characteristics of 3D modeling and the features of using 3D models of natural objects in the educational process of higher educational institutions in terms of improving the quality, accessibility and visibility of the material being studied. The goals of education are identified, the solution of which can be achieved through the use of 3D models of natural objects. The forms of creating 3D models based on the materials of photographing natural objects are systematized. The advantages of visualization and the use of three-dimensional models in 3D space from the point of view of the formation of students' spatial thinking are given. The purpose of the study: Substantiation of the introduction of the use of 3D models of natural objects in the development of digital environmental education in the training of specialists in various industries. One of the important directions related to the solution of environmental problems at the present stage is environmental education and upbringing of the younger generation. Environmental education both in the world and in Russia is today considered a priority area for teaching and educating students in higher educational institutions. Particular attention is drawn to the use of the digital segment in the educational process. The introduction of the study of 3D technologies into the main educational process in order to educate a talented young generation of Russian specialists in the field of ecology and other related specialties is a timely and very necessary process. the use of 3D models of natural objects is a current trend in modern digital education. In this case, the use of 3D models of natural objects in the educational process allows both to increase the susceptibility of biological objects for students through visualization and increased visibility, and to make the process of mastering the material more accessible and efficient. Thus, the creation of electronic resources with the inclusion of 3D models of natural objects qualitatively transforms the activities of educational institutions, which will subsequently have a positive impact on the formation of students' professional competencies.

Curiosity Cabinets: Revitalizing the Cabinet of Curiosity for the 21st century with the IGWS Learning Lab

Natural history collections are groups of biologic and geologic objects that provide a physical record of Earth’s lifeforms and processes, both past and present. Natural history specimens can include rocks, minerals, fossils, plants, animals, and sediment. These specimens are scientifically organized, documented, and preserved in museums and universities to reconstruct Earth’s past, understand the present, and forecast the future. Natural history collections inspire, create wonder, lead us to ask questions, and allow us to connect with science and the world around us. The Learning Lab is an experiential learning center that brings our collections out of storage for hands-on discovery. Part museum, part lab, and part classroom, the Learning Lab is where you can discover thousands of authentic rock, mineral, and fossil specimens, observe real-time datasets and geologic wonders, compare crystal shapes and fossil biology with sophisticated microscopes, question the world beneath your feet using scientific evidence, and create art and other connections inspired by our collections.