Biological Activity Of Secondary Metabolites Research Articles

Chemical Diversity and Biological Activity of Secondary Metabolites from Soft Coral Genus Sinularia since 2013.

Sinularia is one of the conspicuous soft coral species widely distributed in the world’s oceans at a depth of about 12 m. Secondary metabolites from the genus Sinularia show great chemical diversity. More than 700 secondary metabolites have been reported to date, including terpenoids, norterpenoids, steroids/steroidal glycosides, and other types. They showed a broad range of potent biological activities. There were detailed reviews on the terpenoids from Sinularia in 2013, and now, it still plays a vital role in the innovation of lead compounds for drug development. The structures, names, and pharmacological activities of compounds isolated from the genus Sinularia from 2013 to March 2021 are summarized in this review.

The Art of Total Synthesis of Bioactive Natural Products via Microwaves

Natural products are the most effective source of potential drug leads. The total synthesis of bioactive natural products plays a crucial role in confirming the hypothetical complex structure of natural products in the laboratory. The total synthesis of rare bioactive natural products is one of the great challenges for the organic synthetic community due to their complex structures, biochemical specificity, and difficult stereochemistry. Subsequently, the total synthesis is a long process in several cases, and it requires a substantial amount of time. Microwave irradiation has emerged as a greener tool in organic methodologies to reduce reaction time from days and hours to minutes and seconds. Moreover, this non-classical methodology increases product yields and purities, improves reproducibility, modifications of selectivity, simplification of work-up methods, and reduces unwanted side reactions. Such beneficial qualities have stimulated this review to cover the application of microwave irradiation in the field of the total synthesis of bioactive natural products for the first time during the last decade. An overview of the use of microwave irradiation, natural sources, structures, and biological activities of secondary metabolites is presented elegantly, focusing on the involvement of at least one or more steps by microwave irradiation as a green technique.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIACNE ACTIVITY OF LEAVES EXTRACT OF LAGERSTROEMIA INDICA

Medicinal plants have bioactive compounds which are used for curing of various human diseases and also play an important role in healing. Secondary constituents contain alkaloids, flavonoids, phenol, sapon in, steroids and tannins. Medicinal plants have anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antidiuretic and anti-inflammation activities. The increasing interest in powerful biological activity of secondary metabolites outlined the necessity of determining their contents in medicinal plants. In Indian Ayurvedic system, Lagerstroemia Indica (Lythraceae) are well-known plants used for major and minor ailments. The aim of the present study is to examine leaf of Lagerstroemia Indica for phytochemical profile, antioxidant potential, antimicrobial including anti acne activity. Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenolics and flavonoids were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. Quantitative analysis of phenolic and flavonoids was carried out by FolinsCiocalteau reagent method and aluminium chloride method respectively. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, fixed oil and fats. The present study concluded that the crude extract of Lagerstroemia Indica is a rich source of secondary phytoconstituents which impart significant antioxidant potential. The extract of Lagerstroemia Indica possess antimicrobial effectiveness againt P. acne and other microbes, In Vitro anti acne activity. The findings of the present study will be helpful to phytochemists, pharmacologists and pharmaceutical industries.
 Keywords: Lagerstroemia Indica, Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Antiacne.

Chemical Structure and Biological Activities of Secondary Metabolites from Salicornia europaea L.

Salicornia europaea L. is a halophyte that grows in salt marshes and muddy seashores, which is widely used both as traditional medicine and as an edible vegetable. This salt-tolerant plant is a source of diverse secondary metabolites with several therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, antidiabetic, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity effects. Therefore, this review summarizes the chemical structure and biological activities of secondary metabolites isolated from Salicornia europaea L.

Chemical Diversity and Biological Activity of Secondary Metabolites Isolated from Indonesian Marine Invertebrates.

Marine invertebrates have been reported to be an excellent resource of many novel bioactive compounds. Studies reported that Indonesia has remarkable yet underexplored marine natural products, with a high chemical diversity and a broad spectrum of biological activities. This review discusses recent updates on the exploration of marine natural products from Indonesian marine invertebrates (i.e., sponges, tunicates, and soft corals) throughout 2007–2020. This paper summarizes the structural diversity and biological function of the bioactive compounds isolated from Indonesian marine invertebrates as antimicrobial, antifungal, anticancer, and antiviral, while also presenting the opportunity for further investigation of novel compounds derived from Indonesian marine invertebrates.

Secondary Metabolites of the Genus Amycolatopsis: Structures, Bioactivities and Biosynthesis.

Actinomycetes are regarded as important sources for the generation of various bioactive secondary metabolites with rich chemical and bioactive diversities. Amycolatopsis falls under the rare actinomycete genus with the potential to produce antibiotics. In this review, all literatures were searched in the Web of Science, Google Scholar and PubMed up to March 2021. The keywords used in the search strategy were “Amycolatopsis”, “secondary metabolite”, “new or novel compound”, “bioactivity”, “biosynthetic pathway” and “derivatives”. The objective in this review is to summarize the chemical structures and biological activities of secondary metabolites from the genus Amycolatopsis. A total of 159 compounds derived from 8 known and 18 unidentified species are summarized in this paper. These secondary metabolites are mainly categorized into polyphenols, linear polyketides, macrolides, macrolactams, thiazolyl peptides, cyclic peptides, glycopeptides, amide and amino derivatives, glycoside derivatives, enediyne derivatives and sesquiterpenes. Meanwhile, they mainly showed unique antimicrobial, anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-hyperglycemic, and enzyme inhibition activities. In addition, the biosynthetic pathways of several potent bioactive compounds and derivatives are included and the prospect of the chemical substances obtained from Amycolatopsis is also discussed to provide ideas for their implementation in the field of therapeutics and drug discovery.

Structural diversity and biological activities of secondary metabolites isolated from the genus Selaginella

The genus Selaginella belongs to the family Selaginellaceae, which is well known for its unique structural classes of natural products and their wide range of biological effects. This review provides a comprehensive list of unique secondary metabolites isolated from the genus Selaginella and also provides insight into their important biological activities. For the benefit of the readers, this review is divided into two main sections. The first section elaborates on the natural products isolated from Selaginella, with the emphasis on compounds exclusive to this genus, while the second section provides an in-depth discussion of a number of different pharmacological activities that the compounds and Selaginella extracts exhibited.

Chemistry, Chemotaxonomy and Biological Activity of the Latrunculid Sponges (Order Poecilosclerida, Family Latrunculiidae).

Marine sponges are exceptionally prolific sources of natural products for the discovery and development of new drugs. Until now, sponges have contributed around 30% of all natural metabolites isolated from the marine environment. Family Latrunculiidae Topsent, 1922 (class Demospongiae Sollas, 1885, order Poecilosclerida Topsent, 1928) is a small sponge family comprising seven genera. Latrunculid sponges are recognized as the major reservoirs of diverse types of pyrroloiminoquinone-type alkaloids, with a myriad of biological activities, in particular, cytotoxicity, fuelling their exploration for anticancer drug discovery. Almost 100 pyrroloiminoquinone alkaloids and their structurally related compounds have been reported from the family Latrunculiidae. The systematics of latrunculid sponges has had a complex history, however it is now well understood. The pyrroloiminoquinone alkaloids have provided important chemotaxonomic characters for this sponge family. Latrunculid sponges have been reported to contain other types of metabolites, such as peptides (callipeltins), norditerpenes and norsesterpenes (trunculins) and macrolides (latrunculins), however, the sponges containing latrunculins and trunculins have been transferred to other sponge families. This review highlights a comprehensive literature survey spanning from the first chemical investigation of a New Zealand Latrunculia sp. in 1986 until August 2020, focusing on the chemical diversity and biological activities of secondary metabolites reported from the family Latrunculiidae. The biosynthetic (microbial) origin and the taxonomic significance of pyrroloiminoquinone related alkaloids are also discussed.

Buckwheat Secondary Metabolites: Potential Antifungal Agents.

Research groups have put significant emphasis on the evaluation of nutritional, health-promoting, and other biological activities of secondary metabolites from buckwheat. Among these phytochemicals, phenolic and lipophilic antioxidants, particularly, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tocopherols, have been the focus of the latest studies since antioxidant activity has recently been associated with the possibility of inhibiting fungal growth and mycotoxin biosynthesis. The mycotoxin contamination of cereal and pseudocereal grains caused primarily by Fusarium, Penicillium, and Aspergillus species poses a significant hazard to human health. Therefore, efforts to examine the involvement of plant antioxidants in the biosynthesis of mycotoxins at the transcriptional level have emerged. In addition, hydrophobic interactions of buckwheat phenolics with cell membranes could also explain their capacity to reduce fungal development. Eventually, possibilities of enhancing the biological activity of cereal and pseudocereal phytochemicals have been studied, and sourdough fermentation has been proposed as an efficient method to increase antioxidant activities. This effect could result in an increased antifungal effects of sourdough and bakery products. This review reports the main advances in research on buckwheat phenolics and other antioxidant phytochemicals, highlighting possible mechanisms of action and processes that could improve their biological activities.

Isolation and characterization of secondary metabolites from Gaultheria tenuifolia berries.

Gaultheria berries (Ericaceae) are consumed as food or used in folk medicine throughout the world. In the present study, Gaultheria tenuifolia berries were studied to describe their polyphenol and iridoid composition, aroma volatiles, and cytoprotective effects. In total, 14 metabolites were isolated using a combination of countercurrent chromatography and Sephadex LH-20, namely, cyanidin-3-O-β-galactoside, cyanidin-3-O-β-arabinoside, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-O-caffeoylshikimic acid, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-β-glucuronide, quercetin-3-O-β-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-β-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-β-arabinoside, quercetin-3-O-β-rhamnoside, 6α-hydroxydihydromonotropein-10-trans-cinnamate, monotropein-10-trans-cinnamate, and an (epi)-catechin dimer and trimer. Other flavan-3-ols, proanthocyanidins, and iridoids were tentatively identified by spectroscopic and spectrometric means in the fruit extracts. The tentative volatile organic compound characterization pointed to methyl salicylate as responsible for the aroma of this species. The extracts showed significant cytoprotective effects in an oxidative stress model in human gastric epithelial cells. This is the first report on the isolation, characterization, and potential biological activity of secondary metabolites from G. tenuifolia berries and insights on its possible application as a functional food. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Berries are desirable fruit species because of their phytochemical composition and pleasant taste. Gaultheria berries are special due to their high content of iridoids and the presence of salicylic acid derivatives. Aroma of native berries is relevant for the development of new products reflecting the local identity and use of fruits. The present work involves cooperation of academia and industry on the constituents of the native products. The results provided in this article could be useful for the introduction of this species in the food and nutraceutical industries.

Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests of Peru: Current Status and Conservation with Social Responsibility

Seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTF) constitute one of the most threatened terrestrial ecosystems in Peru. That is the important of carrying out studies on their spatio-temporal distribution patterns and floristic composition. The aim of this study is to highlight the effort made by many researchers in the knowledge of the SDTF. However, it is important to complement such studies with still few others about germplasm conservation, seed germination physiology, in vitro conservation protocols, chemistry of natural products and the biological activity of secondary metabolites, reforest devastated areas and carbon sequestration to mitigate the dramatic consequences of climate change.

Secondary metabolites from hypocrealean entomopathogenic fungi: novel bioactive compounds.

Covering: 2014 up to the third quarter of 2019 Entomopathogens constitute a unique, specialized trophic subgroup of fungi, most of whose members belong to the order Hypocreales (class Sordariomycetes, phylum Ascomycota). These Hypocrealean Entomopathogenic Fungi (HEF) produce a large variety of secondary metabolites (SMs) and their genomes rank highly for the number of predicted, unique SM biosynthetic gene clusters. SMs from HEF have diverse roles in insect pathogenicity as virulence factors by modulating various interactions between the producer fungus and its insect host. In addition, these SMs also defend the carcass of the prey against opportunistic microbial invaders, mediate intra- and interspecies communication, and mitigate abiotic and biotic stresses. Thus, these SMs contribute to the role of HEF as commercial biopesticides in the context of integrated pest management systems, and provide lead compounds for the development of chemical pesticides for crop protection. These bioactive SMs also underpin the widespread use of certain HEF as nutraceuticals and traditional remedies, and allowed the modern pharmaceutical industry to repurpose some of these molecules as life-saving human medications. Herein, we survey the structures and biological activities of SMs described from HEF, and summarize new information on the roles of these metabolites in fungal virulence.

Herbicidal Secondary Metabolites from Actinomycetes: Structure Diversity, Modes of Action, and Their Roles in the Development of Herbicides.

Weeds had caused significant loss for crop production in the process of agriculture. Herbicides have played an important role in securing crop production. However, the high reliance on herbicides has led to environmental issues as well as the evolution of herbicide resistance. Thus, there is an urgent need for new herbicides with safer toxicological profiles and novel modes of action. Actinomycetes produce very diverse bioactive compounds, of which some show potent biopesticidal activity. The herbicidal secondary metabolites from actinomycetes can be classified into several groups, such as amino acids, peptides, nucleosides, macrolides, lactones, amide, amines, etc., some of which have been successfully developed as commercial herbicides. The structure diversity and evolved biological activity of secondary metabolites from actinomycetes can offer opportunities for the development of both directly used bioherbicides and synthetic herbicides with new target sites, and thus, this review focuses on the structure, herbicidal activity, and modes of action of secondary metabolites from actinomycetes.

Comparative Phytochemical Screening and Estimation of Bioactive Constituents of Leaves of Lagerstroemia parviflora, Gardenia latifolia and Terminalia tomentosa

Medicinal plants have bioactive compounds which are used for curing of various human diseases and also play an important role in healing. Secondary constituents contain alkaloids, flavonoids, phenol, saponin, steroids and tannins. Medicinal plants have anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antidiuretic and anti-inflammation activities. The increasing interest in powerful biological activity of secondary metabolites outlined the necessity of determining their contents in medicinal plants. Gardenia latifolia (G. latifolia Rubiaceae) is commonly known as Indian boxwood or Ceylon boxwood, is a densely foliaceous small tree that occurs throughout the greater parts of Indian common in deciduous forests along the streams. The stem bark and fruits are reported to be used in the treatment of various ailments such as snake bite, skin diseases, stomach pains, caries in humans and ephemeral fever in live stocks. Terminalia tomentosa (T. tomentosa Combretaceae) occurs frequently in Indonesia, Malaysia, China and India as wasteland weed and also found in most parts of the world with a warm climate in dry, sandy and alkaline soils. The powdered leaves are useful for fast healing of wounds, as purgative, to treat liver problems, to promote sexual health, to relieve stomach ache, headache, also applied in sprain to ease swelling and pain. In Indian Ayurvedic system, Lagerstroemia parviflora (L. parviflora, Lythraceae) are well-known plants used for major and minor ailments. The aim of the present study is to examine leaf of G. latifolia, T. tomentosa and L. parviflora for phytochemical profile. Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenolics and flavonoids were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. Quantitative analysis of phenolic and flavonoids was carried out by Folins Ciocalteau reagent method and aluminium chloride method respectively. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, fixed oil and fats. The present study concluded that the crude extract of G. latifolia, T. tomentosa and L. parviflora is a rich source of secondary phytoconstituents which impart significant antioxidant potential. T

Phytochemical Investigation and Determination of Total Phenols and Flavonoid Concentration in Leaves Extract of Vitex trifolia Linn

Medicinal plants have bioactive compounds which are used for curing of various human diseases and also play an important role in healing. Secondary constituents contain alkaloids, flavonoids, phenol, saponin, steroids and tannins. Medicinal plants have anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antidiuretic and anti-inflammation activities etc. The increasing interest in powerful biological activity of secondary metabolites outlined the necessity of determining their contents in medicinal plants. Vitex trifolia L. (V. trifolia, syn. Vitex rotundifolia), a member of the family Verbenaceae, is known to produce a variety of diterpenoids and iridoids that display antioxidant, tracheospasmolytic, cytotoxic and trypanosidal activities. The plant species is a deciduous shrub native to Southeast Asia, Micronesia, Australia and East Africa. This plant can be commonly found along the banks of water bodies like canals, rivers and ponds and hence locally known as “Neer Nochi” (“Neer” means water). The leaves of V. trifolia are consumed to improve memory, relieve pain, remove bad taste in mouth and cure fever. The leaf extract is anti-cancerous while fruits are good for amenorrhea. The aim of the present study is to examine leaf of V. trifolia for phytochemical profile. Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenolics and flavonoids were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. Quantitative analysis of phenolic and flavonoids was carried out by Folins Ciocalteau reagent method and aluminium chloride method respectively. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, fixed oil and fats. The present study concluded that the crude extract of V. trifolia is a rich source of secondary phytoconstituents which impart significant antioxidant potential. The findings of the present study will be helpful to phytochemists, pharmacologists and pharmaceutical industries. Keywords: Vitex trifolia, Verbenaceae, Phytochemical, Folins ciocalteau reagent

Extraction, phytochemical screening and quantitative determination of phenols and flavonoids in extract of Kalanchoe pinnata and Pongamia pinnata.

Medicinal plants have bioactive compounds which are used for curing of various human diseases and also play an important role in healing. Secondary constituents contain alkaloids, flavonoids, phenol, saponin, steroids and tannins. Medicinal plants have anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antidiuretic and anti-inflammation activities. The increasing interest in powerful biological activity of secondary metabolites outlined the necessity of determining their contents in medicinal plants. Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (P. pinnata, Fabaceae) popularly known as Karanj or Karanja in Hindi, and Indian beech in English, is a medium-sized glabrous tree. Traditionally, different parts of P. pinnata such as bark, leaves, seeds, roots, flowers and stem have been utilized in the native medicine systems of different civilizations. Kalonche pinnata (K. pinnata, Crassulaceae) known as Patharchata in hindi, is a succulent plant. It has many pharmacological uses like a suitable treatment in sleep problems in cancer patients. Also called as wonder of life K. pinnata is used to treat diabetic foot infections. The aim of the present study is to examine leaf of K. pinnata and seed of P. pinnata for phytochemical profile. Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenolics and flavonoids were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. Quantitative analysis of phenolic and flavonoids was carried out by Folins Ciocalteau reagent method and aluminium chloride method respectively. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, fixed oil and fats. The total phenolics content of hydroalcoholic extract of K. pinnata was (0.952 mg/100mg), followed by flavonoids (0.640mg/100mg) respectively. The total flavonoids content of hydroalcoholic extract of P. pinnata was (1.398mg/100mg). The present study concluded that the crude extract of K. pinnata and P. pinnata is a rich source of secondary phytoconstituents which impart significant antioxidant potential. The findings of the present study will be helpful to phytochemists, pharmacologists and pharmaceutical industries. Keywords: Pongamia pinnata, Kalonche pinnata, Phytochemical, Folins ciocalteau reagent

Extraction, Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Secondary Metabolites of Aerial Parts of Clematis heynei and Solanum virginianum

The increasing interest in powerful biological activity of secondary metabolites outlined the necessity of determining their contents in medicinal plants. In the last few years, there has been an exponential growth in the field of herbal medicine and gaining popularity both in developing and developed countries because of their natural origin and less side effects. Clematis heynei (C. heynei, Ranunculaceae) is commonly known as Deccan clematis, Murhar, Morvel, Ranjaee and it is a somewhat woody climber very sparsely distributed in deciduous forests of Western Ghats, India. In the Indian system of medicine ‘Ayurveda’ this plant is used to eliminate malarial fever and headache. Different plant parts were used for treating various diseases. Solanum virginianum L. (S. virginianum, Solanaceae, Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & H. Wendl.) is a diffuse and very prickly under shrub. It is found growing commonly in various regions of the world on sandy soils and is distributed throughout India. The plant is used traditionally to treat asthma, chest pain, leucoderma, scorpion bite, and sterility in women. The aim of the present study is to examine C. heynei and S. virginianum aerial parts of plant for phytochemical profile. Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenolics and flavonoids were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. Quantitative analysis of phenolic and flavonoids was carried out by Folins Ciocalteau reagent method and aluminium chloride method respectively. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, fixed oil and fats. The total phenolics content of methanolic and aqueous extract of C. heynei was (0.592, 0.292 mg/100mg), followed by flavonoids (1.371, 0.723mg/100mg) respectively. The total phenolics content of methanolic extract of S. virginianum was (0.345mg/100mg), followed by flavonoids (0.978mg/100mg). The present study concluded that the crude extract of C. heynei and S. virginianum is a rich source of secondary phytoconstituents which impart significant antioxidant potential. The findings of the present study will be helpful to phytochemists, pharmacologists and pharmaceutical industries.

An Overview of Synthesis of Indole Alkaloids and Biological Activities of Secondary Metabolites Isolated from Hyrtios Species

Marine sponges are a rich source of more than 50% of marine natural compounds that have been isolated from marine organisms. This review article is focused on the importance of biologically active and pharmaceutically important secondary metabolites extracted from one of the important classes of marine sponge Hyrtios sp. This review also deals with reported synthetic routes of some indole alkaloids extracted from the marine sponge Hyrtios sp. A range of bioactivities displayed by indole-based alkaloids is described.

Visible-light-promoted oxidative halogenation of alkynes.

In nature, halogenation promotes the biological activity of secondary metabolites, especially geminal dihalogenation. Related natural molecules have been studied for decades. In recent years, their diversified vital activities have been explored for treating various diseases, which call for efficient and divergent synthetic strategies to facilitate drug discovery. Here we report a catalyst-free oxidative halogenation achieved under ambient conditions (halide ion, air, water, visible light, room temperature, and normal pressure). Constitutionally, electron transfer between the oxygen and halide ion is shuttled via simple conjugated molecules, in which phenylacetylene works as both reactant and catalyst. Synthetically, it provides a highly compatible late-stage transformation strategy to build up dihaloacetophenones (DHAPs).

SECONDARY PLANT METABOLITES ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM AND GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM L. AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL EFFECTIVENESS AGAINST THE RED SPIDER MITE

The biological activity of secondary metabolites with respect to pest insects is a poorly studied field of scientific research and opens wide possibilities for revealing many aspects of the theoretical and practical plan.
 The aim of the work is to create a plant protection product against the effects of a red spider mite of complex action on the basis of secondary metabolites of yarrow Achillea millefolium (Asteraceae) and cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. (Malvaceae).
 The chemical composition of the aerial part of the A. millefolium plant collected in the foothill areas of the Tashkent region of the Republic of Uzbekistan was studied. A high yield of eucalyptol (1,8-cineol) – 37.71% of the amount of the extract was revealed by chromatography-mass spectrometry. The method of high-performance thin layer chromatography revealed that the main component of Uchkun's preparation was the sum of polyprenyl homologs with 10–12 isoprene units, the content of which reached 69.5%. Other components of the extract were phytosiosterol and tocopherols in an amount of 30.5%. A synergistic effect was established in the combination of monoterpenoids of the yarrow plant of ordinary and polyprenols of Uchkun. The composition becomes more effective, having both a toxic effect on the red spider mite and further improving the state of the photosynthetic apparatus in damaged leaves of cucumber plants. As a result of the work carried out, it is shown that with a degree of infection of plants within the range of 100–150 pieces per sheet, the developed composition can replace the treatment with a chemical protective agent – a drug based on abamectin – Vertimec.