Active Biodegradable Films Research Articles

Physicochemical properties and pork preservation effects of lotus seed drill core powder starch-based active packaging films

Lotus seed drill core powder starch (LCPS)-based active packaging films incorporated with cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and grapefruit essential oil-corn nanostarch Pickering emulsion (ECPE) were characterized, and their pork preservation effects were investigated in this study. In contrast with corn, potato and rice starches, LCPS showed higher amylose content, elliptical and circular shape with more uniform size distribution. Furthermore, LCPS film exhibited lower light transmittance, stronger tensile strength, and smaller elongation at break compared to the other starch films. Then, the LCPS film containing 4 % CNC and 9 % ECPE was fabricated which had stronger mechanical properties, lower water vapor permeability and oxygen transmission rate, and denser network structure. FTIR and XRD analyses also confirmed that CNC and ECPE were successfully implanted into the LCPS matrix without damaging the crystalline structure of LCPS. Herein, the LCPS/CNC/ECPE film exerted potential antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Besides, packaging with this composite film significantly preserved the pork during cold storage via decreasing its juice loss rate, pH value, total number of colonies, total volatile base nitrogen and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance values. The present study will provide a theoretical basis for the application of LCPS as new biodegradable active films.

Extrusion-blown oxidized starch/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) biodegradable active films with adequate material properties and antimicrobial activities for chilled pork preservation

Food safety concerns from spoilage and non-degradable packaging risk human health. Progress made in biodegradable plastic films, but limited study on biomass composite films with favorable morphological, mechanical, and inherent antibacterial properties for fresh meat preservation. Herein, we present a versatile packaging film created through the extrusion blowing process, combining oxidized starch (OST) with poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT). SEM analysis revealed even distribution of spherical OST particles on film's surface. FTIR spectra revealed new intermolecular hydrogen bonds between OST and PBAT. While combining OST slightly reduced tensile properties, all composite films met the required strength of 16.5 ± 1.39 MPa. Notably, films with 40 % OST showed over 98 % antibacterial rate against Staphylococcus aureus within 2 h. pH wasn't the main cause of bacterial growth inhibition; OST hindered growth by interfering with nutrient absorption and metabolism due to its carboxyl groups. Additionally, OST disrupted bacterial membrane integrity and cytoplasmic membrane potential. Remarkably, the OST/PBAT film excellently preserved chilled fresh pork, maintaining TVB-N level at 12.6 mg/100 g on day 6, microbial count at 105 CFU/g within 6–10 days, and sensory properties for 8 days. It extended pork's shelf life by two days compared to polyethylene film, suggesting an alternative to a synthetic material.

Morphological, thermo-mechanical, and barrier properties of coextruded multilayer polylactide composite films reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets and encapsulated thyme essential oil

The food industry has been looking for biodegradable active packaging film, which has a lower environmental footprint and can extend shelf-life. This work aimed to develop a polylactide-based antibacterial nanopackaging with a tri-layer structure. This coextruded tri-layer film was composed of an internal extruded layer of polylactide (PLA), a central layer of PLA loaded with encapsulated thyme essential oil, and an outer layer of PLA with graphene nanoplatelets. The tri-layer packaging films' morphological, rheological, thermal, barrier, and antibacterial properties were evaluated and compared to those of their single-layer counterparts. Dispersion of nanoparticles in PLA matrix or in composites is described by rheological, thermal, and XRD analysis. The multilayer films displayed some roughness on the surface, and heterogeneity can be seen through phase imaging compared to single-layer films. Antibacterial assays of the film confirmed a strong bactericidal effect against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, maintaining this activity for 21 days.

Biodegradable cellulose acetate/layered double-hydroxide composite film for active packaging of fresh food

Biodegradable and active packaging films able to positively interact with fresh foods are extremely important to enhance the quality and the sustainability of the modern food industry. In this study, a novel biodegradable active packaging film is developed using thermoplastic cellulose acetate (CAT) and modified layered double hydroxide (LDH) as a filler. The active molecules, potassium sorbate, are ionically bonded to the LDH lamellae, resulting in delayed and controlled release system. By analysing the thermal and mechanical properties of the composites, it is found that the presence of the hybrid LDH-sorbate filler has a minor impact on the processability of the material, up to a concentration of 5% wt/wt. The kinetic release of the sorbate molecule from the composites films is evaluated using UV–Vis Spectroscopy, and analyzed by Brouers-Sotolongo kinetic equation. The active films are shown to be effective in preserving the physicochemical qualities of Pomegranate arils during storage. Overall, these results suggest that CAT active films have potential for use in the food industry to improve the shelf life and quality of fresh fruit.

Development of biodegradable active films based on longan seed starch incorporated with banana flower bract anthocyanin extracts and applications in food freshness indication

The recovery of food by-products is of great significance. Food by-products contain diverse materials showing promise for the development of food packaging or edible coatings. In the present study, the effects of banana flower bract anthocyanin extracts (BFBAEs) on properties of longan seed starch (LSS) films were investigated for the first time. The prepared BFBAEs presented great compatibility with LSS matrix without changing the film chemical structures. The LSS films containing BFBAEs presented improved UV light barrier capacities, increased water vapor permeability, and lowered thermal stability compared to the pure LSS films. Additionally, the introduction of BFBAEs significantly reduced tensile strength and increased elongation at break of LSS films. There is growing demands for the fabrication of intelligent films for the visible monitoring of food freshness. BFBAEs imparted great antioxidant activities and pH-sensitive and ammonia-sensitive discoloration capacities on LSS films. LSS/BFBAEs III films were employed to detect food (beef and shrimp) freshness, and distinguishable color variations could be observed as the food freshness reduced. The LSS-based films were almost completely degraded after 30 days. Two types of by-products were combined to develop novel biodegradable active films, which showed promise for the discernible detection of the freshness of perishable foods.

Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge leaf extract activated chia seeds mucilage/chitosan composite film: Structure, performance, bioactivity, and molecular dynamics perspectives

Biodegradable packaging films containing natural bioactive ingredients emerge nowadays to respond to increasing demands for safety, health, and sustainability in the food industry. The biodegradable active composite films were constructed for the first time using chia seed mucilage (CSM) and chitosan (CS) as film-forming materials and Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge (X. sorbifolium) leaf extract as an active ingredient, namely the CSM/CS/X films. The effects of active component contents (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 wt%) on the microstructure, mechanical, thermodynamic properties, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of the composite film were studied. Interestingly, the CSM/CS/X4 film which contains 4 wt% of X. sorbifolium leaf extract has relatively better micromorphology and performance than other films. Compared with the blank CSM/CS film, the CSM/CS/X films incorporated with X. sorbifolium leaf extract sustainably display good antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The all-atom molecular dynamics simulations reveal the helix structure of the CSM/CS/X films, showing that introducing extract promotes the formation of the composite film through enhanced Coulomb and van der Waals interactions. The results suggest that low-value X. sorbifolium leaf can be used to prepare eco-friendly functional packaging films, which are expected to replace petroleum-based packaging materials that can improve the quality and freshness of food. The study provides a new and effective way for the recycling and value-added utilization of biowaste.

Development and characterization of a novel sodium alginate based active film supplemented with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum postbiotic

In this study, sodium alginate based biodegradable films were prepared by the supplementation with postbiotics of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum (L. plantarum) W2 strain and the effect of probiotics (probiotic-SA film) and postbiotics (postbiotic-SA film) incorporation on physical, mechanical (tensile strength and elongation at break), barrier (oxygen and water vapor permeability), thermal and antimicrobial properties of the films was investigated. The pH, titratable acidity and brix of the postbiotic was 4.02, 1.24 % and 8.37, respectively while gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, myricetin and catechin were the major phenolic compounds. Mechanical and barrier properties of the alginate-based films were improved by probiotic or postbiotic supplementation while postbiotic showed a more pronounced (P < 0.05) effect. Thermal analysis showed that postbiotics supplementation increased thermal stability of the films. In FTIR spectra, the absorption peaks at 2341 and 2317 cm−1 for probiotic-SA and postbiotic-SA edible films confirmed the incorporation of probiotics/postbiotics of L. plantarum W2 strain. Postbiotic supplemented films showed strong antibacterial activity against gram-positive (L. monocytogenes, S. aureus and B. cereus) and gram-negative bacterial (E. coli O157:H7) strains while probiotic-SA films did not show any antibacterial effect against the test pathogens. SEM images revealed that the supplementation of postbiotics provided a rougher and rigid film surface. Overall, this paper brought a new perspective for development of novel active biodegradable films by incorporation of postbiotics with improved performance.

Biodegradable Active Films to Improve the Preservation of Regional Cheese During Refrigerated Storage

Biodegradable Active Films to Improve the Preservation of Regional Cheese During Refrigerated Storage

Characterization of active Cerish fructan-sumac extract composite films: Physical, mechanical, and antioxidant properties.

The biodegradable active films have the potential to increase the shelf life and safety of food products. In this study, the properties of Eremurus spectabilis (Cerish) root fructans (ESRF) film and its combination with Rhus coriaria L. (Sumac) extract (RCLE) at different concentrations (1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% w/w) were investigated. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis determined the fingerprint region of fructans at 950-1150 cm-1 in all spectrograms. RCLE increased the interactions between the hydroxyl groups and the formation of intermolecular bonds in composite films. Elongation-at-break (EAB) and tensile strength (TS) did not change significantly. However, RCLE increased Young's modulus (YM) (p ˂ .05), thermal stability, and crystallinity of composite films. RCLE also increased the film thickness and decreased the water content, solubility, and swelling degree significantly. RCLE improved the reducing ability and free radical-scavenging activity of composite films. Present results indicated that the ESRF/RCLE films were the protective barriers to the permeability of water vapor. The incorporation of RCLE increased the surface hydrophobicity and caused the composite film microstructure to become uniform and more compact. Overall, the Sumac extract at the specific concentration of 3% can be used to improve the Cerish fructans film properties and extend the product's shelf life in active food packaging.

Study on bee bread extracts as active ingredients in SGC-Active film for food packaging application

Globally, the adverse effect of synthetic preservatives on human health remains a challenge. Thus, the development of biodegradable active films is a potential step in realizing environmentally-friendly solutions. The objective of this study is to produce biodegradable active films made of semi-refined carrageenan and stingless bee bread extracts [5, 10, and 20 (v/v %)] as natural antioxidants. Moreover, the film stability was improved by adding glycerol and cellulose nanofibers as a plasticizer and reinforcing agents, respectively. The physical and mechanical properties of biodegradable active films were examined with the antioxidant release test. The antioxidant release tests were carried out in 95% of food simulants over 28 storage days with four-day intervals. The Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) results confirm the good compatibility of the bee bread (BB) extracts with the polymer matrix of semi-refined carrageenan, glycerol, and cellulose nanofiber (SGC). In this study, the formulation of active packaging films incorporated with stingless bee bread extracts demonstrated competitive qualities, which implies that it could be a viable alternative to biodegradable films.

Effect of amaranthus viridis e bidens pilosa leaves extract on properties of soy protein-locust bean gum active films

The present study aimed to manufacture active biodegradable films from soy protein isolate (SPI), locust bean gum (LBG) and caruru and blackjack leaf extract. The interaction between the compounds was evaluated through the analysis of FTIR. The effect of extract addition on the microstructure, mechanical properties, antioxidant capacity, UV radiation absorption capacity, color and opacity of the film were evaluated. All extracts interacted with the protein, however only two treatments interacted with the LBG present in the film. Addition of extracts in the film provided an increase in antioxidant activity. The addition of the blackjack extract increased the tensile strength of the films, but reduced their elasticity. The addition of caruru extract, however, not favoring the resistance of the films. All the extracts darkened the films and the caruru extract provided more greenish films than all the other made films. The films containing blackjack extract presented a higher intensity of light absorption in the spectral range of ultraviolet A and C.

Simultaneous improvement of the physical and biological properties of starch films by incorporating steviol glycoside-based solid dispersion

Bioactive compounds are frequently incorporated into polysaccharides (e.g., starch) to form active biodegradable films for food packaging, but some of them are water insoluble (e.g., curcumin, CUR) that will make the films have undesirable performance. Herein, CUR was successfully solubilized into the aqueous starch film solution by steviol glycoside (STE, a natural sweetener)-based solid dispersion. The mechanisms of solubilization and film formation were explored through molecular dynamic simulation and various characterization methods. The results showed that the amorphous state of CUR combined with micellar encapsulation of STE achieved the solubilization of CUR. STE and starch chains cooperated to form the film via hydrogen bonding, while CUR was uniformly and densely distributed within the film in the form of needle-like microcrystals. The as-prepared film exhibited high flexibility, great moisture barrier, and excellent UV barrier (UV transmittance: ∼0 %). Compared with the film containing CUR alone, the as-prepared film possessed higher release efficiency, antibacterial activity, and pH response sensitivity due to the assistance of STE. Hence, the introduction of STE-based solid dispersion can simultaneously improve the biological and physical properties of starch films, which provides a green, nontoxic, and facile strategy for the perfect integration of hydrophobic bioactive compounds and polysaccharide-based films.

Biodegradable fish gelatin/chitosan-based active films alter chill-stored golden pomfret (Trachinotus blochii) metabolites mainly through modulating four metabolic pathways

The high perishability of fish after capture requires effective preservative strategies to delay its quality loss and extend shelf-life of fish products during chilled storage. There has been a growing interest in employing biodegradable active films for chill-stored fish preservation due to the increasing environmental concern of plastic packaging disposal. The aims of this work were to develop fish gelatin/chitosan-based films loaded with nanoemulsified α-tocopherol (α-TP) and thyme essential oil (TEO) and their combination, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the films to inhibit fish quality deterioration. Nanoemulsified biopreservatives were obtained by ultrasonication with desirable polydispersity index. A good compatibility of the nanoemulsions within the film matrix was observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and their uniform distribution rendered the active films compact and smooth surface morphology as revealed by SEM. FTIR spectra showed that the chemical structure of the films was altered by incorporation of the natural materials. For metabolic profiles in chill-stored fish fillets, totally 47 metabolites were identified using NMR spectroscopy. Amino acid metabolism was found to be the most influenced pathway during fish storage. Besides, the production of some undesirable metabolites such as organic acids, putrescine, tyramine, and hypoxanthine were markedly reduced, which suggested that the active packaging could preserve fish quality through interfering the carbohydrate, nitrogen, and nucleotide metabolisms. Combination of nanoemulsified α-TP and TEO extended the fish shelf-life to 15 days with TVB-N values under the rejection limit, which further confirmed that the biodegradable active films could effectively delay fish quality deterioration.

Development of a multilayer biodegradable active packaging based on nano emulsions, for the bio preservation of food

Multi-layer biodegradable active packaging is a new class of innovative food packaging containing bioactive compounds that are able to maintain food quality and extend shelf life preservation by releasing an active agent during storage. In this context, this study aims to develop and characterize three-layer biodegradable active films: 2 outer layers of ethylcellulose (EC) and a layer internal pectin containing nanoemulsions (NE) of trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) as an antimicrobial agent. Trans-cinnamaldehyde (NE) nanoemulsions were prepared with soy lecithin as an agent. emulsifier to stabilize the TC and protect it for the duration of the film manufacturing. The average size and the zeta potential of the nanoemulsion droplets were 103.93 nm and -46 mV, respectively. The opacity of samples of monolayer and multilayer films decreased by 15.19 (A*mm-1) for the monolayer film of pectin incorporated by nanocapsules at 2.02 for multilayer films. In addition, the multilayer technique has made it possible to improve the mechanical properties of the films compared to monolayers with greater resistance breakage and greater extensibility. Inhibition tests on four bacteria representatives of bacteria pathogens and spoilage found in food industries have confirmed the antimicrobial activity, both, mono and multilayers. The work presented in this study offers perspectives for the fabrication packaging based on antimicrobial and biodegradable multilayer films.

Extrusion-blown starch/PBAT biodegradable active films incorporated with high retentions of tea polyphenols and the release kinetics into food simulants

To reduce thermal degradation of tea polyphenols (TP) in final active packaging materials, poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), starch, plasticizer, and TP were directly synthesized into masterbatches by one-pot method in this study without pre-dispersion, and then blown into active films. TP interacted with starch through hydrogen bonds, with little interaction with PBAT. Barrier properties were improved by incorporating TP into the films, whereas mechanical properties slightly decreased. Blending starch into PBAT greatly accelerated the degradation of the film. And the incorporation of TP slowed down the short-term degradation of the starch/PBAT film, but accelerated the long-term degradation. The initial total polyphenol content in the active film was positively related to the TP loading, whereas the initial retention rate remained above 95 % regardless of TP loadings. The retention rate of TP in active films decreased with storage time, but it was still above 80 % after 12 months, with a favorable stability. TP-loaded films displayed efficient antioxidant and antimicrobial activities with strong dose dependence. The release of TP into food simulants was mainly induced by random diffusion, with little effect from polymer swelling. The short-term release kinetics was well described by Fick's second law. This work has demonstrated the feasibility of TP being incorporated into the active films with high retention through high-throughput fabrication, which provides formula and technical options for the industrial development of active packaging materials.

Fabrication and characterization of novel biodegradable active films based on Eremurus luteus root gum incorporated with nanoemulsions of rosemary essential oil

In this paper, the rosemary essential oil (REO) nanoemulsions with various droplet sizes were obtained by sonication treatment. The influence of incorporation of REO nanoemulsions with the smallest and largest droplets' size at different concentrations (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 % v/v) in Eremurus luteus root gum (ELRG) film on its physicochemical, barrier, mechanical, structure, antioxidant and antimicrobial characteristics were investigated. Also, the effect of particle size and concentration of nanoemulsions on their retention in the film structure during storage at 25 °C were evaluated. The results indicated that the increase in the concentration of REO nanoemulsions decreased their moisture content, solubility, tensile strength, and elastic modulus while increased the contact angle, water vapor permeability (WVP), and elongation at break. The analysis of color attributes of films revealed more opacity, yellowness, and ΔE values of the active films in comparison to the control film. The FTIR spectrums demonstrated the hydrogen bonding interactions of film components at the molecular level. The SEM images showed non-uniform and spongy structures in dried active films after the incorporation of REO nanoemulsions. The loss of REO was raised in dried films by increasing the concentration and diameter of droplets of REO nanoemulsions. The highest bacterial growth inhibition was obtained in the presence of films containing 4 % REO nanoemulsion. The antioxidant activity of ELRG film after the addition of REO improved from 16.45 to 47.78 %. Generally, some of the properties of the active ELRG films were more affected by the concentration of REO emulsions than their droplet size. According to the results, these biodegradable ELRG active films can be considered in the future as edible packaging for improving food shelf-life.

Development of active biodegradable films based on chitosan and essential oil to prevent infestation of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Plodia interpunctella Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is probably the most common moth pest of stored products. Its larvae are considered very effective packaging penetrators, causing serious losses. Therefore, the development of new food packaging technologies to prevent larvae infestation is crucial. In the present work, geranium and peppermint essential oils (EO) were used to elaborate chitosan (Qx) based films (Qx-EO films) at different concentrations (0% (control), 0.1%, 0.25% and 0.5% w/w). The Qx-EO films were tested in repellent and penetration assays for 72 h and 15 days, respectively. In both bioassays, most effective Qx-EO films were those containing geranium and peppermint EO at 0.5% w/w. In repellent assays, Qx-geranium EO films were more effective than Qx-peppermint EO films. In penetration assays, both films reduced penetration percentage to 10% (penetration percentage for control ≈ 50%). Then, possible structural changes, thermal stability and mechanical properties of Qx films containing EOs at 0.5% w/w were analyzed. The loading efficiency of Qx-geranium EO and peppermint EO films were close to 90% and 35%, respectively. It was demonstrated that EO incorporation allows conserving mechanical properties of control films. It is important to emphasize that these films showed repellent activity and could prevent contamination with P. interpunctella larvae.

Bionanocomposite Active Packaging Material Based on Soy Protein Isolate/Persian Gum/Silver Nanoparticles; Fabrication and Characteristics

In this study, nanocomposite active films were fabricated containing silver nanoparticles (SNPs) embedded within soy protein isolate (SPI)/Persian gum (PG) matrices. The physical, mechanical, and antibacterial properties of these composite films were then characterized. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to provide information about the microstructure, interactions, and crystallinity of the films. Pure SPI films had poor physicochemical attributes but the addition of PG (0.25, 0.5, or 1 wt%) improved their water vapor permeability, mechanical properties, and water solubility (WS). The moisture content (MC) of the films decreased after the introduction of PG, which was attributed to fewer free hydroxyl groups to bind to the water molecules. Our results suggest there was a strong interaction between the SPI and the PG and SNPs in the films, suggesting these additives behaved like active fillers. Optimum film properties were obtained at 0.25% PG in the SPI films. The addition of PG (0.25%) and SNPs (1%) led to a considerable increase in tensile strength (TS) and a decrease in elongation at break (EB). Furthermore, the incorporation of the SNPs into the SPI/PG composite films increased their antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus), with the effects being more prominent for S. aureus. Spectroscopy analyses provided insights into the nature of the molecular interactions between the different components in the films. Overall, the biodegradable active films developed in this study may be suitable for utilization as eco-friendly packaging materials in the food industry.

Use of Hazelnut Perisperm as an Antioxidant for Production of Sustainable Biodegradable Active Films.

Utilization of food-waste-derived bioactive compounds with biodegradable polymers is an attractive strategy leading innovation in the food packaging sector and contributing to reduce the environmental concerns of plastic packaging disposal. In this field, this work is aimed to use hazelnut perisperm as an antioxidant agent in the production of biodegradable polymeric films for active packaging applications. For this purpose, hazelnut perisperm of a selected particle size (<250 μm) at different percentages (0%, 5% and 10% by weight) was added to a bioderived and compostable polymer suitable for food contact, known as Ecovio®. The blends were produced by a twin-screw extrusion process, while active films were prepared with a pilot lab-scale film blowing plant. The films were characterized in terms of physical–mechanical properties (thermal, tensile, oxygen barrier, optical, sealing ability) and antioxidant activity (DPPH), to investigate their potential use as active packaging. The results showed that the presence of the hazelnut perisperm confers significant antioxidant activity to the films, which is useful in counteracting lipid oxidation and preserve the quality of lipophilic foods, e.g., nut-dried fruits. An extension of the sealability temperature range of the films without compromising their strength was also highlighted. Moreover, the hazelnut perisperm causes a gradual decrease in the stiffness and mechanical strength of the films and an increase in the ductility of the system.

Characterization of Chitosan-Based Active Film with Addition of Young Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Leaf Extract

This research was aimed to investigate the potential of young coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) leaf extract as an antioxidant and antibacterial active compounds. In this study, the physical, mechanical, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of chitosan-based film with addition of young coconut leaf extract were examined. The young coconut leaf extract was prepared by maceration using ethanol for 48 hours at room temperature. The antioxidant and antibacterial activities were determined by the DPPH and well diffusion methods, respectively. The total phenolic and flavonoids were analyzed using spectrophotometric method. The film was prepared using 1.0 and 1.5% chitosan solution added with young coconut leaf extract at 0, 0.1, and 0.3%. The characterization of the film included color, tensile strength, elongation, WVP, film morphology, identification of functional groups, and total phenolic and antioxidant activity release. The results showed that the antioxidant activity of young coconut leaf extract was IC50 of 58.61 ppm. The antibacterial activity test showed that the inhibitory zone for S. aureus, Salmonella sp., and E. coli were 17,66, 24.40, and 12.27 mm, respectively. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 129.27 mg GAE/g extracts and 3.92 mg QE/g extract, respectively. The color of the film was dark. The higher the concentration of chitosan and the young coconut leaf extract, the higher the tensile strength, whereas the value of elongation at break and water vapor permeability decreased. The release of total phenolic was higher in lipophilic food simulants than in an aqueous system. The result of the study reveals that chitosan-based film added with young coconut leaf extract had great potential as an active biodegradable film for food packaging systems.