Active Biodegradable Films Research Articles

Development of Poly(L-Lactic Acid)/Chitosan/Basil Oil Active Packaging Films via a Melt-Extrusion Process Using Novel Chitosan/Basil Oil Blends

Following the global trend toward a cyclic economy, the development of a fully biodegradable active packaging film is the target of this work. An innovative process to improve the mechanical, antioxidant, and barrier properties of Poly(L-Lactic Acid)/Chitosan films is presented using essential basil oil extract. A Chitosan/Basil oil blend was prepared via a green evaporation/adsorption method as a precursor for the development of the Poly(L-Lactic Acid)/Chitosan/Basil Oil active packaging film. This Chitosan/Basil Oil blend was incorporated directly in the Poly(L-Lactic Acid) matrix with various concentrations. Modification of the chitosan with the Basil Oil improves the blending with the Poly(L-Lactic Acid) matrix via a melt-extrusion process. The obtained Poly(L-Lactic Acid)/Chitosan/Basil Oil composite films exhibited advanced food packaging properties compared to those of the Poly(L-Lactic Acid)/Chitosan films without Basil Oil addition. The films with 5%wt and 10%wt Chitosan/Basil Oil loadings exhibited better thermal, mechanical, and barrier behavior and significant antioxidant activity. Thus, PLLA/CS/BO5 and PLLA/CS/BO10 are the most promising films to potentially be used for active packaging applications.

Development of nanochitosan-based active packaging films containing free and nanoliposome caraway (Carum carvi. L) seed extract.

The biocompatible active films were prepared based on nanochitosan (NCh) containing free and nanoliposome caraway seed extract (NLCE). The produced films were characterized by physico‐mechanical, barrier, structural, color, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. The average particle size of NLCE was 78–122 nm, and the encapsulation efficiency (EE%) was obtained 49.87%–73.07%. Nanoliposomes with the lowest size and the highest encapsulation efficiency were merged with the film samples. NCh/CE3% and NCh/NLCE3% films had higher stability compared to other films and showed the highest antimicrobial activity (3.68 mm inhibition) and radical quenching capacity (51%), respectively. Likewise, biodegradable active films containing nanoliposomes had lower antimicrobial potential and higher antioxidant capacity than films containing free extract with similar concentration. The Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results revealed new interactions between NCh and nanoliposomes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigation also exhibited a homogenous structure and nearly smooth surface morphology with a good dispersion for NCh/NLCE films. Despite an increase in yellowness (b value) and a decrease in whiteness (L value) index, the incorporation of nanoliposomes within the NCh films improved the mechanical flexibility (from 10.2% to 15.05%) and reduced water vapor permeability (WVP) (from 14.2 × 10–12 g/m·s·Pa to 11.9 × 10–12 g/m·s·Pa). Today, due to the growing trend toward natural ingredients, the use of nanoparticles derived from plant derivatives has expanded in the food industry owing to their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.

Optical, Mechanical, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Starch/Polyvinyl Alcohol Biodegradable Film Incorporated with Baccharis dracunculifolia Lyophilized Extract

Biodegradable active films incorporated with lyophilized extract of Baccharis dracunculifolia, source plant of Brazilian green propolis, were prepared by casting method. The extraction conditions of the bioactive compounds were optimized to generate a lyophilized product that was added to the starch: poly(vinyl alcohol) (1:1 w/w) film at concentrations of 0%, 1.0%, and 1.5% (w/w). The addition of B. dracunculifolia extracts promotes a reduction in the mechanical properties and an increase in the opacity of the active biodegradable films, directly related to the B. dracunculifolia contend added. For the migration tests in the films, using different food simulants solvents, the antioxidant activity (DPPH) and the TPC were performed, and ranged from 71.64 to 215.06 μmol Trolox and from 14.57 to 40.95 mg GAE (Gallic acid equivalent), per gram of film, respectively. The active biodegradable films were efficient against the pathogenic microorganisms Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica. The HPLC analysis showed that the major components in B. dracunculifolia extract were catechin, followed by ferulic acid. According to the characteristics presented, B. dracunculifolia lyophilized extract is a promising product for incorporation in food or pharmaceutical formulas, or as an active food packaging, due to its antioxidant and bactericidal activities.

Thermal, Mechanical, Microstructural and Inhibitory Characteristics of Sodium Caseinate Based Bioactive Films Reinforced by ZnONPs/Encapsulated Melissa officinalis Essential Oil

Sodium caseinate (SC) based active edible films containing a mixture of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and microcapsules of Melissa officinalis essential oil (MMEO) were prepared, and their characteristics were investigated. MMEO was used at concentrations of 0, 5 and 10% w/v and the amounts of ZnONPs were 0, 0.01, and 0.03% w/v. Central composite design (CCD) was utilized to optimize the effects of MMEO and ZnONPs on the biopolymer. The mechanical test results demonstrated that increasing MMEO and ZnONPs concentrations increased tensile strength. Morphological results showed that the prepared microcapsules were homogeneously spherical in the sodium caseinate film, and the nanoparticles were evenly dispersed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results exhibited the compatibility between SC and nanocarriers. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses indicated that nanocomposite films had higher crystallinity than pure films of SC. The results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that dissociation of the intramolecular bond as well as the melting of the crystalline regions caused endothermic peaks in these compounds. The prepared films presented high antioxidant properties and the antibacterial behavior of the films was improved by incorporation of MMEO and ZnONPs into the films. The optimized film fabricated in this study had a practical potential to use as a biodegradable active edible film for food packaging.

Nanocomposite films consisting of functional nanoparticles (TiO2 and ZnO) embedded in 4A-Zeolite and mixed polymer matrices (gelatin and polyvinyl alcohol)

In this study, nanocomposite films with enhanced functional properties were prepared by loading titanium dioxide (TiO2) and/or zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles within 4A zeolite (4AZ) particles, and then incorporating these nanocomposites into a poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and gelatin matrix. The composition and morphology of the films were characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The thermal behavior of the films was established using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). SEM showed the nanoparticles were dispersed throughout the films when used at these levels. FTIR indicated that the inorganic nanoparticles interacted with the PVA/gelatin polymer network through hydrogen bonding. XRD confirmed that the nanoparticles were in a crystalline state within the films. DSC and TGA showed that introduction of the nanoparticles modified the nanocomposite’s thermal behavior. Nanoparticle addition had a number of effects: (i) it decreased film transparency from 78.7% to 69.4% 72.0% and 69.7%; (ii) it decreased film water vapor permeability (WVP) from 8.20 × 10−9 to 5.13 × 10−9, 5.71 × 10−9 and 5.24 × 10−9 g/Pa.h.m; (iii) it reduced film oxygen permeability from 4.57 to 3.29, 3.10 and 3.00 mEq/g; and (i) it increased film tensile strength (TS) from 14.6 to 22.0, 20.3 and 18.0 MPa, for PVA/gelatin films containing 0%, 1.5% ZnO, 1.5% TiO2 and 1% (ZnO + TiO2) nanoparticles, respectively (with the nanoparticles being trapped within 4AZ). Moreover, active nanocomposite films exhibited significant antimicrobial effects especially against gram-negative bacteria. Overall, our results show that nanoparticle-loaded PVA/gelatin nanocomposites may be useful as active biodegradable nanocomposite films for application in the packaging industry and that their properties can be modulated by controlling the nature and level of nanoparticles incorporated.

Characterization of Semi-Refined Carrageenan Reinforced with Cellulose Nanofiber Incorporated α-Tocopherol for Active Food Packaging Applications

This work focuses on the development of biodegradable active films packaging using natural compounds by reducing the plastic waste to environment but also as a potential substitute of synthetic preservative in food. Active film packaging was formulated using semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) biopolymer plasticized with glycerol (G), reinforced with different concentrations cellulose nanofiber (CNF) at 0 to 13% w/w incorporated 0.4% w/w α-tocopherol as natural antioxidants. Physical and mechanical properties of the film samples were analyzed. Active films reinforced CNF enhanced overall the tensile strength and the value of elongation at break significantly (p<0.05). Film samples reinforced with 10% w/w CNF improved the value of opacity, thickness, films solubility (%) and moisture content (%) with (5.60±0.14, 0.139 ±0.02, 27.89±2.41 and 18.88±1.06) respectively. In summary, an active film with 10% w/w CNF showed highest improvement on the mechanical and physical properties due to the uniform dispersion between CNF-SRC matrix interactions. Hence, the new formulation of active packaging film with showed competitive properties that could be an alternative solution for biodegradable films with function of food protection against oxidative degeneration.

Development and Characterization of Citrus Junos Pomace Pectin Films Incorporated With Rambutan (Nephelium Lappaceum) Peel Extract

New packaging materials using biopolymers have been studied to substitute synthetic packaging materials that lead to environmental pollution. In this study, a new biodegradable packaging material was developed using the pectin extracted from Citrus junos pomace, which is considered a food processing byproduct. Rambutan peel extract (RPE), at different concentrations (0.25%, 0.5%, and 1.0%), was added as an active material, and the functional properties of the C. junos pectin (CJP) films were evaluated. The incorporation of RPE enhanced the extensibility of the CJP films and their light-blocking ability by decreasing light transmittance. As the concentration of RPE increased, antioxidant activities of the CJP films increased, along with an increase in total phenolic content. Subsequently, the CJP prepared in this study can be used as a low-cost active biodegradable film material, and RPE can be added as a natural antioxidant for the CJP films to confer antioxidant activity.

Development of electrospun active films of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) by the incorporation of cyclodextrin inclusion complexes containing oregano essential oil

This paper reports the development of biodegradable active packaging films of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) by the incorporation of alpha- and gamma-cyclodextrins (α-CD andγ-CDs) containing oregano essential oil (OEO). Herein, both the kneading method (KM) and freeze-drying method (FDM) were first explored for the preparation of α-CD:OEO andγ-CD:OEO inclusion complexes at host:guest ratios of 80:20 wt/wt and 85:15 wt/wt, respectively. The results showed that KM was the most efficient method for the encapsulation of OEO in the CDs cavity in terms of simplicity and rapidity, while it was also yielded the inclusion complexes with the highest antimicrobial and antioxidant performance. The α-CD:OEO andγ-CD:OEO inclusion complexes obtained by KM were thereafter incorporated at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 wt% into PHBV fibres by electrospinning and annealed at 160 °C to produce contact transparent films. It was observed that the optimal concentration of α-CD:OEO andγ-CD:OEO inclusion complexes for homogeneous and continuous film formation was attained at contents of 15 and 25 wt%, respectively. Higher antimicrobial and antioxidant activities were obtained for the γ-CD:OEO inclusion complexes due to the greater encapsulation efficiency of OEO in γ-CD, resulting in PHBV films with good performance for up to 15 days. This aspect, together with their improved thermal stability and mechanical strength, give interesting applications to these biopolymer films in the design of active-releasing packaging materials to maintain the physical, chemical, and microbiological characteristics of food products.

Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of sodium starch octenylsuccinate-based Pickering emulsion films incorporated with cinnamon essential oil

This study aimed to determine the potential of sodium starch octenylsuccinate (SSOS)-based Pickering emulsions incorporated with cinnamon essential oil (CEO) as a vehicle for delivering active biodegradable films to improve their antimicrobial and antioxidant activites. This study explored the combined effects of mixed oils (CEO and corn oils). Particle size distribution, mean drop size, ζ-potential, polymer dispersity index (PDI), and microstructure were determined to confirm emulsion stability. Well-distributed emulsion droplets maintained under a good condition and encapsulated by SSOS resulted in homogeneous and stable emulsions. The obtained mixed oil-loaded Pickering emulsions were incorporated into the SSOS film preparation, and the morphological, physical, and functional characteristics of the active film were studied. An optimal CEO/corn oil ratio decreased tensile strength but improved elongation at break, water vapor permeability, and oxygen permeability. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) showed that the SSOS membrane matrix is compatible with Pickering emulsions incorporated with mixed oil. Moreover, a significant decrease was observed in loss of CEO by the Pickering emulsion method. This method exhibited antioxidant and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis, indicating that the encapsulation strategy was efficient to protect against loss of CEO during drying and storage.

Active biodegradable films based on water soluble polysaccharides from white jelly mushroom (Tremella fuciformis) containing roasted peanut skin extract

This study aimed to manufacture biodegradable films based on water soluble polysaccharides from the white jelly mushroom (Tremella fuciformis), containing various concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 g/100 mL) of peanut skin extract (PSE), as well as, evaluate the mechanical properties, microstructure, and antioxidant activity of the developed films. T. fuciformis polysaccharides (TFP) were isolated from white jelly mushrooms. The TFP film was transparent and had low tensile strength (TS), whereas, TS of the TFP film containing 1.0 g/100 mL PSE increased from 4.34 MPa to 23.99 MPa. Incorporation of PSE into the TFP film affected the film surface morphology and increased its surface hydrophobicity. Moreover, the TFP film containing 1.0 g/100 mL PSE exhibited a strong radical scavenging activity. In addition, the TFP films containing PSE were mostly degraded in soil after 50 d, irrespective of PSE content. These results demonstrate that the TFP films, which contain PSE, can be utilized as an eco-friendly packaging material having an antioxidant activity.

Release kinetics of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and thymol from sustainable and biodegradable active packaging films

Active packaging films can be formulated with biodegradable polymer loaded with natural antimicrobial compounds (NAC) as biodegradable alternatives to traditional plastic packaging for food. Essential oil compounds, naturally found in the plants, have antimicrobial activity against microorganisms. In this work, they are encapsulated in liquid lipid nanoparticles (LLN) or solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) to control and enhance their solubility and stability and control kinetic release. In this study, the release kinetics of thymol, cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol, from pullulan-based films were studied as a function of lipid structure (liquid vs solid) and carrier particle concertation. The crystallization temperature of SLN (10.2 °C) decreased with incorporation of NAC (6.8 °C in SLN loaded with 1 % cinnamaldehyde). Increasing NAC significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the crystallization temperature of SLN. The SLN structure was similar in films to emulsions as their melting and crystallization temperatures were similar (p > 0.05). The NAC release rate from SLN films was twice than that from LLN films due to higher aqueous partitioning. The release rate in SLN films increased 100 %, 50 %, and 5 % for thymol, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, respectively, when NAC concertation in the particles increased from 1 % to 2 %. Thymol had highest release rate (0.93 ppm/min) from SLN loaded with 2 % NAC films than that of eugenol and cinnamaldehyde (0.40 and 0.15 ppm/min, respectively). This study shows that the NAC-loaded pullulan films can be used as active antimicrobial packaging film for food applications with controlled release of active compounds.

Interfacial Assembly of a Cashew Nut (Anacardium occidentale) Testa Extract onto a Cellulose-Based Film from Sugarcane Bagasse to Produce an Active Packaging Film with pH-Triggered Release Mechanism

This study aims to produce a biodegradable active packaging film that is pH sensitive, and has a good antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. To do this, a novel phenolic extract was interfacially assembled onto a cellulose film, resulting in a film with a pH-triggered release mechanism of the active polyphenol agent. First, an aqueous extraction of cashew nut testa (CTE) was performed and subsequently, the CTE was characterized. The disc diffusion assay showed that CTE exhibited antimicrobial activity towards the food pathogens Escherichia coli (6 mm) and Staphylcoccus aureus (12 mm). CTE was also cytotoxic against cancer HepG2 and HEK293 cells, reducing the viability to 52% and 47%, respectively. It was incorporated into a cellulose-based packaging film, prepared from the by-product, sugarcane bagasse (SC) through interfacial assembly. The incorporation of CTE resulted in a film with good antimicrobial activity, excellent antioxidant content (91%), and has extremely high thermal stability (290 °C). FTIR indicated the formation of hydrogen bond between the SC cellulose-based film and CTE. The hydrogen bonds formed between the cellulose film and CTE became the driving force behind the pH-triggered release mechanism. It was found that the active agent, tannic acid, could be controllably released from the film, depending on the pH of the environment. Our strategy to produce a cellulose-based film impregnated with a phenolic extract, using interfacial assembly, resulted in an active packaging film with pH-triggered release mechanism. This film could be useful to extend the shelf life of perishable food items.

Development of Active Biodegradable Films: Starch Films Incorporated with Starch Nanoparticles and Oregano Essential Oil

The present study aimed to develop biodegradable starch films with starch nanoparticles incorporated with oregano essential oil – OEO (Origanum vulgare), for application as active packaging in food preservation. Film production was performed using the casting method. Three concentrations of oregano essential oil (0.0%, 5.0% and 10%) were studied. The physical and mechanical properties of the films produced were also evaluated. For analysis of antimicrobial efficiency, the methodologies of CLSI and APHA were used. The incorporation of essential oregano oil influenced the performance of the films. The films with 5.0% and 10% OEO showed antimicrobial efficiency when compared to the control.

Active biodegradable films based on the whole potato peel incorporated with bacterial cellulose and curcumin

Development of biodegradable food packaging using biomass based materials derived from agricultural wastes has been a trend in recent years. The biopolymer films were prepared using 3% and 5% (w/w) potato peel (PP) powder. Bacterial cellulose (BC) (0, 5, 10 and 15% based on PP powder) was added as a reinforcement agent. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that 10% BC had a promising compatibility with the PP matrix. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the crystallinity and the thermal stability of films did not change with BC addition. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated the hydrogen bonding interactions between the PP matrix and BC in the films. BC addition significantly improved the tensile strength (TS), but reduced their water vapor permeability (WVP), oxygen permeability (OP) and moisture content (MC) of the PP films. Addition of curcumin further increased the antioxidant properties of the PP films. The PP films with 1–5% curcumin significantly reduced lipid oxidation in the fresh pork during storage with lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content.

Development and optimization of antimicrobial active films produced with a reinforced and compatibilized biodegradable polymers

Abstract Biodegradable polymers can produce sustainable films to substitute regular food packaging as an answer to environmental concerns and food preservation. Nisin Z (NIS Z) bioactive compound can be embedded into biodegradable polymers, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and starch, to produce antimicrobial eco-friendly active films. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and maleic anhydride (MA) have been added into matrix films, as reinforcement compounds, to improve polymer’s performance. For this reason, Corn Starch-PVA biodegradable film blends were produced by the incorporation of CNC, MA and NIS Z according the concentration values obtained from the Central Composite Designs. Desirability function was stablished promoting a maximization of antimicrobial effects and mechanical features and a minimization of barrier responses. Film topographies were examined using a profilometer and a scanning electron microscopic and a heterogeneous surface patterns were observed. Moreover, the active films were also evaluated by X-ray diffraction and color analysis. L. monocytogenes control efficiency by the films highlighted the potential to produce active biodegradable films as an alternative to the addition of food preservatives against this bacteria’s growth.

Active biodegradable packaging films modified with grape seeds lignin.

Biodegradable packaging materials represent one possible solution for how to reduce the negative environmental impact of plastics. The main idea of this work was to investigate the possibility of utilizing grape seed lignin for the modification of polyhydroxyalkanoates with the use of its antioxidant capacity in packaging films. For this purpose, polymeric films based on the blend of high crystalline poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and amorphous polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) were prepared. PHB/PHA films displayed Young modulus of 240 MPa, tensile strength at a maximum of 6.6 MPa and elongation at break of 95.2%. The physical properties of PHB/PHA films were modified by the addition of 1–10 wt% of grape seeds lignin (GS-L). GS-L lignin showed a high antioxidant capacity: 238 milligrams of Trolox equivalents were equal to one gram of grape seeds lignin. The incorporation of grape seeds lignin into PHB/PHA films positively influenced their gas barrier properties, antioxidant activity and biodegradability. The values of oxygen and carbon dioxide transition rate of PHB/PHA with 1 wt% of GS-L were 7.3 and 36.3 cm3 m−2 24 h 0.1 MPa, respectively. The inhibition percentage of the ABTS radical determined in PHB/PHA/GS-L was in the range of 29.2% to 100% depending on the lignin concentration. The biodegradability test carried out under controlled composting environment for 90 days showed that the PHB/PHA film with 50 w/w% of amorphous PHA reached the degradability degree of 68.8% being about 26.6% higher decomposition than in the case of neat high crystalline PHB film. The degradability degree of PHA films in compost within the tested period reflected the modification of the semi-crystalline character and varied with the incorporated lignin. From the toxicological point of view, the composts obtained after biodegradation of PHA films proved the non-toxicity of PHB/PHA/GS-L materials and its degradation products showed a positive effect on white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seeds germination.

Developing poly(vinyl alcohol)/chitosan films incorporate with d-limonene: Study of structural, antibacterial, and fruit preservation properties

Active biodegradable packaging films were developed with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), chitosan (CS) and d-Limonene (DL). The effect of various DL content levels (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% w/w) on the structural, mechanical, biodegradable and antimicrobial properties of PVA/CS films was systematically studied. Good compatibility between DL and PVA/CS, and good dispersion of DL in the PVA/CS matrix were demonstrated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). PVA/CS films greatly improved their antibacterial, mechanical and barrier properties, which are associated with the considerable biodegradability, after they were incorporated with DL. However, the overloading with DL may weaken hydrogen bonds between polymer chains, resulting in the negative effects on the physical performances of the film. Particularly, the PVA/CS/DL-5% film showed the highest water contact angle and transmittance value, and also showed effective preservations of packaged mango fruits during 10 day of storage at 20 ± 2 °C, based on the characterization by fruits weight loss, decay rate, firmness, titratable acidity, soluble solids, and ascorbic acid. Consequently, DL/PVA/CS composite films may be a promising eco-friendly packaging material for food preservation.

Fabrication and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol/carboxymethyl cellulose/titanium dioxide degradable composite films: an RSM study

The main aim of the current study was to design and fabricate biodegradable antibacterial composite films composed of polyvinyl alcohol/carboxymethyl cellulose/titanium dioxide (PVA/CMC/TiO2) with appropriate potential for packaging applications. The process was designed using the response surface methodology (RSM) via the Design Expert software. PVA was chosen as the main portion of the film, and the weight percent of CMC and TiO2 were selected as the important parameters affecting the mechanical properties, degradability, and water vapor permeability (WVP) of the prepared samples. Statistical analysis confirmed that software presented quadratic equations could predict the governed relations between process parameters and selected responses properly. These equations showed that adding CMC and TiO2 improved mechanical and barrier properties of the pure PVA matrix, while the degradability and WVP decreased due to uniform dispersion of TiO2 into the matrix. However, further adding of CMC and TiO2 reduced mechanical and barrier properties probably due to agglomeration of nanoparticles and embrittlement of the matrix. Furthermore, significant antibacterial property against Escherichia coli was observed via the disk diffusion method for the composite films due to presence of TiO2. Overall, the current study findings support the potential of PVA/CMC/TiO2 compounding for fabrication of active biodegradable packaging films.

Study of chemical compound spatial distribution in biodegradable active films using NIR hyperspectral imaging and multivariate curve resolution

AbstractA study of spatial distribution of the four different plasticizers and sorbic acid incorporated in cellulose acetate biodegradable films using near‐infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR‐HSI) and multivariate curve resolution—alternating least squares (MCR‐ALS) is presented. A NIR‐HSI was acquired for each film. MCR‐ALS was applied to generate pure component distribution maps. A repeatability study was performed. The proposed method was able to recover the pure spectra of each film component accurately. The relative concentration vectors obtained by the MCR‐ALS were rebuilt in matrices, and it was possible to analyze the homogeneity of the film constituents based on macropixel analysis and homogeneity index. The NIR‐HSI imaging showed excellent repeatability. For the first time, a study detailing the distribution of chemical compounds incorporated into entire biodegradable films was possible by using NIR hyperspectral imaging combined with the MCR‐ALS method.

Effect of different types of active biodegradable films containing lactoperoxidase system or sage essential oil on the shelf life of fish burger during refrigerated storage

The present study aimed to control the spoilage of fish burger of common carp meat kept at refrigerated temperature (4 ± 2 °C) during 20 days storage using active biodegradable films containing lactoperoxidase system (LPS) or sage essential oil (SEO). Fish burgers were prepared from minced common carp meat and were wrapped in chitosan (CH), alginate (AL) and gelatin (ZH) films containing SEO or LPS. Different groups were kept in the refrigerated temperature and samples taken at day 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 of storage time for determination of Total Viable Count (TVC), psychrotrophic bacterial count (PTC), Pseudomonas spp. (PSC) and Shewanella spp (ShC). Also, TBARS, pH and sensory properties of the groups were checked during refrigeration. Chitosan films containing LPS were the most effective package to significantly suppress the increase of TVC, PTC, Pseudomonas spp. and Shewanella spp and TBARS during 20-day storage at refrigerated condition compared with other treatments (P<0.05). Moreover, the alginate and chitosan films containing LPS and SEO had the higher ultimate pH (P<0.05). The results of this study indicated that the chitosan film containing LPS extend the shelf life of fish burgers in comparison by other treatments and control for 5 days.