Bioactive Characteristics Research Articles

Mosquito Larvicides of Partial and Combinations Extract of Ethnobotanical Plant from North Sulawesi, Indonesia

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Diseases caused by microbes vectored by mosquitoes are still a health problem in tropical countries today. DHF and Malaria are the two primary diseases vectored by mosquitoes, the morbidity and mortality rates have increased in low countries until now. However, the best way to control these two diseases is to control vectors, namely mosquitoes. Research has been conducted to determine the bioactive content and larvicidal activity of local plant extracts of North Sulawesi. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The clove and trumpet flower samples were obtained from Minahasa, while the nutmeg samples were obtained from Sitaro Regency. Empirically, people use plant parts to repel mosquitoes. Extraction of plant simplicia was carried out by the maceration method. Qualitative and quantitative methods carried out the phytochemical content analysis. Qualitative analysis uses Harborne's (1996) method while qualitative analysis uses the UV Vis Spectrophotometer method. Toxicity tests were carried out on mosquito larvae developed in the laboratory. <b>Results:</b> The results showed that combining clove leaf extract, nutmeg flesh extract and trumpet flower synergistically increased the bioactive content. Flavonoids increased in the combination of extracts compared to partial extracts. The combination of extracts showed the highest toxicity to mosquito larvae (LC<sub>50</sub>: 22.541 mg L<sup>1</sup>), while the lowest was the partial extract of clove leaves with LC<sub>50</sub> (54.965 mg L<sup>1</sup>). <b>Conclusion:</b> The combination of extracts showed the best toxicity activity on mosquito larvae. Research on bioactive characteristics and toxicity in adult mosquitoes needs to be carried out in the future.

Hünnap (Ziziphus jujuba) Meyvesinin Biyolojik Etkinliği ve Kimyasal Bileşimi

Jujuba (Ziziphus jujuba) has a long history of usage as a fruit and remedy. The main biologically active components are vitamin C, phenolics, flavonoids, triterpenic acids, and polysaccharides. Many phytochemical studies of jujuba fruits indicate that Z. jujuba has important biological effects, such as the anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiobesity, immunostimulant, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and gastrointestinal protective activities. This review aims to explain bioactive characteristics of Z. jujuba by several examples of studies.

Optimization of soybean pre-treatment processes for the improvement of their nutritional, biochemical and bioactive characteristics

Optimization of soybean pre-treatment processes for the improvement of their nutritional, biochemical and bioactive characteristics

Optimization of soybean pre-treatment processes for the improvement of their nutritional, biochemical and bioactive characteristics

Soybeans (Glycine max) are one of the most widely grown oilseeds in the world. Soybeans are processed into several products. However, during these transformation processes, the nutritional value of the beans can be greatly affected. Therefore, it was important to find optimal conditions under which soybeans can be processed while retaining their nutritional value. The objective of the study was therefore to improve the nutritional composition of soybeans while optimizing the different processing techniques. Thus, untreated (EN), dehulled (ED), sprouted (EG), roasted (ETO,) and distilled water soaked (ET) soybeans were used to determine the proximate, bioactive and anti-nutritional composition. Sprouted (EG) and dehulled (ED) beans were subjected to temperature and time factors respectively to determine the action of these factors on the nutritional composition of soybeans. The results show that the different types of samples are rich in protein (37.98±2.75 g/100g DM), fat (20.02±1.87 g/100g DM), potassium (1838.68±2.75 mg/100g DM), and magnesium (276.45±8.47 g/100g). Sprouted seeds (ED) and hulled seeds (ED) showed the best nutritional potential. The effect of soaking temperature on shelled seeds and the monitoring of germination at 24h, 48h, and 72h allowed for optimizing the nutritional properties of soybeans. Thus, the samples germinated at 24 h showed the highest energy value while the seeds germinated at 72 h are more suitable in terms of functional foods and the hulled soybeans soaked at 40°C have a high food potential. These data are very important in food industries and for possible formulations.

Influence of Wheatgrass Juice on Techno-Functional Properties and Bioactive Characteristics of Pasta

Pasta is an excellent source for fortification of ingredients and wheatgrass juice (WGJ) as a natural source of vital nutrients and antioxidants; the study was taken to develop WGJ-rich functional pasta. Wheatgrass juice (WGJ) was added at the rate of 33, 66, and 100% by replacing water during the mixing process of pasta. The samples were assessed by cooking quality, proximate composition, antioxidant properties, color, texture attributes, and sensory evaluation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed. Incorporation of WGJ significantly ( p < 0.05 ) decreased the optimum cooking time of pasta, whereas water absorption capacity was increased. Cooking loss in pasta increased from 2.89 to 3.21% with increasing levels of WGJ from 33 to 100%. The addition of wheatgrass juice to pasta improved the nutritional and antioxidant profile significantly ( p < 0.05 ), as evidenced by increases in protein, phenolics, flavonoids, chlorophyll, and antioxidant activities (FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS). The incorporation of wheatgrass juice reduced the L value, whereas a ∗ of the pasta enhanced gradually. With the addition of WGJ, the stiffness and hardness of the pasta changed dramatically. FTIR spectra validated the existence of bioactive compounds and chlorophyll pigments in pasta. Sensory data revealed that pasta containing 100% of WGJ was acceptable with the highest overall acceptability score of 7.72.

Development and Characterization of Bioactive Edible Films Based on Semi-Refined Kappa Carrageenan Incorporated with Honey and Kaempferia galanga L. Essential Oil

This paper emphasized the innovation of commercial semi-refined kappa carrageenan-based (SRKC) films incorporated with Ceiba pentandra honey and Kaempferia galanga L. essential oil to develop bioactive edible film. The influence of honey and essential oil concentrations on the mechanical, physical, moisture barrier, and sensory properties has been investigated. It was found that the thickness, solubility, elongation at break of the edible film with honey addition (50, 100, 150, and 200 % w/w carrageenan) were increased (p < 0.05), whereas the tensile strength was decreased (p < 0.05), and there was no significant difference in the water vapor transmission rate of all the films (p > 0.05). In the next stage, increment of essential oil concentration (0.25, 0.5, and 1 % w/v) in SRKC film with 200 % honey increased the thickness, but reduced the solubility, tensile strength, and elongation at break, and had no significant influence on the water vapor transmission rate (p > 0.05). The edible film incorporated with 200 % honey and 0.25 % Kaempferia galanga L. essential oil demonstrated a significant effect on the sensory evaluation test on aroma, taste, and overall attributes (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the edible films also encompassed many bioactive compounds. In summary, the present research findings confirmed the potentials of SRKC edible film enriched with 200 % honey and 0.25 % Kaempferia galanga L. essential oil as a novel edible food packaging with enhanced bioactive characteristics.
 HIGHLIGHTS
 
 Semi-refined kappa carrageenan (SRKC) is a good film-forming material
 Kaempferia galanga L. essential oil is known for its bioactive components
 Honey and the essential oil are added to develop bioactive edible film
 
 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Non-Commercial Grapevines Hybrids Fruits as a Novel Food of High Antioxidant Activity.

Non-commercial hybrid grapevine cultivars, usually used for dessert purposes or as ornamental garden plants, may contain a wealth of bioactive substances and thus can be regarded as highly valuable food resources. Antioxidant properties and selected groups of polyphenolic components in the three fractions of fruits: peel, pulp and juice; of five hybrid grape cultivars grown in Poland—Michigan, Alwood, Minnesota, V68021 and Beta—were analyzed and characterized. The liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-PDA-Q/TOF and UPLC-PDA), total polyphenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins, and DPPH, ABTS and FRAP were used for evaluation of antioxidant potential qualitatively and quantitatively as well as simple reductive sugars were measured. The antioxidant activity and polyphenols content depend mainly on the grape fruit fraction, while they depend to a lesser extent on the cultivar of the hybrid grapes studied. It was confirmed that grape skins are characterized by high antioxidant activity and their bioactive characteristics are similar to many hybrid grape cultivars grown in southern and Mediterranean regions of Europe. Especially grape skins of Alwood and Beta cultivars were characterized by a particularly high content of polyphenolic compounds, mainly from the flavonoid and anthocyanin group and a low content of simple sugars.

State‐of‐the‐art review on the high‐performance poly (ether ether ketone) composites for mechanical, tribological and bioactive characteristics

AbstractPoly‐ether‐ether‐ketones (PEEK) exhibit a distinctive combination of thermo‐oxidative stability, chemical and solvent resistance, toughness, stiffness, and other mechanical properties, flame resistance at elevated temperatures. The promising applications in different fields evolved on several modifications, incorporating functional fillers, nanoparticles, fibers, etc. The incorporation of carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes, and graphene improves remarkably the mechanical, electrical and structural performance, precisely thermal stability, mechanical properties, thermal and electrical conductivity. The inorganic nanoparticles such as WS2, SiO2, or Al2O3 improve the matrix's tribological properties; particularly wear resistance and the coefficient of friction. Poly‐ether‐ether‐ketones is a biocompatible polymer that has gained a lot of attention as a replacement of metallic implants and other orthopedic, spinal, trauma, and dentistry applications. It has recently been used in cranioplasty to provide better protection. Bioactive surface modification of carbon–PEEK composites has only been documented in a few researches. PEEK is preferred because of its similar biocompatibility, elasticity to the bone, and radiolucency; however, due to its inert properties, it fails to integrate with the bone. Titanium (Ti) and Ti‐alloys are widely used in many intraosseous implants due to their biocompatibility and ability to osseointegrate. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the research on PEEK‐based composites, mainly mechanical, tribological and bioactive performance. PEEK and PEEK‐based composites are also explored in terms of additive manufacturing. The impact of the preparation conditions, processing parameters, type of reinforcement, and the functional filler's concentration level on the structure and properties of the resultant materials are discussed. Finally, the current and potential applications and the future prospective recommendations are proposed in the last section.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of High-Value Fractions from Fruit Industrial Processing Waste.

This work deals with the valorization of fruit industrial processing waste pretreated with two dehydration methods, air oven and lyophilization. Ultrasound-assisted extraction using a sonication probe was selected to recover the high-value fractions. A battery of experiments following a Box–Behnken design was planned to evaluate the effect of the ultrasound amplitude, extraction duration, and temperature on the yield, protein content, phenolic content, and antiradical capacity of the soluble extracts. Operating at a fixed frequency (24 kHz) and solid:water ratio (1:15), the models predicted (significance degree >95%) the maximum extraction conditions of 69.7% amplitude, 53.43 °C, and 12 min for conventionally dehydrated fruit waste. Under these processing conditions, 52.6% extraction yield was achieved, with a protein content of 0.42 mg/g, total phenolic content of 116.42 mg GAE/g, and antioxidant capacity of 44.95 mg Trolox/g. Similar yields (53.95%) and a notably higher protein content (0.69 mg/g), total phenolic content (135.32 mg GAE/g), and antioxidant capacity (49.52 mg Trolox/g) were identified for lyophilized fruit waste. This treatment required a longer dehydration pretreatment duration (double), higher ultrasound amplitude (80%), and higher extraction temperature (70 °C), but shorter extraction time (4 min). These outcomes highlighted the important impact of the dehydration method on the valorization of the tested waste, with conventional drying saving costs, but the lyophilization procedure enhancing the bioactive features of the waste.

Influence of Xenogeneic and Alloplastic Carriers for Bone Augmentation on Human Unrestricted Somatic Stem Cells.

Alloplastic and xenogeneic bone grafting materials are frequently used for bone augmentation. The effect of these materials on precursor cells for bone augmentation is yet to be determined. The aim of this study was to ascertain, in vitro, how augmentation materials influence the growth rates and viability of human unrestricted somatic stem cells. The biocompatibility of two xenogeneic and one alloplastic bone graft was tested using human unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs). Proliferation, growth, survival and attachment of unrestricted somatic stem cells were monitored after 24 h, 48 h and 7 days. Furthermore, cell shape and morphology were evaluated by SEM. Scaffolds were assessed for their physical properties by Micro-CT imaging. USSCs showed distinct proliferation on the different carriers. Greatest proliferation was observed on the xenogeneic carriers along with improved viability of the cells. Pore sizes of the scaffolds varied significantly, with the xenogeneic materials providing greater pore sizes than the synthetic inorganic material. Unrestricted somatic stem cells in combination with a bovine collagenous bone block seem to be very compatible. A scaffold’s surface morphology, pore size and bioactive characteristics influence the proliferation, attachment and viability of USSCs.

Bioactive compounds and antioxidant characteristics of various tomato cultivars from Serbia – chemometric approach.

Bioactive compounds and antioxidant characteristics of various tomato cultivars from Serbia – chemometric approach.

Evaluation of plant‐based oils for production of offset printing ink

AbstractThe oils and solvents are the main components of the printing ink, and the chemical composition of the ink could be harmful or toxic to human health and the environment. Therefore, there is an increasing demand to develop inks containing green, biobased, sustainable, and renewable raw materials instead of petrochemical substances. In this study, flaxseed oil (FO), pomegranate seed oil, plum kernel oil (PKO), and grape seed oil (GSO) were selected to produce offset printing inks. Pinus pinaster (P. pinaster) resin was also used in the formulation of inks to examine the effects of natural resin on ink together with vegetable oils. The phenolic content was analyzed for the resin and oils to figure out their potential antioxidant and bioactive characteristics. Optical and rheological tests were applied to evaluate the printability of the inks. L*a*b*, ΔE, density, and gloss tests were performed for optical evaluation. The viscosity, tack, and rub resistance tests were applied to perform rheological analysis. The biobased, environmental friendly, and self‐drying (cold set) offset printing inks were obtained using natural pine resin and three different plant‐based oils FO, PKO, and GSO. The printability analysis of the inks figured out the potential usage of plant‐based oils in the offset printing ink formulation.

Structural and bioactive characterization of purified polysaccharide from deep-freeze pretreated Sorghum bicolor L. leaf sheath

This study determined the effect of deep-freeze pretreatment of sorghum leaf sheath on the extraction yield of ultrasound-extracted purified polysaccharides (DFUP-1), and confirmed the physicochemical, structural and bioactive characteristics of DFUP-1. Deep-freeze pretreatment induced breaks in the cell walls and resulted in a higher yield (14.35%) of crude polysaccharide extract than without pretreatment (9.23%). The crude extract was purified using DEAE-52 cellulose ion exchange and Sephadex G-100 gel-filtration chromatography to obtain DFUP-1. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of DFUP-1 showed the presence of β-glycosidic linkages and a substitution at C6 of the sugars which may be O-methyl substitution or due to β (1−6) linkages. Peaks for α-anomeric linkages were not detected. The FTIR spectrum of DFUP-1 confirmed its carbohydrate functional groups. Periodate oxidation and formic acid analysis of DFUP-1 showed 1-, 1–6, 1–2, 1–3 and 1–4 linkages. GC-MS analysis of monosaccharide residues of DFUP-1 showed presence of glucose, galactose, arabinose, mannose and xylose. Congo red assay showed that DFUP-1 was not of triple-helix configuration. The ABTS+ and DPPH radical scavenging assay showed an IC50 of 0.10 mg/mL and 1.19 mg/mL for DFUP-1 respectively. At 0.2 mg/mL DFUP-1 showed anti-inflammatory (anti-egg denaturation) activity of 41.52%. The DFUP-1 sample showed lower inhibitory effect against proliferation of leukemia cells at an IC50 of 37.43 µg/mL compared to curcumin with IC50 of 0.98 µg/mL. Taken together, deep-freeze pretreatment coupled with ultrasound extraction increases yield of sorghum leaf sheath polysaccharides with potential nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications.

Added Value of Ascophyllum nodosum Side Stream Utilization during Seaweed Meal Processing.

Ascophyllum nodosum contains many valuable compounds, including polyphenols, peptides, and carotenoids that have been shown to exhibit biological activities. These compounds are not a priority ingredient in seaweed meal products for the current users. Hence, the aim of the study was to investigate the chemical and bioactive characteristics of A. nodosum as affected by seasonal variation and evaluate the potential benefits of alternative processing and the utilization of side streams for product development. The analysis of raw materials, press liquid, and press cake from alternative processing and the commercial seaweed meal at different harvesting periods indicated that the chemical composition is linked to the reproductive state of the algae. Phenolic content and ORAC activity increased following the seaweed’s fertile period, making alternative processing more promising in July and October compared to June. Several valuable ingredients were obtained in the press liquid, including polyphenols, which can be used in the development of new high-value bioactive products. The suggested alternative processing does not have a negative effect on the composition and quality of the current seaweed meal products. Hence, the extraction of valuable ingredients from the fresh biomass during the processing of seaweed meal could be a feasible option to increase the value and sustainability of seaweed processing.

Cografting of Zwitterionic Sulfobetaines and Cationic Amines on β-Cyclodextrin-Threaded Polyrotaxanes Facilitates Cellular Association and Tissue Accumulation with High Biocompatibility.

β-Cyclodextrins (β-CDs) and β-CD-containing polymers have attracted considerable attention as potential candidates for the treatment of cholesterol-related metabolic and intractable diseases. We have advocated the use of β-CD-threaded acid-degradable polyrotaxanes (PRXs) as intracellular delivery carriers for β-CDs. As unmodified PRXs are insoluble in aqueous solutions, chemical modification of PRXs is an essential process to improve their solubility and impart novel functionalities. In this study, we investigated the effect of the modification of zwitterionic sulfobetaines on PRXs due to their excellent solubility, biocompatibility, and bioinert properties. Sulfobetaine-modified PRXs were synthesized by converting the tertiary amino groups of precursor 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl carbamate-modified PRXs (DMAE-PRXs) using 1,3-propanesultone. The resulting sulfobetaine-modified PRXs showed high solubility in aqueous solutions and no cytotoxicity, while their intracellular uptake levels were low. To further improve this system, we designed PRXs cografted with zwitterionic sulfobetaine and cationic DMAE groups via partial betainization of the DMAE groups. Consequently, the interaction with proteins, intracellular uptake levels, and liver accumulation of partly betainized PRXs were found to be higher than those of completely betainized PRXs. Additionally, partly betainized PRXs showed no toxicity in vitro or in vivo despite the presence of residual cationic DMAE groups. Furthermore, partly betainized PRXs ameliorated the abnormal free cholesterol accumulation in Niemann-Pick type C disease patient-derived cells at lower concentrations than β-CD derivatives and previously designed PRXs. Overall, the cografting of sulfobetaines and amines on PRXs is a promising chemical modification for therapeutic applications due to the high cholesterol-reducing ability and biocompatibility of such modified PRXs. In addition, modification with both zwitterionic and cationic groups can be used for the design of various polymeric materials exhibiting both bioinert and bioactive characteristics.

3D printing of sponge spicules-inspired flexible bioceramic-based scaffolds

Bioceramics are widely used in bone tissue repair and regeneration due to their desirable biocompatibility and bioactivity. However, the brittleness of bioceramics results in difficulty of surgical operation, which greatly limits their clinical applications. The spicules of the marine sponge Euplectella aspergillum (Ea) possess high flexibility and fracture toughness resulting from concentric layered silica glued by a thin organic layer. Inspired by the unique properties of sponge spicules, flexible bioceramic-based scaffolds with spicule-like concentric layered biomimetic microstructures were constructed by combining two-dimensional (2D) bioceramics and 3D printing. 2D bioceramics could be assembled and aligned by modulating the shear force field in the direct ink writing (DIW) of 3D printing. The prepared spicules-inspired flexible bioceramic-based (SFB) scaffolds differentiated themselves from traditional 3D-printed irregular particles-based bioceramic-based scaffolds as they could be adaptably compressed, cut, folded, rolled and twisted without the occurrence of fracture, significantly breaking through the bottleneck of inherent brittleness of traditional bioceramic scaffolds. In addition, SFB scaffolds showed significantly enhanced in vitro and in vivo bone-forming bioactivity as compared to conventional β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffolds, suggesting that SFB scaffolds combined both of excellent mechanical and bioactive characteristics, which is believed to greatly promote the bioceramic science and their clinical applications.

Molecular Profiling and Potential Bioactive Characteristics of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Leptadenia pyrotechnica

Medicinal plants represent an important source of novel pharmaceutical products. More than 25% of current medicines are derived from natural substances, and another 25% are structural changes of major substances from natural sources. It is estimated that only 15% of higher plants have been investigated for potentially useful biological activity. In recent years, the search for new therapies has been directed to endophytes, as these microorganisms have produced several new and interesting bioactive metabolites for a variety of uses. Endophytes are organisms that colonize the internal tissues of plants without apparently damaging the host. Endogenous mushrooms from medicinal plants are potential antioxidant resources. The overall goals of the work proposed in this application evaluating antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents from endophytes isolated from some wild plants in Saudi Arabia.

IMPACT OF 45S5-BIOACTIVE GLASS ON SYNOVIAL CELLS IN KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS - IN VITRO STUDY

Purpose: In osteoarthritis (OA) inflammation is considered a crucial factor for cartilage destruction and disease progression. Metalloproteinases, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and disintegrins and metalloproteinases with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS), play a key role in the inflammation process in OA through their chondrodestructive potential. Further understanding of OA inflammation mechanisms, especially considering MMPs and ADAMTS, holds the opportunity for future treatment options. 45S5-bioactive glass (BG) has traditionally been used as a bone substitute material, but its bioactive characteristics have sparked a wide discussion for more widespread applications.

Quality of cold-pressed murici juice subjected to different concentrations of ascorbic acid

Murici (Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth) belongs to the Malpighiaceae family and is a typical fruit of the Cerrado. Its consumption occurs by local populations, both fresh and processed, such as juices, liqueurs, ice cream, jellies, yogurt, bread, and cakes. In this sense, this study aimed to assess different concentrations of ascorbic acid added to cold-pressed murici juice for the preservation of physical-chemical and bioactive characteristics. The juice was assessed for soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, ascorbic acid and total extractable polyphenols. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in a 3 × 7 factorial scheme (three concentrations of ascorbic acid × seven days of analysis) to assess three concentrations of ascorbic acid in the preservation of cold-pressed juice (0, 1, and 2%) and seven days of analysis (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 days), with four replications. The data were submitted to analysis of variance (P<0.05) and, when significant, the regression analysis was performed. The concentration of 2% ascorbic acid was the most suitable for cold-pressed juice mainly because it maintains the acceptability characteristics of this product.

Characterization of Tibetan kefir grain-fermented milk whey and its suppression of melanin synthesis

Tibetan kefir grain as the starter of milk fermentation has been applied as functional food with many bioactive characteristics. In this study, the milk whey product (TKG-MW) was obtained through the milk fermentation of Tibetan kefir grain containing the dominant Lactobacillus, Acetobacter, and Bacillus after 3 and 6 days of cultivation. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and melanogenesis inhibition capacities under TKG-MW treatment were analyzed. Results revealed that the antioxidation of TKG-MW at 6 days of fermentation was higher than that at 3 days of fermentation according to the DPPHand ABTS+ radical scavenging analysis. However, the anti-inflammation of TKG-MW was only observed at 6 days of fermentation by using lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase activity by TKG-MW was demonstrated. The decrease of melanin content was verified using α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-stimulated B16-F10cell. The real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction result indicated that the mRNA levels of Tyr, Trp-1, and Trp-2 of the B16cell involved in melanin synthesis were down-regulated over a two-fold change by the TKG-MW treatment. Additionally, the protein expressions of Tyr, Trp-1, Trp-2, and Mitf of the B16cell were reduced with the TKG-MW treatment. Organic acids, such as lactic acid, succinic acid, 3-phenyllactic acid, l-pyroglutamic acid, and malic acid, were identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in TKG-MW and were found to significantly inhibit tyrosinase activity. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to report melanogenesis suppression by TKG-MW. Results suggested that the fermentation product of TKG could be applied as a depigmenting agent in food and cosmetics.