Bioactive Capacity Research Articles

Chemical characterization of different parts of noni (Morinda citrifolia) fruit and its freeze-dried pulp powder with emphasis on its bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities

The aim of this study was to prepare the freeze dried powder of noni (Morinda citrifolia) pulp and determine the contents of bioactive and antioxidant capacity. Seed, peel, pulp and lyophilized powder were characterized in terms of physico-chemical, carotenoids, chlorophyll, sugars, ascorbic acid, phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidants contents. Phenolic compounds were determined by LC-MS. The lyophilized pulp powder showed high levels of phenolics and flavonoids (7486.38 µg GAE/g and 385.57 µg QE/g, respectively) and higher antioxidant activity for FRAP (10360.39 to 467970.40 mmol/100 g). Ascorbic acid has a higher concentration in the lyophilized powder (336.62 mg/100 g). Rutin, caffeic, artepillin C, quercetin-3-glucoside, kaempferol, vanillin and vanillic were the major compounds. The antioxidant effect present in the various components of the fruit was predominant, and the greater conservation of this potential was through the application of lyophilization. Thus, the noni may be considered as a good source of phenolics compounds having a high potential as natural antioxidants.

Sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) gut biomass as a co-product with antioxidant and antibacterial potential to supplement aquafeeds

Sea urchin processing practices by the canning industry result in a large volume of waste due to a high fraction of inedible parts, in special the gut, that can still be a valuable source of bioactive compounds. Therefore, this work aimed to thoroughly characterise gut biomass from Paracentrotus lividus evaluating its bioactive potential. The gut biomass was evaluated in terms of bioactive capacity, and biochemical composition in both males and females. Although no statistical differences were found between sexes in any of these parameters, this study provided a proof of concept on the potential of sea urchin's gut, obtained as a co-product in the sea urchin industry, for feed supplementation. The gut biomass exhibited a high antioxidant capacity (IC50 ≈ 0.5–1.0 mgDW mL−1 in four different assays) and bactericidal activity (IC50 < 1.0 mgDW mL−1 against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Edwardsiella tarda, and Tenacibaculum maritimum). The gut co-product can also be used as a source of phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and PUFAs, with contents of 4.6 ± 0.4, 2.4 ± 0.8, and 93.0 ± 3.1 mg gDW−1, respectively. Overall, the sea urchin's gut seems a valuable product with a remarkable potential for use in aquafeeds as a source of bioactive compounds.

Effect of Thermal Treatment on Kelulut Honey Towards the Physicochemical, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties

Heat treatment on commercial honey could deteriorate its quality associated with physicochemical and bioactive capacities. In this study, the effects of thermal treatment (50 °C, 75 °C and 90 °C) on the physicochemical properties (i.e., pH, colour intensity), total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were investigated on the Kelulut honey. The results revealed a significant increase in TFC (0.154 mg QE/g honey) for the heat-treated Kelulut honey compared to the control (0.085 mg QE/g honey). The antioxidant activity of the heat-treated honey revealed an increase in 2, 2- Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl levels by 42%, while the ferric reducing antioxidant power levels were reduced significantly by 22.4% compared to the untreated honey. The antimicrobial activities of heat-treated honey declined against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi bacteria at 75 °C and 90 °C. Based on the effects observed in the bioactive capacities of the heat-treated honey, it is therefore recommended to minimize thermal treatment on the honey during the processing to maintain its natural nutritional quality and benefit consumers.

Analysis of Bioactive Components and Antioxidant Capacities of Some Tropical Fruits Adapted to the Mediterranean Region

Türkiye sahip olduğu ekolojik özellikleri sebebiyle birçok bitki türüne ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Bununla birlikte Türkiye’nin farklı iklimsel özelliklere sahip olan farklı bölgelerinde yeni meyve türlerinin adaptasyon çalışmaları her geçen gün artmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Akdeniz Bölgesine adapte edilen Mango (Mangifera indica L.), beyaz (Hylocereus undatus Britton & Rose) ve kırmızı pitaya (Hylocereus lemairei (Hook.) Britton & Rose), guava (Psidium guajava L.) ve bölgede yaygın olarak yetişen mart inciri (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.) meyvelerinin etinde toplam fenolik madde, toplam flavanoid madde, toplam askorbik asit ve antioksidan kapasitenin (ABTS, DPPH) belirlenmesidir. En yüksek toplam fenolik madde ve toplam flavanoid madde içeriği sırasıyla guava (80.1 mg 100g-1) ve mart inciri (4.68 mg 100g-1) meyvelerinde; en düşük mango (45.4 mg 100g-1) ve beyaz pitaya (0.95 mg 100g-1) meyvelerinde tespit edilmiştir. Kırmızı pitaya meyve etinde renk maddelerinin de içerisinde yer aldığı toplam flavanoid madde içeriği beyaz pitaya meyvelerinden daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Toplam askorbik asit içeriği en yüksek olan meyve mart inciri meyvesidir (5.38 mg 100g-1). ABTS ve DPPH radikal süpürücü aktiviteler ise guava meyvesinde en yüksek bulunurken, mart inciri meyvesinde en düşük olarak belirlenmiştir.

The Effect of Cooking Treatment on Antioxidant Activity in Soybean Tempeh

Indonesian people consume tempeh through various processing methods. Food processing by cooking has been reported to reduce the bioactive capacity contained in food ingredients. This study investigated the effects of food processing (frying, steaming, roasting, sautéing, and boiling) on antioxidants in soybean tempeh. The antioxidant activity of processed tempeh was measured using DPPH and reducing power methods. The results showed that the highest inhibition activity of the processed tempeh was achieved by roasting and boiling (40%). The roasting method yielded tempeh with the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content. Thus, the cooking method considerably influences the antioxidants contained in tempeh. The findings showed that tempeh processed through roasting and boiling has the highest antioxidant activity. The total phenolic and flavonoid profiles are not in line with antioxidant activity, which indicates that the contributors to antioxidant activity are not only phenolic compounds. The increase in antioxidant activity in soybean tempeh is suspected to be influenced by the non-phenolic bioactive peptide compounds found in tempeh.

Determination of Some Bioactive Components, Pigment Content and Antioxidant Capacity in Fresh and Dry Leaf Samples of Cistus creticus L. Grown in Alanya Ecological Conditions

Cistus creticus L. Türkiye’nin kuzey, güney ve batı kıyıları boyunca yayılım gösteren önemli tıbbi bitkilerden birisidir. Antik çağlardan beri antimikrobiyal, antiinflamatuar, sitotoksik ve antiülserojenik özellikleri nedeniyle halk tıbbında kullanılmaktadır. Bitkinin taze ve kuru yaprakları genellikle çay olarak tüketilmektedir. Bu çalışma, Alanya ekolojik koşullarında doğal olarak yetişen Cistus creticus L. bitkisinin taze ve kurutulmuş yapraklarının bazı biyokimyasal özelliklerini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla bitkinin vejetatif gelişiminin en yüksek olduğu ilkbahar döneminde hasat edilen yaprak örneklerinde; toplam askorbik asit, toplam fenolik, toplam flavonoid, toplam klorofil ve toplam karotenoid içerikleri ile antioksidan aktivite araştırılmıştır. Toplam askorbik asit miktarı dışındaki tüm parametreler kuru yaprak örneklerinde taze yaprak örneklerinden daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Bitkinin yüksek derecede biyoaktif bileşen içermesi ve % 50 civarında radikal süpürücü aktiviteye sahip olması bakımından tüketiminin önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Phytonutrient and antinutrient components profiling of Berberis baluchistanica Ahrendt bark and leaves

ObjectivesPlants are the most prevalent primary natural source of active medications. Berberis baluchistanica Ahrendt is known for the treatment of various ailments. Bioactive components, nutritional and antioxidant capacity of Berberis baluchistanica bark and leaves ethanolic extracts were evaluated in this study. MethodsTotal phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant, nutritional and anti-nutritional contents were analyzed. Analysis of bioactive components identified the presence of tannins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, coumarin, alkaloids, phenolics, saponins, steroids, anthraquinones and terpenoids. The capability of donating hydrogen was analyzed by their 50% inhibition concentration (IC50). ResultsThe bark possessed lower IC50 = 0.678 mg/mL and higher inhibition percentage of DPPH radical, compared to leaves IC50 = 0.785 mg/mL. The Ferric reducing antioxidant power of bark was relatively higher IC50 = 0.871 mg/mL than leaves IC50 = 0.996 mg/mL. The phenolic content of bark was 37.52 ± 1.56 mg GAE/g and that of leaves 28.32 ± 0.66 mg GAE/g, the total flavonoid contents in bark and leaves were 8.68 ± 0.93 and 11.81 ± 1.49 mg QE/g. Total proteins of the bark and leaves were 7.69 ± 0.65 mg BSAE/g and 3.63 ± 0.54 mg BSAE/g and carbohydrate contents of the bark and leaves were 4.46 ± 0.55 mg GE/g and 8.38 ± 0.71 mg GE/g respectively. The oxalate contents of bark were 0.12 ± 0.02 mg/g and leaves were 0.14 ± 0.19 mg/g and the phytate % composition of bark was 0.17 ± 0.24 % and leaves were 0.25 ± 0.08 % respectively. ConclusionsThe determination of these compounds attaining a range of medicinal properties helps in maintaining the traditional use of bark and leaves extracts of Berberis baluchistanica in various biomedical fields.

The Major Stilbene Compound Accumulated in the Roots of a Resistant Variety of Phoenix dactylifera L. Activates Proteasome for a Path in Anti-Aging Strategy

The main objective of the present study is to estimate, through differential analysis, various biological activities of total phenolics content in alcoholic extracts of three date palm varieties sensitive or resistant to Fusarium oxysporum. sp Albidinis. Here, stilbene products with antioxidant and bioactive capacities were evidenced in resistant variety Taabdount (TAAR). Furthermore, the methanolic fraction of the TAAR-resistant date palm variety contains a significant product, determined by LC-MS/MS and 1H, 13C NMR, belonging to the family of hydroxystilbenes, which exhibits antioxidant capacities, inhibits the mushroom tyrosinase activity, and activates and exerts a protective effect on hypochlorite-induced damage in 20S proteasome of human dermal fibroblast aged cells. Altogether, the present results indicate that hydroxystilbene present in resistant Phoenix dactylifera L. should be studied to understand the way that the stilbene could exert anti-aging ability.

One-step preparation of titanium sharkskin bionic antibacterial surface

In recently, titanium and its alloys have been used in a large number of medical implants due to their excellent biological qualities. However, infections brought on by their biological inertness have emerged as a challenging issue for clinicians across a range of specialties. On the other hand, improper use of antibiotics has increased bacterial resistance, which has made the issue of infections brought on by titanium implants worse. The preparation of implants with antimicrobial capabilities has emerged as a key research area in the effort to address this issue at its source. However, present techniques for preparing antimicrobial surfaces are pricy, ineffective, and harmful to the environment, thus cannot be used extensively in industrial manufacturing. In this study, the bionic shark skin's antibacterial rhombic surface was prepared in a single step using the WEDM processing. The samples were then described, and the outcomes were examined using XRD, FE-SEM, and EDS. By using the plate coating method and SBF immersion assays, the samples' bioactivity and antibacterial capacity were assessed. Due to the high temperature produced during the WEDM process, which enables the tool electrode to melt and metallurgically link with the titanium alloy substrate surface, the primary crystalline phase of the antibacterial surface is CuTi2. After 1 h of incubation on the sample surface, the samples' antibacterial rate was 93%. The antibacterial property of the sample also attained an ideal 98.4% when acid etching was carried out using a 20%wt HNO3 solution. The Ti on the sample surface had no discernible impact on the effectiveness of the antibacterial. Additionally, the simulated liquid immersion findings demonstrated that the sample pieces made using this approach exhibited good bioactivity.

Achievements in Mesoporous Bioactive Glasses for Biomedical Applications.

Nowadays, mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBGs) are envisaged as promising candidates in the field of bioceramics for bone tissue regeneration. This is ascribed to their singular chemical composition, structural and textural properties and easy-to-functionalize surface, giving rise to accelerated bioactive responses and capacity for local drug delivery. Since their discovery at the beginning of the 21st century, pioneering research efforts focused on the design and fabrication of MBGs with optimal compositional, textural and structural properties to elicit superior bioactive behavior. The current trends conceive MBGs as multitherapy systems for the treatment of bone-related pathologies, emphasizing the need of fine-tuning surface functionalization. Herein, we focus on the recent developments in MBGs for biomedical applications. First, the role of MBGs in the design and fabrication of three-dimensional scaffolds that fulfil the highly demanding requirements for bone tissue engineering is outlined. The different approaches for developing multifunctional MBGs are overviewed, including the incorporation of therapeutic ions in the glass composition and the surface functionalization with zwitterionic moieties to prevent bacterial adhesion. The bourgeoning scientific literature on MBGs as local delivery systems of diverse therapeutic cargoes (osteogenic/antiosteoporotic, angiogenic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antitumor agents) is addressed. Finally, the current challenges and future directions for the clinical translation of MBGs are discussed.

Bioactive compounds, antioxidant capacity, functional and sensory properties of optimized complementary weaning flour processed from sorghum, soybean, and karkade (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) seeds

The study aimed to formulate and optimize complementary weaning flours for better antioxidants and sensory acceptability. D-optimal constrained mixture design was used to generate Eighteen formulations with a range of malted sorghum 40–60%, blanched soybean 20–30%, boiled karkade seeds 10–20%, and 10% premix (5% figl leaves, 4.5% sugar, and 0.5% salt) added in equal proportion to all formulations were evaluated. The sensory properties of the gruel made from the selected complementary flour were evaluated using untrained panellists. The result indicated that high malted sorghum supplement levels in the formula were associated with increased bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity. The optimum values of bioactive compounds, antioxidant capacity, and functional properties of the formulated product were 51.0%, 22.0%, and 17.0% for sorghum, soybean, and karkade seeds flour with 10.0% premix, respectively. The sensory acceptability of the gruel samples evaluated from the optimized complementary flour rich in antioxidants was significantly (p < 0.05) liked in terms of aroma and mouthfeel compared to the control sample. The result found that supplemented weaning flour made from malted sorghum, blanched soybean, and boiling karkade seeds flour may be processed to produce high levels of health-promoting bioactive compounds with desirable sensory qualities.

Current Development in Biomaterials-Hydroxyapatite and Bioglass for Applications in Biomedical Field: A Review.

Inorganic biomaterials, including different types of metals and ceramics are widely used in various fields due to their biocompatibility, bioactivity, and bioresorbable capacity. In recent years, biomaterials have been used in biomedical and biological applications. Calcium phosphate (CaPs) compounds are gaining importance in the field of biomaterials used as a standalone material or in more complex structures, especially for bone substitutes and drug delivery systems. The use of multiple dopants into the structure of CaPs compounds can significantly improve their in vivo and in vitro activity. Among the general information included in the Introduction section, in the first section of this review paper, the authors provided a background on the development of hydroxyapatite, methods of synthesis, and its applications. The advantages of using different ions and co-ions for substitution into the hydroxyapatite lattice and their influence on physicochemical, antibacterial, and biological properties of hydroxyapatite are also presented in this section of the review paper. Larry Hench's 45S5 Bioglass®, commercially named 45S5, was the first bioactive glass that revealed a chemical bond with bone, highlighting the potential of this biomaterial to be widely used in biomedicine for bone regeneration. The second section of this article is focused on the development and current products based on 45S5 Bioglass®, covering the historical evolution, importance of the sintering method, hybrid bioglass composites, and applications. To overcome the limitations of the original biomaterials, studies were performed to combine hydroxyapatite and 45S5 Bioglass® into new composites used for their high bioactivity and improved properties. This particular type of combined hydroxyapatite/bioglass biomaterial is discussed in the last section of this review paper.

Effects of Storage Temperature, Packaging Material and Wash Treatment on Quality and Shelf Life of Tartary Buckwheat Microgreens.

Tartary buckwheat microgreens (TBM) are popular worldwide products but display an extremely short shelf life. Thus, the effects of storage temperature, packaging material, and wash treatment on the quality and shelf life were analyzed. Headspace composition, weight loss, electrolyte leakage, microbial population and sensory quality were investigated during storage. Results showed that shelf life and quality of TBM decreased with the increment of storage temperature when stored at 5-25 °C. During 5 °C storage, LDPE bags were the best packaging materials for preserving the quality of LDPE, PE and HDPE bags. On the basis of 5 °C and LDPE packages, ClO2 + citric acid wash treatment could further inhibit quality deterioration and extend the shelf life. The results demonstrated bioactive constituents and antioxidant capacity were significantly affected by storage time. The study provides insights into developing optimal packaging and storage conditions for TBM.

Preparation of zein/chitosan/eugenol/curcumin active films for blueberry preservation

This study aimed to develop zein/chitosan-based films formulated with curcumin and eugenol to improve the quality of postharvest blueberries. First, the film-forming solutions were characterized (rheological property and water distribution), and the mechanical, structural properties and bioactivity of active films fabricated by casting were evaluated. Further, the active film was coated with blueberry stored at 4 °C, and physicochemical properties (weight loss, hardness, microbial counts, and appearance changes) were measured. The film-forming solutions exhibited non-Newtonian behavior. The incorporation of curcumin and eugenol improved the tensile strength and elongation at the break of films, reaching 17.86 MPa and 92.80 %, respectively. The antioxidant capacity was enhanced, and DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging rates were up to 90.60 ± 0.06 % and 86.34 ± 0.39 %, respectively. Meanwhile, the prepared active films possessed good anti-UV and sensitive pH-response color-shifting ability. Compared to the uncoated blueberry, blueberry coated with zein/chitosan/curcumin/eugenol showed lower weight loss and higher hardness, indicating that the prepared active films played a vital role in delaying the deterioration of blueberry and extending its shelf life. Overall, the zein-chitosan incorporated with curcumin and eugenol films could be a promising candidate to prolong the shelf life of food products due to their excellent bioactive capacity.

The Influence of Microwave Treatments on Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Mentha piperita L.

Microwave extraction is becoming a popular option in many fields, especially for bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. This paper addresses the application of microwaves in the process of extracting bioactive compounds (phenols, flavonoids, chlorophyll) from peppermint with antioxidant capacity in order to highlight the influence of the microwave field on the quality of the final product in comparison with the control samples. The Mentha piperita L. is a rich source of phenols. The total phenol content after applying the MW treatments significant increased and varied between 25.000 ± 1.992 and 391.687 ± 20.537 mg GAE/100 g dw compared to the untreated sample (8.089 ± 2.745 mg GAE/100 g dw). The same trend was also recorded in the case of the flavonoid and pigment content in peppermint leaves following the application of microwave treatments. The obtained results were investigated using chemometric multivariate analysis. The main purpose of our research was to compare the possibilities of total or partial substitution of conventional extraction technologies with the microwave extraction technology, and also to highlight the existing differences in the amount of total phenols and flavonoids extracted from peppermint plants in different processing conditions. Through microwave processing, a significant increase in polyphenolic compounds is obtained.

Typical Characterization of Commercial Camellia Oil Products Using Different Processing Techniques: Triacylglycerol Profile, Bioactive Compounds, Oxidative Stability, Antioxidant Activity and Volatile Compounds.

The processing technique is one of the key factors affecting the quality of camellia oil. In this study, camellia oils were obtained using four different processing techniques (cold-pressed, roast-pressed, fresh-pressed, and refined), and their triacylglycerols (TAGs) profile, bioactive compound (tocopherols, sterols, squalene, and polyphenols) level, oxidative stability, and volatile compounds were analyzed and compared. To further identify characteristic components in four camellia oil products, the TAG profile was analyzed using UPLC-QTOF-MSE. Five characteristic markers were identified, including OOO (m/z 902.8151), POL (m/z 874.7850), SOO (m/z 904.8296), PPL (m/z 848.7693), PPS (m/z 852.7987). Regarding the bioactive compound level and antioxidant capacity, the fresh-pressed technique provided higher α-tocopherols (143.15 mg/kg), β-sitosterol (93.20 mg/kg), squalene (102.08 mg/kg), and polyphenols (35.38 mg/kg) and showed stronger overall oxidation stability and antioxidant capacity. Moreover, a total of 65 volatile compounds were detected and identified in four camellia oil products, namely esters (23), aldehydes (19), acids (8), hydrocarbons (3), ketones (3), and others (9), among which pressed oil was dominated by aldehydes, acid, and esters, while refined oil had few aroma components. This study provided a comprehensive comparative perspective for revealing the significant influence of the processing technique on the camellia oil quality and its significance for producing camellia oil of high quality and with high nutritional value.

Effects of drying method on bioactive compounds contents, rumen fermentation parameters and in vitro methane output of waste dried País grape (Vitis vinifera L.) marc

Grape marc (GM) from País winery is an abundant resource with potential use in animal feed in Chile, but information on its chemical composition, bioactive compounds and enteric methane (CH4) emissions is not reported. Drying conditions could change the chemical composition and bioactive compounds of País GM, and affect CH4 output. Thus, the objectives of this study were to assess the effects of drying conditions on the chemical composition and bioactive compounds of País GM, and rumen fermentation parameters and CH4 output. The first experiment evaluated the effects of three drying conditions (freeze-drying, and oven drying at 40 °C/72-h and 60 °C/48-h) on the contents of bioactive compounds, antioxidant capacity and chemical composition of País GM. The second experiment evaluated and compared rumen fermentation parameters and CH4 output of dried País GM. Freeze-dried País GM had the highest concentrations of phenolic compounds (p = 0.001), but oven-dried País GM (60 °C/48-h) showed the highest content of proanthocyanidins (p = 0.043). Ash (p = 0.003), ether extract (p = 0.042) and non-fiber carbohydrate (p = 0.033) contents were higher in oven-dried País GM, as opposed to neutral detergent fiber or acid detergent fiber. Oven drying GM at 60 °C/48-h reduced dry matter disappearance (p < 0.001), and gas production (p = 0.001), but also showed lower CH4 production (p < 0.001) and yield (p = 0.001) as compared to freeze dried GM. Results suggest that oven-drying is useful to conserve GM chemical value, extend its’ shelf-life and allows use of País GM as ruminant feed with potential positive environmental effects on enteric CH4 emissions but further in vitro and in vivo studies with GM as a dietary ingredient are required.

Mathematical Modeling to Describe Drying Behavior of Kyoho (Vitis labruscana) Skin Waste: Drying Kinetics and Quality Attributes

Grape skin (Kyoho: Vitis labruscana), a by-product of processed grapes, was experimentally investigated for its drying behavior at different drying temperatures with five thin layer drying models. Moreover, we determined the effect of drying temperature on the bioactive capacity of Kyoho skin. The experimental moisture ratio decreased with increasing drying temperature. The drying process was predicted by mathematical models, such as Page (303.15 K: R2 = 0.9815, 333.15 K: R2 = 0.9685) and two-term (313.15 K: R2 = 0.9639, 323.15 K: R2 = 0.9737) models. Moisture diffusivity (Deff) ranged from 2.87 × 10−8 to 9.82 × 10−8 m2/s, with an activation energy (Ea) of 33.78 ± 1.06 kJ/mol. Total phenolic compounds (0.37 ± 0.04 to 0.23 ± 0.03 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant activities (DPPH• activity of 93.06 to 73.31%) of Kyoho skin were significantly affected by drying temperature. Thus, this study concluded that the drying process decreased the bioactive potential of grape skin; therefore, we recommend that the food processing industry needs to consider drying variables during the processing of grape skin-based value-added products for improved food production.

Drying methods effect on bioactive compounds, phenolic profile, and antioxidant capacity of mango powder

The effects of various drying methods (spray drying, cabinet drying, vacuum drying, tunnel drying, rotary oven drying, and gas oven drying) on the phenolic profile, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant capacity of mango powder have been considered with the aim of discover the effective drying technique. To identify and quantify the phenolic profile, the Folin-Ciocalteu method was used, while 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging studies were utilized to elucidate the antioxidant capacity. Results showed that total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total anthocyanin content (TAC) and total carotenoid content (TCC) showed substantial variations (p < 0.05) between different drying methods, and the antioxidant properties were influenced to different degrees by drying methods. The antioxidant capacity of dried mango powder is strongly correlated with phenolic compounds (polyphenol, flavonoids, and anthocyanin). Caffeic acid was predominant among the 16 phenolics in mango powder. Flavonoids had higher retention factors (RF) than phenolic acids. Finally, our findings indicate that both cabinet drying and vacuum drying are appropriate for mango powder production. However, taking into account both economic viability and phenolic compound quality, cabinet drying would be the supreme choice for the outturn of mango powder as antioxidant-rich flavor enhancers.

Obtaining and Characterizing Andean Multi-Floral Propolis Nanoencapsulates in Polymeric Matrices

Propolis is a substance with significant anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antiviral activity, which could be used more efficiently at the nano level as an additive in the food industry. The aim was to obtain and characterize nanoencapsulated multi-floral propolis from the agro-ecological region of Apurimac, Peru. For nanoencapsulation, 5% ethanolic extracts propolis with 0.3% gum arabic and 30% maltodextrin were prepared. Then, the mixtures were dried by nano spraying at 120 °C using the smallest nebulizer. The flavonoid content was between 1.81 and 6.66 mg quercetin/g, the phenolic compounds were between 1.76 and 6.13 mg GAE/g, and a high antioxidant capacity was observed. The results of moisture, water activity, bulk density, color, hygroscopicity, solubility, yield, and encapsulation efficiency were typical of the nano spray drying process. The total organic carbon content was around 24%, heterogeneous spherical particles were observed at nanometer level (between 11.1 and 562.6 nm), with different behaviors in colloidal solution, the thermal gravimetric properties were similar in all the encapsulates, the FTIR and EDS analysis confirmed the encapsulation and the X-ray diffraction showed amorphous characteristics in the obtained material; stability and phenolic compound release studies indicated high values of 8.25–12.50 mg GAE/g between 8 and 12 h, the principal component analysis confirmed that the flora, altitude, and climate of the propolis location influenced the content of bioactive compounds, antioxidant capacity, and other properties studied. The nanoencapsulate from the district of Huancaray was the one with the best results, allowing its future use as a natural ingredient in functional foods. Nevertheless, technological, sensory, and economic studies should still be carried out.