Bio Sorbents Research Articles

Modified agricultural waste adsorbent for zinc ions removal from aqueous solution: Equilibrium, kinetics, and thermodynamics investigation

The current research signifies potential bio sorbent (banana and Pomegranate peel) With a view for zinc ions adsorption as of aqueous solution. Mass, zinc ion concentration, pH, time, and temperature parameters were examined. The highly beneficial requirements for zinc ion adsorption are 10 ppm as preliminary concentration, 0.21 g as pomegranate and banana rinds dosage and 5.5, 5.23 as pH for banana and Pomegranate rind. Elimination results follow the Langmuir replica with qmax of 25.64 mg/g for banana and 41.66 mg/g for Pomegranate rind. The elimination process kinetic was equipped well via second -order equivalence. It was examined that the zinc ion adsorption procedure on both bio sorbents is instinctive procedure, endothermal for banana and pomegranate rind. A distinctive enhancement in the adsorptive shell was observed once the adsorption procedure that revealed through scanning electron microscope.

Oxidant-assisted adsorption using lignocellulosic biomass-based activated carbon

The present study aimed to synthesize adsorbent from palm kernel shell (PKS) namely, activated carbon (AC) impregnated with magnesium oxide (AC-PKS-Mg) via hydrothermal process for palm oil effluent treatment. The structure and the morphology of biomass-based activated carbons were studied in detail using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller-Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BET-BJH), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) techniques. The biosorbents were tested for treating palm oil effluent using iron oxide/peroxide-assisted adsorption. The FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of hydroxyl groups and CH stretching attributed to the lignocellulose characteristics of the bio sorbents. The iron oxide/peroxide-assisted adsorption confirmed that activated carbon-palm kernel shell-magnesium oxide (AC-PKS-Mg) achieved a highest color removal of 94.5 % and 83 % of chemical oxygen demand (COD) at pH 3 within 10 min using 1.1 g/L of adsorbent, 250 mg/L of oxidant and 130 mg/L of iron oxide compared to AC-PKS. The pseudo-second-order model described the adsorption kinetics for AC-PKS-Mg, indicating that chemisorption is predominant. Also, the results of the regeneration capacity test clearly show that the adsorption capacity of AC-PKS-Mg has not been significantly weakened after four adsorption–desorption processes, which indicates that the adsorbent is a promising material in the field of adsorption.

Role of calcium carbonate in the process of heavy metal biosorption from solutions: synergy of metal removal mechanisms

The effect of calcium carbonate on the removal efficiency of cations of the selected heavy metals Cu, Zn and Pb from aqueous solutions using various biosorbents (BS) was investigated under laboratory static conditions. The main mechanism of biosorption of heavy metal cations is ion exchange, whereas the reaction with calcium carbonate results in precipitation of poorly soluble carbonates and hydroxides of the examined heavy metals. Studies conducted under static conditions have shown that the effect of Cu and Zn cations removal from solutions is better when using a mixture of BS and CaCO3 as compared to the effect of process, in which these two components were used separately. Removal efficiency for Cu and Zn has been shown to increase from 20 to 50% depending on the BS used. For the removal of lead cations, a measurable effect is found only for biosorbents whose active centers are saturated with protons (improvement in removal efficiency by about 20%). A synergy effect in the flow system was also investigated. It was found that under the conditions of the experiment, the addition of powdered CaCO3, in a weight ratio of 1 g CaCO3: 15 g BS, increases the removal efficiency of all the metals studied by 20–30%. It has been shown that an important role in the process of heterophasic ion exchange is played by neutralization of protons—desorbed from the biosorbents—with hydroxide ions released into the solution by partial dissolution of CaCO3 and subsequent hydrolysis reaction.

Influence of different Carbon and Nitrogen Sources on the Production of Single Cell Biomass from Potato Peels

Potato peel can be converted into various value-added compounds, such as enzymes, bio sorbents, biohydrogen, and biogas. Objective: To evaluate the influence of different Carbon and Nitrogen Sources on the Production of Single Cell Biomass from potato peels. Methods: The process of fermentation was carried out in mix broth with different concentrations of carbon, nitrogen, and different nitrogen sources to determine the effect of these factors on the production of SCP. Results: Maximum yield of dry cell biomass (0.251 and 0.245 g/100 ml) was achieved with organic nitrogen source peptone and inorganic nitrogen source ammonium sulphate, respectively. Ammonium sulphate is more suitable to use as peptone is expensive organic nitrogen source. Next optimization of nitrogen concentration was done with ammonium sulphate with different concentrations and best yield (0.190 g/100 ml) was obtained with 1.5% nitrogen concentration. Conclusions: In conclusion, the study suggests that ammonium sulphate is a more suitable nitrogen source than peptone for maximizing the yield of dry cell biomass. Additionally, optimization of nitrogen concentration with ammonium sulphate showed that a 1.5% concentration is the best for achieving the highest yield. These findings have important implications for improving the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of industrial-scale production of dry cell biomass

Preparation of modified rice straw-based bio-adsorbents for the improved removal of heavy metals from wastewater

Economical wastewater treatment can be achieved by using locally available and degradable material which has the low cost. Rice straw is a cheap and easily available substrate which has the potential to be converted into bio-adsorbent for heavy metal removal from the wastewater. The proposed experiment was designed to form a novel rice straw-based bio-sorbent to investigate their adsorption potential for removing heavy metal ions from wastewater. Three bio sorbents, namely, raw (RRS), alkali (ARS), and biochar (BRS) based adsorbents, were prepared, and their potential for adsorption of Cd(II) and Zn(II) was analyzed. The adsorption process was optimized for pH, contact time, metal concentration, and adsorption dose. The adsorbents were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Scanning electron microscopy, and the metal adsorption was quantified using atomic adsorption spectroscopy. In the batch study, all three adsorbents showed higher Cd(II) ion adsorption than the Zn(II) ion, with the highest recorded for RRS i.e. 20.9% and 8.4% respectively. For all adsorbents, the optimum pH for Cd(II) and Zn(II) was found as 5 and 4, respectively. The optimum dose of adsorbent for Cd(II) was 0.1, 0.1, and 0.55 g, while for Zn(II), it was 0.55, 0.1, and 0.1 g for RRS, ARS, and BRS, respectively. The adsorption capacity was best fitted for Freundlich isotherm for all adsorbents, which reflect heterogeneous property and favorable adsorption process. The prepared adsorbent was found excellent in heavy metal removal from wastewater and could be used for its commercial applications.

Removal of Lead from Metal Conaminated Industrial Waste Water By Adsorption onto Banana Peel

Banana peel, a fruit waste was used to produce biosorbant through environment friendly process. Banana peels were washed, dried and ground, before being used for treatment of industrial waste water and used for lead removal. The experiments were carried out by different concentration of dosage for incubation time 24 hours in the batch mode for the measurement of adsorption capabilities. The powdered as an adsorbent, in orbital shaker at 150 to 180 rpm at 25˚C. 8ml waste water sample was used in triplet, each was kept with 10mg, 20mg, and 30mg concentration of banana peel and obtained equilibrium adsorption capacity was 0.649, 0.184, 0.021mg/L respectively. The separation of bio adsorbent and solution was carried out by filtration with Whatman Filter Paper No.42 and the filtrate stored in sample cans for determine the metal lead ion concentration using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Heavy metal ions were estimated before and after addition of powdered adsorbents. The powder of that bio sorbent was used for treatment of waste water with different proportion of adsorbents, variation of pH and contact time. Lead adsorption onto banana peel was depended upon the controlling parameter such as pH, conductivity, Total Dissolved solids, Salinity, Sodium, Potassium by Flame Photometer and Lead ion concentration by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Slightly basic water (pH = 8.3) was found to be suitable for lead removal. Equilibrium data were well fitted (R2 = 0.998) with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The monolayer adsorption capacity was 0.025 mg/L on 30 mg banana peel. The calculated RL and ‘n’ values has proved the favorability of lead adsorption onto banana peel. Lead adsorption was followed the second order kinetic properly rather than other models. Solvent 0.1N Sulphuric acid showed higher desorption of lead (60%) and adsorption-desorption process can be continued till seven cycles efficiently. Keywords: Banana peel, Bio sorbents, heavy metal, lead, atomic absorption spectrophotometer

The Irish kelp, Fucus vesiculosus, a highly potential green bio sorbent for Cd (II) removal: Mechanism, quantitative and qualitative approaches

Looking for new green and environmentally friendly bio sorbents for metal removal from polluted wastewater, the present study investigates the potential new bio sorbent for Cd(II) removal from wastewater namely, the mechanism and uptake capacity of Cd(II) by brown algae, Fucus vesiculosus from the Irish Sea. This work takes a comprehensive approach involving the combination of qualitative and quantitative information collected from macro to atomistic scale, in a direct and non-destructive manner. Our results demonstrate that Cd(II) is adsorbed on the algal surface based on carboxylic of alginate groups. Effective Cd(II) adsorption is achieved at pH conditions between 5 and 7, at which the uptake occurs rapidly (∼2 h), with increasing Cd(II) concentration. Cd maximum uptake capacity (i.e., 1.203 mmol Cd g−1 dried algae) in first adsorption cycle show superior uptake as opposed to other species. Quantitatively the bio sorbent has an increasing uptake capacity (more than two folds) in the second cycle, after metal elution and biomass surface sites functioning. Desorption of Cd(II) and the regeneration of the biomass is effectively achieved with HCl (10 mM) and EDTA (1 mM), but they can only be used for two cycles, before the efficiency decreases. Microprecipitation occurs at high pH (>9) when using NaOH as an eluent. Results from this work shed new light on understanding Cd(II) binding mechanisms on Fucus v., providing crucial information for further process optimization, pilot testing, scaling up and implementation as a clean, environmentally friendly biotechnology applied to wastewater treatments.

Efficient removal of direct yellow dye using chitosan crosslinked isovanillin derivative biopolymer utilizing triboelectric energy produced from homogeneous catalysis

A tailored chitosan crosslinked isovanillin (CCIV) polymeric adsorbent generated using homogeneous catalysis was applied for the extraction and removal of direct yellow dye 50 (DY 50), through rapid adsorption due to an electrostatic attraction between the dye molecules and CCIV frameworks. The removal efficiency of DY 50 was systematically investigated to determine the effect of contact time, incubation temperature, pH of the solution, initial dye concentration, and adsorbent mass. The adsorbent also appeared to exert a novel tribocatalytic energy effect for dye decompositions, which is confirmed through comparison of removal from agitation (friction) which is thought to promote the generation of reactive oxygen species. The DY 50 adsorption was almost instantaneous, where up to 83.3% of the initial DY 50 load was removed within and up to 10 min, and then to 90–97.9% by physicochemical adsorption after 45–180 min using 0.05 g of CCIV bio sorbents under ambient temperature. The variations of DY 50 initial concentrations, contact time, and temperatures allowed us to implement three isotherm models, kinetics, and thermal dynamic studies. The comparison of adsorption equilibrium data of DY 50 on the CCIV surfaces was obtained from Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms models, indicating the “monomer to bilayer” is favorable through van der Waals interaction. Validation of the kinetic models was obtained through the ratio of 95% and 5% extraction time (t95/t5=19.42) and residual sum of squares (RSS<0.01). These statistical tolerance analyses confirmed the kinetics was consistent with a pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetic profile. The thermodynamic state functions and operational parameters (ΔH, ΔS, and ΔG) were calculated, suggesting DY 50 adsorption underwent a spontaneous and exothermic process.

Removal of heavy metal ion from synthetic wastewater using spent tea waste powder

The current work centres around on the expulsion of toxic heavy metals from mechanical effluents through the cycle of adsorption. This traditional approach is expensive, henceforth the utilization of ease, bountiful naturally neighbourly bio sorbents must be utilized. Adsorption conduct of copper and lead from waste water has been researched in this paper utilizing adsorbent like used tea powder waste. Copper and lead are profoundly harmful metal particles and considered as the need contamination delivered from different chemical ventures electroplating, blending exercises, smelting, battery manufacture etc. The effluents have been unnecessarily delivered into the climate because of expeditious industrialization and have made a worldwide concern. Hence, they should be taken out before release. In current paper, the trial results did in batch adsorption measure utilizing the treated waste tea powder with engineered test arranged in the test center were tried and introduced. The different boundaries, for example, solution’s pH, initial metal ion concentration, temperature and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption of Cu and Pb were considered. The greatest evacuation of Copper was above (at pH 5) 90% was observed using used tea waste powder at 100 ppm Copper solution. The removal of lead was above 85% (at pH 5) was respectively observed at the same operating conditions.

Efficacy of agricultural waste derived biochar for arsenic removal: Tackling water quality in the Indo-Gangetic plain

Arsenic (As), a geogenic and extremely toxic metalloid can jeopardize terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems through environmental partitioning in natural soil-water compartment, geothermal and marine environments. Although, many researchers have investigated the decontamination potential of different mesoporous engineered bio sorbents for a suite of contaminants, still the removal efficiency of various pyrolyzed agricultural residues needs special attention. In the present study, rice straw derived biochar (RSBC) produced from slow pyrolysis process at 600 °C was used to remove As (V) from aqueous medium. Batch experiments were conducted at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C) under different initial concentrations (10, 30, 50, 100 μg L−1), adsorbent dosages (0.5–5 μg L−1), pH (4.0–10.0) and contact times (0–180 min). The adsorption equilibrium was established in 120 min. Adsorption process mainly followed pseudo–second order kinetics (R2 ≥ 0.96) and Langmuir isotherm models (R2 ≥ 0.99), and the monolayer sorption capacity of 25.6 μg g−1 for As (V) on RSBC was achieved. Among the different adsorbent dosages and initial concentrations used in the present study, 0.2 g L−1 (14.8 μg g−1) and 100 μg L−1 (13.1 μg g−1) were selected as an optimum parameters. A comparative analysis of RSBC with other pyrolyzed waste materials revealed that RSBC had comparable adsorption ability (per unit area). These acidic groups are responsible for the electron exchange (electrostatic attraction, ion-exchange, π–π/n-πinteractions) with the anionic arsenate, which facilitates optimum removal (>60%) at 7 < pH < pHPZC. The future areas of research will focus on decontamination of real wastewater samples containing mixtures of different emerging contaminants and installation of biofilter beds that contains different spent adsorbents/organic substrates (including biochar) for biopurification study in real case scenario.

Drumstick activated charcoal tablets: Potential biosorbent material and its application to remove heavy metals via MATLAB assisted paper based sensor

Wastewater containing heavy metal ions is considered as the serious environmental problem in human society. Adsorption as the widely used method plays an important role in wastewater treatment, which is based on the physical interaction between metal ions and sorbents. Drumsticks are reported to have efficient adsorbing property. It has been found that Moringa causes alteration in testosterone levels, preventing testicular damage and hence is capable of protecting against the toxic effect of hazardous material. Based on this phenomenon of adsorption by Moringa species, we are trying to remove heavy metals from aqueous sample. The bio sorption of heavy metals by non-living biomass of plant origin is an innovative and alternative technology for the removal of the pollutants from aqueous solution and offers several advantages such as low-cost bio sorbents, high efficiency, minimization of chemical and/or biological sludge, and regeneration of the bio sorbent. Moringa oleifera (drumsticks) has a number of advantages including low cost, biodegradable sludge production and lower sludge volume, and also it does not affect the pH of the water. Apart from turbidity removal, Moringa oleifera seeds also possess antimicrobial properties. Amount of adsorption is considerably larger when activated charcoal is used. Thus, this work reports preparation of activated charcoal from drumsticks seeds and fibres. These are generally part of kitchen waste; thus, its preparation and utilisation for heavy metal toxicity not only controls water pollution but also help in reduction of kitchen waste. It will serve as an effective, cheap and robust and green tool for toxicity control. The paper reports the removal of heavy metal (Pb, Ni, Cd, As in this study) by application of prepared activated charcoal tablets via MATLAB assisted paper based sensors.These tablets will surely serve as point-of- care devices for removal of heavy metal toxicity.

Low-cost bio-based sustainable removal of lead and cadmium using a polyphenolic bioactive Indian curry leaf (Murraya koengii) powder.

There is an increasing trend of developing various low-cost biogenic sorbents for the efficient and economical removal of noxious metals . Curry leaf powder (CLP), a promising non-toxic biosorbent containing several bioactive compounds was prepared by the pulverization of the dried leaves for the effective removal of Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd). Various batch sorption experiments were carried out under constant temperature (25°C), different pH (4.5-10.5), initial concentrations (50-200mgL-1), adsorbent dosages (0.10-0.40g) and contact times (0-60min) to understand the optimum experimental conditions and simultaneously evaluate the adsorption isotherms and removal kinetics of CLP. Adsorption equilibrium was established in less than an hour interval (50min). The pseudo-equilibrium process was best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic (R2≥0.99), Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm model (R2≥0.94). The removal rate of Pb and Cd gradually increased (15.7 and 12.7mgg-1 for Pb and Cd) at 100mgL-1 of initial concentration till 60min of contact period in a single contaminant system, the effect was non-significant for multiple adsorbent dosage systems (p>0.05; t-test) though. The regeneration potential of the exhausted biosorbent was excellent upto 5 cycles with the better efficiency observed for Pb. The obtained results explicitly validated the probable utilization of CLP as a promising green adsorbent for metal removal . Future study may highlight the decontamination aspects of emerging contaminants with such green bio sorbents in large scale as well as mimicing the stomach conditions.

Biosorptive Decolorization of Basic Blue Using the Waste Biomass

The study addresses the bio sorption of Basic blue from aqueous solution using red seaweed Gracilaria corticata as adsorbent for equilibrium isotherm analysis in batch mode of operation. Many species of seaweed have been identified in the past as potent bio sorbents for waste-water treatment processes. For the first time Gracilaria corticata, a natural dead algal biomass served as a sorbent material potentially suitable for removal of Basic blue from aqueous solution. The effect of experimental parameters namely pH, initial dye concentrations and bio sorbent dosage in the percentage of decolourization of synthetic Basic blue dye solution were investigated and were found to be at the optimum. Both the initial sorbate solution and sorbent dose were found to favourably catalyse the sorption process. Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson and Toth model were investigated to monitor the adsorption behaviour of Gracilaria corticata. According to the Langmuir and Toth model, the Maximum Basic blue uptake of 95.41 mg/g and 90.99 mg/g was observed at pH 8 and at a temperature of 30?C.

Study of adsorption of lead ions from wastewater by polyaniline coated Bel leaf powder in a packed Bed

Bio sorbents are commonly used inremoving toxic heavy metal ions from wastewater. Bel leaves are used in temples and immersed in water after offering prayers since ancient times. In the present study, a packed bed continuous column was used to remove lead ions from contaminated water with modified bel leaf powder. The bel leaf powder was polymerised during in-situ polymerisation of aniline in the presence of strong oxidant at low temperature. This modified polyaniline coated bel leaf powder had more capacity to adsorb lead ions. It adsorbed 97.6% lead ion as compared to 90% adsorbed by raw bel leaf powder. Packed column dynamics were also studied for different flow rates (5-25 mL/min) of the adsorbate at different depths along the column. Clogging of the pores and channelization was observed along the column with passage of time, which led to change in lead ion concentration, % removal, adsorption capacity and time of exhaustion along the length of the column. Maximum lead ion removal obtained was 19.1mg, 18.7 mg, 18.36 mg and 18.05 mg at the ends of sections S1, S2, S3 and S4. The exhaustion time was 46 mins, 51 mins, 61 mins and 70 mins respectively for sections S1, S2, S3 and S4. Desorption study showed 96.3% desorption of lead with 0.1 M HCl as eluent.

Adsorption of the Heavy Metal Ions onto Bio sorbents: A review

Adsorption of the Heavy Metal Ions onto Bio sorbents: A review

Study of Bio Sorbents for the Treatment of Simulated Dyes Waste Water

Study of Bio Sorbents for the Treatment of Simulated Dyes Waste Water

Removal of Phosphates from Water Using Eggshell Bio Sorbents

The present study focuses on the preparation and use of biosorbents produced from eggshells. Hen eggshells are produced as a by-product in large quantities by food manufacturers. The costs associated with eggshell disposal (mainly on landfill sites) are significant and expected to continue increasing as landfill taxes increase.The environmental significance of phosphorus arises from its role as a major nutrient for both plants and microorganisms. The adsorption efficiency of phosphate ions from the obtained biosorbents - raw eggshell powders - is studied at room temperature in static conditions. The effect of phosphate concentration and sorbent mass on the efficiency of the process is evaluated, as well as sorption kinetics are investigated. The structure, phase composition, porosity, specific surface area and morphology of obtained biosorbents is determined. The utilization of eggshells as an abundant, cheap and biodegradable material for the removal of phosphates is studied and discussed.

A comparative pharmacognostical, physicochemical, and heavy metal analysis on Ashwagandha root obtained from natural and polluted sources

Background: Ashwagandha root has been ascribed as potent aphrodisiac drug in various Ayurvedic literature and lexicons. The same drug has also been cited in a number of Ayurvedic formularies. Recent studies indicate that heavy metals like As, Cd, Hg, Pb, etc., are toxic to human and environment. Plants are suggested as potential bio sorbents for trace metals removal from the soil. In this work, four samples of Ashwagandha have been collected (2 from pollution free areas and 2 from polluted areas) for their pharmacognostic,physicochemical, and heavy metal analysis. Aims: Awareness is a valuable tool to wipe out the ignorance and mischief. The present work has been selected with the main objective to create the awareness among people regarding the possible side effect of raw drug obtained from polluted areas. Settings and Design: Present work was designed to have an experimental study with three main components which were pharmacognostical study, physicochemical study, and heavy metal analysis. Both of these studies also contained several headings and subheadings, respectively. Materials and Methods: Research work was carried out as per standard operating procedures and specified protocols. Pharmacognostical and physicochemical studies were carried out in the respective laboratory of I.P.G.T. and R.A.; Gujarat Ayurved University, whereas Heavy metal analysis was carried out at VASU Pharmaceutical Lab Vadodara, 390010. Statistical Analysis Used: All the statistical data used in this research work under the experimental study were given in tabular form with respective table number. Results and Conclusion: Heavy metal analysis revealed that Hg content was below the detection limit in sample A and B, while in case of sample C and D, the Hg content were above the permissible limit. With all the data generated in this work, it can be concluded that consumption of drug (Ashwagandha) obtained from polluted areas may cause accumulated side effect as well as the toxic effect of the heavy metals, respectively. Key words: Aphrodisiac, heavy metals, pharmacognosy, root, Withania

English

Adsorption techniques are widely used to remove certain groups of pollutants such as dyes which are not amenable to biodegradation and environmentally very problematic. Although commercial activated carbon is a preferred sorbent for color removal, its widespread use is restricted due to high cost. As such, alternative non-conventional sorbents should be investigated. It is well-known that natural materials, waste materials from industry and agriculture, and bio sorbents can be obtained without a cost, therefore could be employed as inexpensive sorbents. Therefore the present investigation reports the adsorptive capacity of an industrial residue for the removal of azo dyes. Batch experiments were carried out for the sorption of the dye onto the adsorbent. The influence of contact time, adsorbent dose, pH and initial dye concentration on the adsorption capacity of the material was studied. Kinetics and adsorption isotherms were also studied to evaluate the rate of dye removal and the capacity of the adsorbent. The equilibrium data best fits freundlich isotherm equation. Adsorption capacity (Kf) and intensity of adsorption (n) as determined by fitting the equilibrium data to freundlich isotherm equation are calculated to be 0.26 and 0.82, respectively. The adsorption process was found to undergo via a pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics with a rate constant of 3.81×10-3(g /mg / min). The removal of dye was not affected for the initial dye concentration range of 15 to 256 mg/L. An adsorption process; requiring an equilibrium time of 30 h with optimum adsorbent dose of 19 g/L for 77.4% dye removal efficiency was observed at near neutral pH. However, as the pH of water is adjusted from 7 to 9, the dye removal efficiency was greater than 90%. The overall result shows that the industrial by product investigated in this study exhibited a high potential for the removal of dye from aqueous solution. Key words: Dye, adsorbent, adsorption isotherms, batch adsorption, removal.

Experimental investigation on the use of Native Biomass as Bio sorbents for Metal pollutant removal

Experimental investigation on the use of Native Biomass as Bio sorbents for Metal pollutant removal