Bioceramic Nanoparticles Research Articles

QbD-Driven preparation, characterization, and pharmacokinetic investigation of daidzein-l oaded nano-cargos of hydroxyapatite

The repercussions of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and bisphosphonates pose serious clinical challenges and warrant novel therapies for osteoporosis in menopausal women. To confront this issue, the present research aimed to design and fabricate daidzein (DZ); a phytoestrogen-loaded hydroxyapatite nanoparticles to mimic and compensate for synthetic estrogens and biomineralization. Hypothesizing this bimodal approach, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAPNPs) were synthesized using the chemical-precipitation method followed by drug loading (DZHAPNPs) via sorption. The developed nanoparticles were optimized by "Design-Expert" software and underwent comprehensives in-vitro and in-vivo characterizations. The particle sizes of HAPNPs and DZHAPNPs were found to be 118.9 ± 0.15 nm and 129.3 ± 0.65 nm, respectively, consistent with their FESEM and TEM images. A notable entrapment efficiency of 87.23 ± 0.97% and drug release of 91 ± 0.85% from DZHAPNPs was observed over 90 h at pH 7.4. Moreover, the XRD and FTIR results confirmed the amorphization and compatibility of DZHAPNPs. TGA analysis indicated that the thermal stability of blank and drug-loaded nanoparticles was up to 900 °C. In an in vivo pharmacokinetic investigation, three-fold increased bioavailability of DZHAPNPs (AUC0−∞ = 7427.6 µg/mL*h) was obtained in comparison to daidzein solution (AUC0−∞ = 2299.7 µg/mL*h). The comprehensive results of the study indicate that bioceramic nanoparticles are potential carriers for DZ delivery.

Effects of Magnesium-Doped Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles on Bioink Formulation for Bone Tissue Engineering.

Bioprinting of nanohydroxyapatite (nHA)-based bioinks has attracted considerable interest in bone tissue engineering. However, the role and relevance of the physicochemical properties of nHA incorporated in a bioink, particularly in terms of its printability and the biological behavior of bioprinted cells, remain largely unexplored. In this study, two bioinspired nHAs with different chemical compositions, crystallinity, and morphologies were synthesized and characterized: a more crystalline, needle-like Mg2+-doped nHA (N-HA) and a more amorphous, rounded Mg2+- and CO32--doped nHA (R-HA). To investigate the effects of the different compositions and morphologies of these nanoparticles on the bioprinting of human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs), gelatin and gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) were selected as the bioink backbone. The addition of 1% (w/w) of these bioceramic nanoparticles significantly improved the printability of GelMA in terms of extrudability, buildability, and filament spreading. The biological potential of the bioinks was evaluated by examining the hBMSC viability, metabolic activity, and osteogenic differentiation over 21 days. Both nHAs showed high cell viability, with N-HA showing a significant increase in metabolic activity under nonosteogenic conditions and R-HA showing a notable increase with osteogenic stimulation. These results suggest that the two nHAs interact differently with their environment, highlighting the importance of both the chemistry and morphology in bioink performance. In addition, osteogenic differentiation further highlighted how the physicochemical properties of nHAs influence osteogenic markers at both the RNA and protein levels. Clearly, tailoring the physicochemical properties of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles is critical to developing more biomimetic bioinks with great potential for advancing bone bioprinting applications.

Investigating the Microstructure and Biological Properties of Baghdadite Bioceramic Nanoparticles Synthesized by Sol-Gel Process

Investigating the Microstructure and Biological Properties of Baghdadite Bioceramic Nanoparticles Synthesized by Sol-Gel Process

Fabrication of biocompatible Mg-based nano composites by using friction stir alloying

In the present research, friction stir processing technique was performed to ameliorate the MB3 magnesium alloy surface through grain reduction and integration of bio-ceramic Nano particles. The friction stir processing was carried out at 1140 rpm and 100 mm/min by using a tapered tool pin profile. The incorporated bio-ceramic Nano particles are hydroxyapatite, tri-calcium phosphate and aluminum oxide. The results revealed that all processed samples have finer grain structure than that of the magnesium matrix, which caused an increase in the average microhardness values in the stirred zone. Furthermore, the tensile properties revealed an enhancement in elongation of all processed samples with deterioration in both ultimate tensile and yield strength values. On the other hand, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results exposed larger capacitive radius of all samples compared with the base material which reflects the improvement in the corrosion resistance. Accordingly, the potentiodynamic polarization results of all manufactured samples showed better bio-corrosion resistance in simulated body fluid than that of the base material, where the best corrosion resistance was achieved by magnesium-hydroxyapatite composite. The results obtained from the immersion test results manifested lower corrosion rates of all processed samples; where the friction stir processed and magnesium-hydroxyapatite samples corrosion rates were about 66% and 31% respectively of the base material. The corroded surfaces of all samples contained filiform and pitting corrosions after 72 h of immersion in simulated body fluid.

P12–37 Investigation of the cytotoxicity of bioceramic nanoparticles on Saos-2 cells by an alternative method

P12–37 Investigation of the cytotoxicity of bioceramic nanoparticles on Saos-2 cells by an alternative method

Design and fabrication of elastic two-component polymer-metal disks using a 3D printer under different loads for the lumbar spine

One of the significant issues in the biomechanics of the intervertebral discs is the origin of the forces on the spine in the lumbar region. This issue can be gravity and the effects of inertia, muscles, intra-abdominal pressure, fascia, and ligaments. Recently, the 3D printing technique with biocompatible metals is used to strengthen the intervertebral discs. In this study, the three-dimensional printing (3DP) technique was used to fabricate the body of the disc. The prepared disc was multi-component and coated with Hydroxyapatite (HA) bioceramic nanoparticles using the plasma spray technique. To investigate the mechanical properties, the compressive strength test, hardness test, the stress-strain diagram, and the toughness were obtained from mechanical testing. The biological behavior of the disc was investigated in the Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) after 21 days. To characterize HA and coated disc the morphology and phase structure of the surface were evaluated using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The obtained mechanical results of three samples with a metal layer, without metal layer, and metal layer coated with HA nanoparticles were used in the mechanical simulation of the component. The artificial disk is an implant with the ability to maintain movement on the surgical surface, which reduces the side effects of vertebral connection in the destruction of adjacent components. Since the success of using an artificial disk depends on maintaining the mechanical functions of the intervertebral disc, it is useful to study the behavior of the artificial disk under different loads using Finite Element Method (FEM). In this research, the models are evaluated by comparing their behavior with experimental data and FEM data. Then, the elastic modulus and the optimal Poisson ratio were used for the two parts of the nucleus (the central part of the disk) and the annulus (the layers around the nucleus).

Calcium Phosphate and Silicate-Based Nanoparticles: History and Emerging Trends.

Calcium phosphates (CaPs) and silicate-based bioglasses have been extensively studied since the early 1970s due to their unique capacity to bind to host bone, which led to their clinical translation and commercialization in the 1980s. Since the mid-1990s, researchers have synthesized nanoscale CaP and silicate-based particles of increased specific surface area, chemical reactivity, and solubility, which offer specific advantages compared to their bulk counterparts. This review provides a critical perspective on the history and emerging trends of these two classes of ceramic nanoparticles. Their synthesis and functional properties in terms of particle composition, size, shape, charge, dispersion, and toxicity are discussed as a function of relevant processing parameters. Specifically, emerging trends such as the influence of ion doping and mesoporosity on the biological and pharmaceutical performance of these nanoparticles are reviewed in more detail. Finally, a broad comparative overview is provided on the physicochemical properties and applicability of CaP and silicate-based nanoparticles within the fields of (i) local delivery of therapeutic agents, (ii) functionalization of biomaterial scaffolds or implant coatings, and (iii) bioimaging applications. Impact statement This review provides a critical perspective on the history and emerging trends of the two main classes of bioceramic nanoparticles, that is, calcium phosphate (CaP) and silicate-based nanoparticles. While most reviews in literature focus on either CaP or silicate-based nanoparticles, our review evaluates both classes of bioceramic nanoparticles simultaneously. This combined review offers the opportunity to analyze differences and similarities with respect to the historic development and emerging trends within both fields of bioceramics research.

Dental pulp stem cell viability and osteogenic potential assessment of new Mg-phosphate magnetic bioceramic nanoparticles

Dental pulp stem cell viability and osteogenic potential assessment of new Mg-phosphate magnetic bioceramic nanoparticles

Synthesis and in Vitro Toxicity Assessment of Different Nano-Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles

HIGHLIGHTS Bioceramic nanoparticles are used to replace hard tissues. The toxicity of β-TCP and BCP nanoparticles is not dependent on particle size. BCP nanoparticles exhibit greater cytotoxic and genotoxic properties at higher concentrations as compared to β-TCP nanoparticles. β-TCP and BCP cause oxidative stress depending on the increase in concentration. Oxidative stress causes cell death and DNA damage.

A novel photocrosslinked phosphate functionalized Chitosan-Sr5(PO4)2SiO4 composite hydrogels and in vitro biomineralization, osteogenesis, angiogenesis for bone regeneration application

The natural polysaccharide-based hydrogels have gained significant interest to use as 3D scaffolds for bone repair and reconstruction owing to their excellent biocompatibility, biosafety, and biodegradability. Yet, these hydrogels have major obstacles in terms of insufficient properties such as mechanical, osteogenic, angiogenic, and biomineralization. Therefore, this study mainly aims to develop an innovative water-soluble phosphate functionalized chitosan (CSMAP) through consequent modification with methacrylic anhydride (MA), then alteration by phosphonopropionic acid (P). Further, a novel photocrosslinked composite hydrogel was fabricated with a combination of CSMAP and synthesized strontium phosphosilicate (SPS, Sr5(PO4)2SiO4) bioceramic nanoparticles with a photoinitiator under UV irradiation. The various concentrations of nanosized SPS particles (0.5, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/mL) were incorporated into the CSMAP matrix and the swelling, mechanical, morphological, physiochemical, osteogenic, angiogenic properties were investigated. The CSMAP-SPS composite hydrogels possessed a well-arranged porous network structure. The composite hydrogel was restricted to swell in distilled water with the increased concentration of SPS particles. The compressive strength and modulus of CSMAP hydrogel were improved by the inclusion of SPS particles. The bioactive Sr, P, and Si ions were released from CSMAP-SPS hydrogels in a sustained and controlled manner at a non-toxic level. The composite hydrogels promoted in vitro amorphous apatite deposition, revealing a superior biomineralization activity. In vitro results demonstrated that the composites hydrogels showed no toxicity to preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells, induced MC3T3-E1 osteogenic differentiation with detection of bsp, ocn and opn osteogenic genes, and also promoted the endothelial tube formation with increased capillary length, branch points, and angiogenic gene vegf expression. Thus, the obtained results proved that the fabricated novel CSMAP-SPS hydrogel could act as an attractive candidate for bone regeneration.

مروری بر کاربرد زیست‌سرامیک‌ها در منسوجات گرمابخش با امواج زیرقرمز دور

A ll living organs are exposed to sunlight electromagnetic rays. Infrared rays (thermal energy) are part of energy in the electromagnetic spectrum. The infrared spectrum is divided into three main categories according to its wavelength; near, middle and far infrared. The use of far infrared waves in medical textiles to regulate human body temperature has a variety of applications. For example, textile composites made with suitable materials can meet this demand. In this review, first fundamental theories of the infrared spectrum and its application in the industry are discussed, then the biological effect and how it affects living cells are reviewed. Bioceramics are one of the effective materials in the preparation of heating medical textiles in medical applications. The results of researchers' works in the field of thermal properties of bio ceramic treated textiles activated with infrared rays are compared and presented. The results show that the thermal properties of textiles should be measured in the wavelength range of 5 μm to 20 μm of the far infrared waves. Furthermore, studies have also shown that zirconium-based bioceramic nanoparticles show higher radiative power and heat transfer than other bioceramics. Also, despite the type of bioceramic used, the particle size, cross section of the fibers, additives and dispersion factor are very important parameters.

An outlook on the mechanical attributes and load curve analysis of hydrothermally acquired hydroxyapatite bioceramic nanoparticles

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a compound that is analogous to the natural human bone mineral. This aspect of hydroxyapatite entitles it as a bioceramic bone implant material. Since hydroxyapatite needs to be biocompatible and strong to withstand the body, it is imperative to study its mechanical properties as well. With an interest to understand the hardness behaviour of hydroxyapatite from a different perspective, load-displacement curve analysis was done herein using Onitsch and Kick's power laws. Hydroxyapatite was procured by adopting an adept hydrothermal method and its general and mechanical properties were scrutinized. Debye-Scherrer method yielded an average crystallite size of 37.1 nm, whereas Williamson-Hall method provided an estimated size of 39.6 nm. Morphological analysis revealed the formation of unique hexagonal nanorods. FTIR spectrum further ascertained the purity of hydroxyapatite. Vicker's hardness tester was utilized to examine the mechanical properties of hardness, fracture toughness, brittleness index and yield strength. From the load curve analysis, the material resistance constants k1, k2 and the indentation depth were found to be 4.71 kg/mm, 22.06 kg/mm and 0.159 mm, respectively. Statistical analysis done by ANOVA evinced the aptness of Onitsch load curve model. Hydroxyapatite manifested itself as a strong and applicable bioceramic by brandishing a hardness of around 5.05 GPa along with a fracture toughness of 1.04 MPam1/2.

Fabrication, characterization and examination of in vitro of baghdadite nanoparticles for biomedical applications

The present study aimed to fabricate, characterize and examine the in vitro behavior of baghdadite bioceramic nanoparticles (Ca3ZrSi2O9) for biomedical applications. Fabrication of baghdadite nanoparticles was carried out via sol-gel method. Nanoparticles were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS analysis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), distribution of particles size via laser beam scatter method (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, the examination of in vitro behavior of these nanoparticles was carried out via MTT, Ca-Activity (alizarin red staining) and ALP assays. The results revealed that baghdadite phase was developed in CaO–SiO2–ZrO2 ternary system after being calcinated at 1150 °C. Moreover, baghdadite particles were quasi-spherical with sizes less than 100 nm. The examination of in vitro behavior of baghdadite nanoparticles in culture medium containing human mesenchymal bone marrow stem cells presented no cytotoxicity of baghdadite nanoparticles, which can help the growth and viability of cells and acceleration of bone tissue formation and repair. It can be concluded that baghdadite nano-bioceramic can be utilized as a great bioactive material in biomedical applications and bone tissue engineering.

An artificial blood vessel fabricated by 3D printing for pharmaceutical application

Objective(s): Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality in the elderly. A common medical procedure for the treatment of CVDs is the replacement of the blocked or narrowed arteries, which is currently the optimal vascular transplant associated with autograft transplantation. In general, the saphenous veins and radial arteries in the mammary gland are considered to be the selective vessels for vascular substitution. In many cardiac patients, artificial blood vessels (ABVs) are not used for several reasons, including the age of the patient, small size of the veins, previous impressions, and abnormally. Therefore, the consideration of vascular substitute demands is inevitable, especially regarding vascular transplantation with very small diameters and availability of proper alternatives. The present study aimed to develop a novel artificial bio-composite blood vessel using polymer-reinforced and bioceramic nanoparticles. Materials and Methods: The biomechanics and chemical properties of artificial vessels have been investigated to be used in coronary artery bypassing in atherosclerosis as a soft tissue engineering procedure. In this study, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composed of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) nanopowder was prepared using the extrusion technique to construct the ABVs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to investigate the optimum specimen. An important feature of the ABVs was the ability to find the elastic modulus, wettability, and porosity of the veins, which were assessed by fused deposition modeling and 3D printing. Results: The sample containing five wt% of HA had superior mechanical and biological features over the pure sample. Conclusion: According to the results, the narrowed arteries composed of TPU composite with nanocrystalline HA nanopowder had proper chemical stability and mechanical characteristics.

Composite Nanoscaffolds Modified with Bio-ceramic Nanoparticles (Zn2SiO4) Prompted Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.

Nanofiber scaffolds and bio-ceramic nanoparticles have been widely used in bone tissue engineering. The use of human- induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) on this scaffold can be considered as a new approach in the differentiation of bone tissue. In the present study, a polyaniline-gelatin-polycaprolactone (PANi-GEL-PCL) composite nanoscaffold was made by electrospinning and modified superficially by plasma method. The synthesized nanoscaffold was then coated with willemite's bio-ceramic nanoparticles (Zn2SiO4). The nanoscaffold's properties were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Also, nanoparticles characterization was carried out with SEM and dynamic light scattering. The growth and proliferation rate of cells on the synthesized nanoscaffold was examined by MTT assay. Subsequently, hiPSCs were cultured on murine fibroblast cells, incubated in embryoid bodies for 3 days, and placed on the nanoscaffolds. The differentiation potential of hiPSCs was investigated by the examination of common bone markers (e.g. alkaline phosphatase, calcium salt precipitation, and alizarin red test) using bone differentiation factors for 14 days. SEM showed the proper structure of electrospinned nanoscaffolds and coating of nanoparticles on the nanoscaffold surface. The results of MTT assay confirmed the growth and proliferation of cells and the biocompatibility of nanofibers. The results of bone indices also showed that differentiation on the composite nanoscaffold coated with willemite's bio-ceramic nanoparticles dramatically increased in comparison with other groups. Overall, this study demonstrated that PANi-GEL-PCL composite nanoscaffold with willemite's bio-ceramic nanoparticles is a suitable substrate for in vitro growth, proliferation, and differentiation of hiPSCs cells into osteoblasts.

Characterization and in vitro evaluation of gelatin–chitosan scaffold reinforced with bioceramic nanoparticles for bone tissue engineering

Abstract

Noble microfluidic system for bioceramic nanoparticles engineering

Bioceramic nanoparticles have many potential applications within the biomedical device industry. However, these applications demand a precise control of their sizes, shapes and morphology which play a main role in most properties. In this work, we report a new route for the synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles using a microfluidic device. The process is carried out by continuous laminar flow through the device. The obtained nanoparticles have showed same properties (composition, length, orientation, roughness) than those produced by conventional methods, however, our device can afford to fine tune the structure via simple engineering, i.e., produce nanoparticles of different size only by varying the flow velocity. In addition to the efficiency and novelty of this system, the optimization of personnel costs makes it very profitable economically.

Synthesis and characterization of biomimetic bioceramic nanoparticles with optimized physicochemical properties for bone tissue engineering.

Calcium phosphate bioceramics nanoparticles such as nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) and nano-tricalcium phosphate (nTCP) are the main focus of basic and applied research for bone tissue regeneration. In particular, a combination of these two phases (nHA + nTCP) which refers to as "nano-biphasic calcium phosphates (nBCP)" is of interest due to the preferred biodegradation nature compared to single-phase bioceramics. However, the available synthesis processes are challenging and the biomaterials properties are yet to be optimized to mimic the physiochemical properties of the natural nanoscale bone apatite. In this study, a new approach was developed for the production of optimized bioceramic nanoparticles aiming to improve their biomimecity for better biological performances. Nanoparticles were synthesized through a carefully controlled and modified wet mechano-chemical method combined with a controlled solid-state synthesis. Different processing variables have been analyzed including; milling parameters, post-synthesis treatment, and calcination phase. Detailed physicochemical characterizations of nanoparticles revealed higher crystallinity (∼100%), lower crystallite/particle size (58 nm), higher homogeneity, reduced particle agglomeration size (6 μm), and a closer molar ratio (1.8) to biological apatite compared to control and standard samples. Furthermore, the study group was confirmed as calcium-deficient carbonate-substituted BCP nanoparticles (nHA/nβ-TCP: 92/8%). As such, the introduced method can afford an easier and accurate control over nanoparticle physiochemical properties including the composition phase which can be used for better customization of biomaterials for clinical applications. The findings of this article will also help researchers in the further advancement of production strategies of biomaterials. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 1654-1666, 2019.

In vitro Response of Human Osteoblasts Cultured on Strontium Substituted Hydroxyapatites

The goal of this study was to analyze the response of osteoblasts cultured on strontium substituted hydroxyapatites (HAP-Sr) of well-defined high crystallinity deposited as thin films on glass plates. Up to now, this aspect has not been carefully investigated in the context of bio-ceramics. In this study, we present the osteoblasts activity on synthesized HAP-Sr for different amounts of strontium substitution for calcium within the hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, HAP) lattice, namely HAP-5%Sr, HAP-10%Sr, HAP-15%Sr and HAP-59.2%Sr (Sr-HAP, of formula Sr10(PO4)6(OH)2), in comparison with stoichiometric pure HAP, chosen as control. Each bio-ceramic was deposited as thin multilayers self-assembled substrate (scaffold) and chemically bonded to the surface of glass plates. These coatings revealed by AFM and SEM imaging a granular texture formed from bio-ceramic nanoparticles. They possessed a high degree of crystallinity, i.e. 68% to 86%, depending on the Sr amount within the HAP lattice, as judged by XRD. Osteoblasts were cultured up to 21days and displayed enhanced adhesion and proliferation particularly evidenced on relatively high strontium contents (especially 5 and 10 weight %, determined by SEM-EDX), where the alkaline phosphatase activity and type I collagen were strongly evidenced. These bio-ceramics showed a high in vitro biocompatibility stimulating the activity of osteoblasts in the process of bone formation. These nano biomaterials can have applications in orthopedic and dental surgery improving the osteointegration as coatings of bone implants as well as for bone repair and regeneration.

GPTMS-Modified Bredigite/PHBV Nanofibrous Bone Scaffolds with Enhanced Mechanical and Biological Properties.

Bioceramic nanoparticles with high specific surface area often tend to agglomerate in the polymer matrix, which results in undesirable mechanical properties of the composites and poor cell spreading and attachment. In the present work, bredigite (BR) nanoparticles were modified with an organosilane coupling agent, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS), to enhance its dispersibility in the polymer matrix. The polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvaletare (PHBV) nanofibrous scaffolds containing either bredigite or GPTMS-modified bredigite (G-BR) nanoparticles were fabricated using electrospinning technique and characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and tensile strength. Results demonstrated that modification of bredigite was effective in enhancing nanoparticle dispersion in the PHBV matrix. PHBV/G-BR scaffold showed improved mechanical properties compared to PHBV and PHBV/BR, especially at the higher concentration of nanoparticles. In vitro bioactivity assay performed in the simulated body fluid (SBF) indicated that composite PHBV scaffolds were able to induce the formation of apatite deposits after incubation in SBF. From the results of in vitro biological assay, it is concluded that the synergetic effect of BR and GPTMS provided an enhanced hFob cells attachment and proliferation. The developed PHBV/G-BR nanofibrous scaffolds may be considered for application in bone tissue engineering.