Binder Dosage Research Articles

Laboratory Investigation of Draindown Behavior of Open-Graded Friction-Course Mixtures Containing Banana and Sugarcane Bagasse Natural Fibers

Open-graded friction courses (OGFCs) are asphalt paving mixes with a higher number of interconnecting air voids to provide advantages with respect to improved drainage, increased dry/wet surface friction resistance, decreased splash and spray, and reduced aquaplaning. However, binder draindown has been a recurring issue during the manufacture, storage, transportation, and service life of OGFC mixtures. The addition of stabilizers in the form of fiber is often used with OGFC mixes to counteract the draindown. Increasing environmental awareness, the depletion of fossil resources, and the rise of global waste problems have necessitated the use of locally accessible natural fibers as an alternative to expensive synthetic fibers. In this study, the banana fiber obtained from the waste pseudo-stem of the banana plant post-harvesting and the sugarcane bagasse fiber obtained from the post-residual after sugar extraction is explored along with a commercial cellulose fiber to evaluate the draindown characteristics of OGFC mixtures. A cone penetration test and fiber absorption test was performed on the fiber-mixed asphalt binder. The draindown characteristics of 168 combinations of OGFC mixes were evaluated considering various parameters, viz. fiber parameters (types, lengths, dosages), binder dosage, binder types (unmodified binder and polymer-modified binder), and time period. Finally, a statistical analysis was conducted to determine the efficacy of different influencing factors. The best performance was exhibited by banana fiber, which had a dosage of 0.45% and a length of 9 mm, followed by sugarcane bagasse and cellulose fiber. All the input factors were found to be statistically significant.

The utilization of wasted gelatin as an effective binder for a flexible anode membrane

Nowadays, the bendable lithium-ion battery has been an important power source for current smart electrical devices. This requires an effectively free-standing flexible electrode membrane that conveys high electrochemical performance, while capable of great flexibility. One of thekeycomponents to promote bendable fabrication is the functionalized binders that should be compatible with the electrode materials and strongly hold the cell structure. Recently, the rapid growth of the pharmaceutical andhealthcareindustries has left tons of gelatin waste. Regarding itsmulti-carboxy and amino functional groups, it can be expected to serve as a promising binding agent for the electrode material. Currently, TiO2has been widely applied as the potential anode material providing high stability for lithium-ion battery. Hence, this work is aimed to fabricate the free-standing flexible anode membranes for lithium-ion batteries by using TiO2nanosheets as the high specific surface area active material in conjunction with the gelatin based-binder. The TiO2nanosheets were prepared viaahydrothermal process and then composited with carbon nanotubes to increase their conductivity. Meanwhile, the waste gelatin was modified to become a polymerizable substrate for being a functional binder holding the flexible membrane. Material characterization results revealed the successful formation of the anatase TiO2nanosheets and the functionalized gelation-derived binder. The electrochemical performance of the proposed composite anode membrane showed a superior specific capacity over the sameTiO2-basedcomposite anode butemployingthe typical Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF). For instance, the average specific capacities after running for 100 cycles are approximately 149 and 97 mAhg−1for the anode membrane using gelatin-based and PVDF binder, respectively. Usingagelatin-based binder dose not onlyenhancethe electrochemical performance of the electrode membrane but also reduces chemical pollution and waste to the environment.

Effect of Humic Acid Binder on the Preparation of Oxidized Pellets from Vanadium-Bearing Titanomagnetite Concentrate

In order to pursue the goal of low-carbon ironmaking, a new type of humic acid (HA)-based binder was applied to the preparation of oxidized pellets from vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite (VTM) in this work. Effects of the HA binder (or with limestone) on the balling, preheating, and roasting behaviors of VTM were comparatively studied with bentonite. The embedded features of each mineral phase in sintered pellets, especially the crystallization and growth state of hematite grains, were deeply investigated by XRD, optical microscopy, and SEM–EDS measures. The binder dosage can be cut down by 50% when HA was used instead of bentonite. Fine hematite grains in HA pellets evolved into plump interlocking grains with ~5% of limestone addition. Pseudobrookite and magnesioferrite spinel phase formed at the optimal sintering temperature of 1250 °C, which could hinder the crystallization of hematite and affect the strength of final pellets.

Effect of waste colemanite and PVA fibers on GBFS-Metakaolin based high early strength geopolymer composites (HESGC): Mechanical, microstructure and carbon footprint characteristics

This study investigated the effects of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber and colemanite on the physical, mechanical and transport characteristics of GBFS-metakaolin-based geopolymer composites with high early-age strength (HESGC). The microstructure was intensified using 100, 150 and 200 kg/m3 colemanite instead of quartz powder. In addition, 0.25% and 0.50% PVA fiber were added to the blend to prevent the permeability problem in the condensed microstructure. HESGCs were cured in 3 different environments: ambient, 60 and 80 °C. The binder dosage (GBFS + Metakaolin) in HESGCs is 750 kg/m3. The alkali solution ratio is approximately 75% (according to binder amount. While the apparent porosity exceeds 10% in HESGCs subject to ambient cure, the porosity % in heat-cured HESGCs) In addition, the porosity and water absorption decrease when colemanite is used in heat cured HESGCs. Adding 0.25% PVA fiber to HESGCs creates a micro-aggregate effect, reducing porosity and water absorption relatively. It varies between 2393 kg/m3. The compressive strength (fc) of HESGCs subjected to ambient cure varies between 27.5 and 43.8, and the fc of HESGCs heat cured at 80 °C varies between 77.4 and 95.6 MPa. The flexural strength (ff) of HESGCs varies between 3.6 and 13.3 MPa. As the PVA fiber content and curing temperature increase, the ff increases. If 0.5% PVA fiber is used, the ff of HESGCs is increased between 8.3% and 89.6%0.200 kg/m3 colemanite is used in heat-cured HESGCs fc can increase up to 20%. While 0.25% PVA fiber ratio is the most suitable ratio in fc, 0.5% PVA fiber ratio is more suitable in ff. The capillary water absorption of HESGCs varies between 0.27–2.67 kg/m2. In the case of heat curing of HESGCs at 80 °C instead of ambient curing, capillary water absorption can be reduced up to 88%. Using colemanite instead of fine aggregate in microstructure investigations intensified the microstructure, but using 0.5% PVA fiber increased the porosity relatively. As a result, it has been observed that heat curing must be used in colemanite-containing HESGCs. When a heat cure is applied to HESGCs containing 0.25% PVA fiber and 200 kg/m3 colemanite, a fc of more than 12 MPa can be obtained.

Stabilization of open graded asphalt friction course mixes with plant-based natural fibers

Open-graded asphalt friction course (OGAFC) is a bituminous wearing course designed and constructed to allow rapid surface water drainage, eliminate splashes and sprays, offer enhanced skid resistance, and reduce glazing, particularly during wet weather. However, draindown is one of the challenges that is often observed with OGAFC mixes. Draindown refers to the phenomenon in which asphalt binder and mastics extricate from the mix under gravity, especially at high temperatures experienced during the production, storage, transportation, and construction phases. The occurrence of draindown have an adverse impact on the functional and structural performance of OGAFC mixes. In addition to the use of stiffer grades of binder, stabilization via fiber addition is quite often practiced to restrict draindown in OGAFC mixes. With a focus on adopting sustainable and environmentally friendly materials and technologies.in pavement engineering, this study investigates the use of two plant-based natural fibers, namely sisal fiber (SIF) generated from the leaves of the sisal (Agave sisalana) plant and sunnhemp fiber (SHF) obtained from the bast of the sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) plant, as stabilizing additives in OGAFC mixes to combat the issue of draindown. The effectiveness of the two natural fibers in resolving the binder draindown issues of OGAFC mixtures was evaluated across a variety of domains, including fiber lengths (3, 6, 9, and 12 mm); fiber dosages (0.15, 0.30, and 0.45%); binder dosages (5.5, 6.0, and 6.5%); binder types (unmodified and polymer modified binder); and thermal conditioning time intervals (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min). A fiber length of 9 mm and fiber dosage of 0.45% exhibited optimum performance, and SHF yielded marginally better efficacy in controlling draindown than SIF. Statistical analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that binder content, fiber dosage, fiber length, and time interval significantly impact draindown characteristics of OGAFC mixes.

Mechanical properties, durability performance and interlayer adhesion of 3DPC mixtures: A state‐of‐the‐art review

AbstractIn this study, the strength and durability performance of 3D printing concrete mixtures (3DPC) were examined in terms of the materials used in their production and printing process parameters (interlayer interval time, printing speed, and nozzle shape). Due to the anisotropic nature of 3DPC, it was understood that the compressive strength depends on the loading direction. It was emphasized that it is necessary to control the shrinkage behavior of 3DPC mixtures due to the lack of formwork and the high dosage of binders. It was reported that the interlayer adhesion of 3DPC is highly dependent on the interlayer interval time and printing speed parameters. It was understood that nozzle shape and standoff distance affect the mechanical properties and surface roughness of 3DPC specimens, and this effect is more pronounced in mixtures with high static yield stress values.

Exploring the link between ultrasonic and strength behavior of cementitious mine backfill by considering pore structure

Understanding the porosity/pore linkage and strength properties of cementitious mine backfill (CMB) is essential for the design of underground mining filling. Adoption of new production techniques in parallel with the development of technology in the mining sector has also increased the orientation to easier and less costly applications for evaluating CMB performance. This study aimed to evaluate the strength development of CMB and the change in its pore structure by using ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) technique. The influence of two types of pyritic tailings (low pH and high pH) obtained because of diverse production techniques on the quality of filling specimens was also investigated. The link between the microstructure formation (e.g., MIP), mechanical (e.g., UCS) and ultrasonic (e.g., UPV) characteristics of backfilling was explored by using a fixed ratio of fly ash-slag as a cement substitute (cement/slag-fly ash: 70/30). Filling samples were prepared at constant solid content (74 wt%), different curing times (3–90 days), and binder ratios (3–5-7 wt%). The results revealed that the total porosity of CMBs decreased with increasing age and binder ratio. One could also observe that the total porosity of the fill samples containing high pH tailings was lower (up to 56 %) compared to those containing low pH tailings. The acidic nature of low pH tailings negatively affected the aged strength of CMBs, destructing its microstructure. However, it was observed that the negative effects of low pH added backfills decreased in slag substitution and high binder dosages. Excellent correlation curves (power fitting) were found between UPV and UCS according to the variables used (e.g., different types of processing tailings and mineral additives). The measured and calculated UCS values were largely (R2 = 94.8 %) consistent. Finally, this study provides a complete report to support operationally low cost, easy and feasible fill design for underground metallic mines.

Evaluation of pervious geopolymer concrete pavements performance for effective stormwater infiltration and water purification using Taguchi method

Atmospheric and industrial pollutants pose environmental concerns, especially when in contact with surface water, leading to contamination of the limited water supply. Pervious geopolymer concrete (PGC) is a promising approach to mitigate the above environmental concern due to its hydraulic permeation capabilities. Its porous nature helps absorb harmful pollutants and heavy metals in the water, thus purifying it for usage. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the effect of different mix design parameters on the hydraulic performance of a PGC using the Taguchi method for effective water purification and stormwater infiltration. Accordingly, nine PGC mixtures were developed while accounting for four mix design factors at three distinct levels each. These factors included the binder dosage, dune sand inclusion, alkaline solution-to-binder ratio (S/B), and sodium hydroxide solution molarity. The precursor binding materials consisted of a 1:3 mix of fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). The optimum mixture having superior hydraulic performance was obtained by computing the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio. The experimental test results revealed that the optimum permeability response of 12 mm/s was attained for PGC mix proportioned with 400 kg/m3, 0%, 0.55, and 8 M of binder dosage, dune sand inclusion, S/B, NH molarity, respectively. Experimental research findings serve to optimize the fabrication of PGC with enhanced hydraulic performance while minimizing the number of experiments. Such a construction material would allow for effective stormwater infiltration and resolve the challenge of stormwater runoff.

Recycled granulates manufacturing from spent refractory wastes and magnesium based binder

This paper analyzes the ability of two Spent Refractory Wastes (SRW) for the manufacturing of recycled granulates for construction applications. A binary magnesium oxide and ground granulated blast furnace slag hydraulic binder was considered as an agglomerating agent for the granulates manufacturing. Influence of curing atmosphere was carried out: in air, 20 % CO2 and 100 % CO2 atmosphere up to 28 days. Granulometry, thermal analysis, particle density, bulk density, water absorption and mechanical strength tests were performed to characterize the granulates. SRW showed their ability for the granulates manufacturing. Results demonstrated the existence of a residual reactivity of the wastes considered. A direct relationship between the CO2 content of the curing atmosphere and the granulates hydration degree was observed. Carbonation process increased from 7 days to 28 days and direct relationships were observed between the CO2 content and the carbonation degree as well as between the binder dosage and the carbonation degree. CO2 curing reduced the water absorption and increased the compressive strength of the granulates.

Evaluation of the effect of silica fume on the fresh, mechanical and durability properties of self-compacting concrete produced by using waste rubber as fine aggregate

The supply of sand, which is obtained by disposing of natural resources for the purpose of concrete production and in accordance with production standards, is increasing rapidly and therefore its amount is rapidly depleted. A study is presented that aims to reduce the aggregate content by using this waste tire aggregate (WTA) in the construction industry, and thus, a sustainable production and conservation of nature is the basis. The water/binder ratio used in the study is kept constant as 0.39 and the binder dosage as 550 kg/m3. WTA and SF are replaced with sand and cement at the ratios of 5%, 10% and 15% by volume, and 5% and %15 b y weight, respectively. The fresh (slump flow, V-funnel, and L-box) and hardened (axial compression, splitting tensile strength, flexural tensile strength, diagonal tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity, chlorine penetration and sorptivity) properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) mixtures produced in this way are evaluated. For the mechanical and durability tests, a total of approximately 500 SCC (100 × 100 × 500 mm: prism, 100 × 100 × 100 mm: cube and 100 × 200 mm: cylindrical) samples are produced. The mechanical experiments of SCC were carried out at 28-, 56- and 90-days age. The test results have shown that WTA substitute concrete, which can be used in terms of civil engineering in terms of all these features, has shown that it has sufficient performance.

Improving the Properties of Magnetite Green Pellets with a Novel Organic Composite Binder.

A novel composite binder (humic acid modified bentonite, HAMB) and two other binders (bentonite and Modified humic acid, MHA) were used to explore the effects of binders on the properties of magnetite green pellets in this study. The results of green pellet properties and drying tests show that the low doses of a humic substance-based binder can achieve the same effect as high doses of bentonite binder. A humic substance-based binder could be a promising organic binder to replace bentonite. Meanwhile, the influence mechanism of adding different binders on the strength of green pellet was discussed, and the relationship between moisture content in the pellet and the compression strength of three binders was determined. A TG-DSC analysis found that the novel composite binder (HAMB) was not a simple mix of humic acid and bentonite, in which a humic substance could change the structure of bentonite and reduce the thermal stability of bentonite, causing the HAMB composite binder to have a high decomposition temperature.

A Mini-Review: Biowaste-Derived Fuel Pellet by Hydrothermal Carbonization Followed by Pelletizing

This review article focuses on recent studies using hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) for producing hydrochar and its potential application as a solid fuel pellet. Due to the depletion of fossil fuels and increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the need for carbon-neutral fuel sources has increased. Another environmental concern relates to the massive amount of industrial processing and municipal solid waste, which are often underutilized and end up in landfills to cause further environmental damage. HTC is an appealing approach to valorizing wet biomass into valuable bioproducts (e.g., hydrochar), with improved properties. In this review, the effects of the main HTC reaction parameters, including reaction temperature, residence time, and feedstock to water ratio on the properties and yield of hydrochar are described. Following this, the pelletizing of hydrochar to prepare fuel pellets is discussed by reviewing the influences of applied pressure, processing time, pellet aspect ratio, moisture content of the hydrochar, and the type and dosage of binder on the quality of the resulting fuel pellet. Overall, this review can provide research updates and useful insights regarding the preparation of biowaste-derived solid fuel pellets.

Effect of binder dosage and the use of waste rubber fiber on the mechanical and durability performance of geopolymer concrete

This paper was designed to find solutions to the fact that the availability of natural aggregates in accordance with the standards used in concrete is gradually decreasing, the environmental problems caused by cement threaten our future, and the recycling of used tire waste is very difficult. The effects of three different binder dosages (300, 400 and 500 kg/m3) on the mechanical and durability properties of geopolymer concrete (GPC) samples were investigated in binder contents consisting of 98% granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and 2% nano silica. As for the aggregate composition, natural sand was used as the fine aggregate, while the waste rubber fibers (WRF) were substituted in different proportions (0%, 5%, 10% and 15%) of the coarse aggregate by volume. Following the solid part was obtained as described, the alkaline activation of GPC specimens was provided using a 12 M NaOH solution. At the end of 28-day curing period, compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength, impact resistance, capillary permeability and elevated temperature performance properties were investigated in detail and the results obtained from the mentioned tests were also confirmed by microstructural analysis. Experimental findings revealed that the increase in binder dosage resulted in significant increases in all of the mechanical properties, and it was speculated that this was due to the formation of a denser and more compact microstructure compared to their counterparts produced using lower binder dosage. Besides the negative effects of WRF usage on compressive strength and resistance of elevated temperature, the other performance criteria such as flexural strength, impact resistance and splitting tensile strength values of GPC samples significantly improved with the usage of WRF. As a result, experimental findings demonstrated that the usage of waste rubber fibers in the production of GPC was advantageous in terms of some mechanical and durability properties.

Reduction, stabilization, and solidification of Cr(VI) in contaminated soils with a sustainable by-product-based binder

This study evaluated the use of a sustainable GFD binder for the stabilization/solidification (S/S) of chromium VI (Cr(VI))-contaminated soil. The GFD binder was composed of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), fly ash and desulfurization ash, named after the initials of the three materials. The effects of curing time and binder dosage on soil unconfined compressive strength (UCS), Cr leachability, soil pH, and reduction ratio of Cr (VI) were tested. The immobilization mechanisms of Cr(VI) in contaminated soil were further explored using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and sequential extraction procedure (SEP). The results showed that the UCS and pH of the soil increased substantially after the GFD binder was added. After 28 days of curing with a 20% binder dosage, the leached total Cr concentration decreased from 34.4 mg/L in the contaminated soil to 1.44 mg/L in the treated soil, and the leached Cr(VI) concentration decreased from 28.0 mg/L to 0.45 mg/L. A Cr(VI) reduction ratio of 96.2% was achieved, indicating the strong reducibility of GGBFS. XRD revealed that the main hydration products of the GFD binder were hydrated calcium silicate (C–S–H) and ettringite. SEM results showed that the formation of hydration products and Cr-bearing precipitates filled the soil pores, resulting in a dense soil structure. The SEP results demonstrated that the levels of the unstable fraction F1 decreased considerably, and that the levels of the stable fractions F3 and F5 increased after treatment. Encapsulation by C–S–H, reduction by sulfides, adsorption of C–S–H, and precipitation of Cr-bearing hydroxides were the main mechanisms involved in Cr immobilization using the GFD binder.

Engineering performance and microstructure characteristics of natural marine sediment stabilized with quicklime-activated GGBS under different lime proportions

The safe treatment of marine sediment has been a global-scale challenge. To reduce the environmental impacts associated with Portland cement (PC), an environment-friendly binder consisting of quicklime and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) was used in the stabilization/solidification of natural marine sediment. Although the combination of lime and GGBS is used to stabilize the sediment with very low water content or moderate water content in previous studies, the natural marine sediment with such a high water content has not been treated by the quicklime–GGBS binder up to now. Therefore, a series of tests were performed to study the physicochemical, mechanical, and microstructural characteristics of quicklime–GGBS stabilized sediments. The results indicated that the quicklime–GGBS solidified/stabilized sediment had a similarly low water content at a proper quicklime-binder ratio to that of PC-stabilized sediments. The pH of quicklime–GGBS solidified sediments gradually decreased as the quicklime-binder ratio decreased and the curing period increased. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of quicklime–GGBS stabilized sediments was 1.4 times higher than that of the corresponding PC-stabilized sediments using the same test conditions. The hydration products effectively bonded the sediment particles and filled the pores between the sediment particles, facilitating the improvement of the UCS of the quicklime–GGBS stabilized sediment. The findings indicated that the use of GGBS and a small amount of quicklime can replace PC to stabilize natural marine sediment with high water content. This would be to provide binder dosage and component proportion for the field application of quicklime–GGBS binder and to significantly improve the economical and environmental effects of the treatment of high water content sediment. HIGHLIGHTS Innovative lime-activated GGBS is used as a binder in the improvement of sediment with ultrahigh water content. The water content, pH, and UCS of lime–GGBS stabilized sediments are contrastively studied. The engineering performances of lime-GGBS stabilized sediments are better than those of PC-stabilized sediment. An optimal and appropriate lime-binder ratio is suggested. Microstructure mechanism of lime–GGBS stabilized sediment is revealed through series of micro-tests.

Effect of Waste Materials on the Strength-Stability Performance and Production Cost of Cemented Paste Backfill

Bu çalışma ile çimentolu macun dolgu (ÇMD) karışımında sülfürlü-maden atığı (S-MA) yerine %15 oranında ikame edilen atık malzemelerin (inşaat-yıkıntı atığı: İYA, kireçtaşı: KT, uçucu kül: UK ve yüksek fırın cürufu: YFC) ÇMD’nin dayanım/duraylılık performansına ve üretim maliyetine etkisi incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla, üretilen ÇMD numuneleri (kontrol: ve %15 atık malzeme ikameli) 7-360 gün boyunca dayanım testine tabi tutulmuştur. ÇMD üretim maliyetinin araştırılması için karışımlarda kullanılan çimento miktarları ve maliyetleri belirlenirken, atık malzemelerin öğütme sırasındaki enerji tüketimleri ve maliyetleri hesaplanmıştır. Tüm numuneler kısa ve uzun dönemde istenen 1,0 MPa dayanımı sağlamış ve %15 UK ve YFC ikameli ÇMD numuneleri kontrol numunelerine kıyasla 4 kata kadar daha yüksek dayanım üretmiştir. 1,0 m3 ÇMD üretimi için kontrol karışımında 130,0 kg çimento (%8,5) kullanılırken, atık malzeme ikameli karışımlarda bağlayıcı oranının %1,0 düşürülmesi yaklaşık %15 çimento tasarrufu sağlamıştır. Atık malzemelerin öğütme işlemlerinde 6,55-18,89 kW-saat/ton elektrik enerjisi tüketilmiş ve böylece 2,99 ₺ (UK)-8,85 ₺ (İYA) arasında para harcanmıştır. ÇMD üretimi için toplam maliyet değerlendirildiğinde, kontrol karışımı için 153,4 ₺ harcanırken, %15 atık malzeme ikameli karışımların maliyetinin 133,5 ₺’ye kadar (%12,98’e kadar tasarruf) düşürülebilmesi öngörülmüştür. Sonuçlar, ÇMD’nin dayanım/duraylılık performansı ve üretim maliyeti konusunda en uygun karışım tipinin %15 UK ikameli ÇMD karışımı olduğunu göstermiştir.

Effectiveness of a Nutritional Mobile Application for Management of Hyperphosphatemia in Patients on Hemodialysis: A Multicenter Open-Label Randomized Clinical Trial.

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of a phosphate mobile app (PMA), MyKidneyDiet-Phosphate Tracker ©2019, on hemodialysis (HD) patients with hyperphosphatemia. A multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial design allowed randomization of patients with hyperphosphatemia to either the usual care group (UG; receiving a single dietitian-led session with an education booklet) or the PMA group (PG). Thirty-three patients in each intervention group completed the 12-week study. Post-intervention, serum phosphorus levels were reduced in both groups (PG: −0.25 ± 0.42 mmol/L, p = 0.001; UG: −0.23 ± 0.33 mmol/L, p < 0.001) without any treatment difference (p > 0.05). Patients in both groups increased their phosphate knowledge (PG: 2.18 ± 3.40, p = 0.001; UG: 2.50 ± 4.50, p = 0.003), without any treatment difference (p > 0.05). Dietary phosphorus intake of both groups was reduced (PG: −188.1 ± 161.3 mg/d, p < 0.001; UG: −266.0 ± 193.3 mg/d, p < 0.001), without any treatment difference (p > 0.05). The serum calcium levels of patients in the UG group increased significantly (0.09 ± 0.20 mmol/L, p = 0.013) but not for the PG group (−0.03 ± 0.13 mmol/L, p = 0.386), and the treatment difference was significant (p = 0.007). As per phosphate binder adherence, both groups reported a significant increase in Morisky Medication Adherence Scale scores (PG: 1.1 ± 1.2, p < 0.001; UGa: 0.8 ± 1.5, p = 0.007), without any treatment difference (p > 0.05). HD patients with hyperphosphatemia using the PMA achieved reductions in serum phosphorus levels and dietary phosphorus intakes along with improved phosphate knowledge and phosphate binder adherence that were not significantly different from a one-off dietitian intervention. However, binder dose adjustment with meal phosphate content facilitated by the PMA allowed stability of corrected calcium levels, which was not attained by UC patients whose binder dose was fixed.

MO813: The Validity of Combined Urea and Phosphate Kinetic Modelling in Estimation of Daily Protein and Phosphate Intake in Haemodialysis Patients

Abstract BACKGROUND AND AIMS The interpretation of patient dietary records, laboratory results in haemodialysis units to manage their phosphate and nutritional status is time and effort consuming and needs strictly compliant patients. This justifies the need of estimates of these parameters with accepted validity and applicability. METHOD In 100 haemodialysis patients [50 with residual kidney function (RKF) and 50 anuric patients], Daugirdas [1, 2] supposed urea and phosphate kinetic models’ estimates were extracted and correlated with the actual dietary records, phosphate binder dosage and dialysis prescription parameters. The estimates of interest were, daily ingested phosphorus (DIP), estimated phosphorus removed, intradialytic time averaged phosphate level, normalized protein catabolic ratio (nPCR) and dialysis estimated kt/v. RESULTS Modeled DIP is significantly correlated to calculated phosphate intake from average 3-day dietary records in both anuric and RKF patients (r = 0.89 and r = 91, respectively; P &amp;lt; .001). Also, the nPCR is significantly correlated with daily protein intake/kg in both study groups (r = 0.85 in anuric, r = 0.78 in RKF; P &amp;lt; .001). Estimated phosphorus removed is positively correlated to dialysis kt/v in both study groups (r = 0.51 in anuric, r = 0.52 in RKF; P &amp;lt; .001). Patients with RKF had significantly lower pre-dialysis serum phosphate (5.78 ± 1.05 versus 4.39 ± 0.78; P &amp;lt; .001), calcium-based phosphate binders’ dosage (2616.28 ± 390.93 mg/day versus 1937.5 ± 395.29 mg/day; P &amp;lt; .001), estimated phosphate removed in haemodialysis (1271.86 ± 274.5 mg/day versus 1016.82 ± 198.42 mg/day; P &amp;lt; .001) and intradialytic average phosphate levels (4.052 ± 0.87 mg/dL versus 3.26 ± 0.61 mg/dL; P &amp;lt; 0.001) than the anuric group. CONCLUSION Modeled DIP and nPCR can be used as estimates for phosphate and protein intake in haemodialysis patients with or without RKF. RKF has a positive impact on the phosphate measures and decreases the need for phosphate binders. For each patient is shown the mean result after CC treatment and after SO treatment. The red bold line represents mean values. (A) Bone turnover estimated from whole-body 18F-NaF PET/CT as Ki at lumbar vertebrae 1–5 in 20 participants. (B) Bone volume estimated as CT-derived HU at lumbar vertebrae 1–5 in 21 participants. * Significance level &amp;lt; 0.05.

Suppression of Sulfate-Induced Expansion with Lime-Silica Fume Blends.

Sulfate-induced expansion resulting from the formation of ettringite in sulfate-bearing soil stabilised with calcium-based stabilisers is a problematic issue with technical and economic implications. Thus, this research examines the viability of the co-addition of lime (L) and silica fume (S) at varying binder dosages (4, 6, and 10 wt%), with a view of establishing the optimum blend of L–S for suppressing the ettringite-induced expansion of artificially high sulfate-dosed soil (kaolinite-K and gypsum-G). To do so, a series of laboratory specimens, designed using different gypsum and lime concentrations, were investigated using unconfined compression strength (UCS), linear expansion, and derivative thermo-gravimetric analysis (DTG) as the main criteria for the examination. The research outcomes indicated that the increasing substitution of L with S induces a gradual reduction on the UCS and linear expansion at binder levels of 4 and 6 wt%, while its usage in a high binder level (10 wt%), can yield an expansion reduction, with no compromise on the UCS performance. Therefore, silica fume has the potential for restricting ettringite formation and suppressing the expansion, of which 3L7S is the optimum blending ratio for suppressing the expansion.

AFM1 Secretion and Efficacy of NovasilTM Clay in Kenyan Dairy Cows

The occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk has been widely reported in Kenya, with levels freqently exceeding national and international thresholds. Exposure to aflatoxin increases the risk of hepatic cancers and can also have other negative health impacts in children such as growth impairment and immunosuppression. Anti-mycotoxin agents (AMAs) included in contaminated feeds can greatly reduce the amount of AFM1 released in milk. A 45-day trial was designed to assess secretion of AFM1 in milk from individual cows fed commercial Kenyan dairy feed, as well as the efficacy of Novasil™ Plus in reducing the levels. A four-by-four Latin square cross-over design was used for the experiment. Four cows were fed on naturally contaminated with AFB1 feed, with levels ranging from 19 to 47 µg/kg, and either no binder or inclusion of binder at the rate of 0.6 or 1.2%. Milk samples were collected each day and analyzed for AFM1. The results showed that AFM1 levels in the milk varied between the cows, even when fed similar levels of contaminated feed. On average, inclusion of 0.6% binder into the diet resulted in 34% decline in milk AFM1 levels, while 1.2% binder dose resulted in a decline of 45%. Significant reduction in AFM1 secretion was observed in all experimental units (p &lt; 0.005), though only minimal reduction was recorded in one of the units (Cow 4) compared to the other three. This trial shows novel data on aflatoxin exposure and excretion in Kenyan dairy cows in a field setting where AFB1 level is uncontrolled. We demonstrate significant reduction in AFM1 secretion in milk using AMA, though AFM1 levels were still above the recommended EC standard of 50 ŋg/kg. This study suggests that AMAs alone cannot be relied on to reduce AFM1 in milk to safe levels. Training and good feeding practices are recommended in addition to use of AMAs.