Binary Process Research Articles

An Improved Method of Hash Table Based on Transform and Conquer

This paper presented a improved method of hash table, the algorithm based on transform and conquer, established a number of small-scale array, then imitated binary search processes and reduced the hash collision. Simulation results shows that , not only the continuous memory requirement is reduced greatly, but also that when the hash collisions occur, the searching efficiency is improved by an order of magnitude from O(n) to O(logn), the space utilization rate is also improved greatly.

Trapping Effect on the Kinetic Critical Radius in Nucleation and Growth Processes

The critical nucleus size—above which nuclei grow, below dissolve—during diffusion controlled nucleation in binary solid-solid phase transformation process is calculated using kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC). If atomic jumps are slower in an A-rich nucleus than in the embedding B-rich matrix, the nucleus traps the A atoms approaching its surface. It doesn’t have enough time to eject A atoms before new ones arrive, even if it would be favourable thermodynamically. In this case the critical nucleus size can be even by an order of magnitude smaller than expected from equilibrium thermodynamics or without trapping. These results were published in [Z. Erdélyi et al., Acta Mater. 58 (2010) 5639]. In a recent paper M. Leitner [M. Leitner, Acta Mater. 60 (2012) 6709] has questioned our results based on the arguments that his simulations led to different results, but he could not point out the reason for the difference. In this paper we summarize our original results and on the basis of recent KMC and kinetic mean field (KMF) simulations we show that Leitner’s conclusions are not valid and we confirm again our original results.

A binary array method for calculating thermal conductivity of porous materials

The present research on thermal conductivity of porous materials is hampered by their highly random internal structure. Until now, the researches could not describe internal structure of porous materials, but macro calculation expressions were established. In order to solve the above problem, this paper presents a method of calculation that applies a binary array. This method can describe the internal structure of porous materials, reflects its randomness, and calculates the thermal conductivity of porous materials. The technique selects large enough porous material models and divides them in small enough grids. Each grid needs a binary conversion process to determine if the grid is matrix or pore. Finally, a grid array composed of matrix and pore is established. Based on this grid array, this study sets the initial and boundary conditions, and then calculates the thermal conductivity of porous materials by a numerical calculation according to internal heat-transfer mechanism. This research adopts the described method to calculate the thermal conductivity of porous aluminum. The result is consistent with that of the experimental measurement, thereby verifying the accuracy and reliability of this method.

Massive double compact object mergers: gravitational wave sources and r-process element production sites

With our galactic evolutionary code that contains a detailed intermediate mass and massive binary population model, we study the temporal evolution of the galactic population of double neutron star binaries, mixed systems with a neutron star and black hole component and double black hole binaries. We compute the merger rates of these relativistic binaries and we translate them into LIGO II detection rates. We demonstrate that accounting for the uncertainties in the relation 'initial mass-final mass' predicted by massive close binary evolution and due to the possible effect of large stellar wind mass loss during the luminous blue variable phase of a star with initial mass larger than 30-40 Mo and during the red supergiant phase of a star with initial mass smaller than 30-40 Mo when such a star is a binary component, the double black hole merger rate may be very small, contrary to predictions made by other groups. Hydrodynamic computations of r-process chemical yields ejected during the relativistic binary merger process have recently become available. With our galactic code that includes binaries it is then straightforward to calculate the temporal galactic evolution of the r-process elements ejected by these mergers. We conclude that except for the earliest evolutionary phase of the Galaxy (~the first 100 Myr) double compact star mergers may be the major production sites of r-process elements and it is probable that the mixed systems dominate this production over double neutron star binary mergers.

Binary central stars of planetary nebulae with long orbits: the radial velocity orbit of BD+33°2642 (PN G052.7+50.7) and the orbital motion of HD 112313 (PN LoTr5)

We study the impact of binary interaction processes on the evolution of low- and intermediate-mass stars using long-term monitoring of their radial velocity. Here we report on our results on the central stars of two planetary nebulae (PNe): the well-studied spectrophotometric standard BD+33.2642 (central star of PNG 052.7+50.7) and HD112313 (central star of PN LoTr5), the optical light of which is dominated by a rapidly rotating G star. The high-resolution spectra were cross-correlated with carefully selected masks of spectral lines. The individual masks were optimised for the spectral signatures of the dominant contributor of the optical light. We report on the first detection of orbital motion in these two objects. For BD+33.2642 we sampled 1.5 cycles of the 1105 +/- 24 day orbital period. For HD 112313 a full period is not yet covered, despite our 1807 days of monitoring. The radial-velocity amplitude shows that it is unlikely that the orbital plane is co-planar with the one defined by the nebular waist of the bipolar nebula. To our knowledge these are the first detections of orbits in PNe that are in a range from several weeks to a few years. The orbital properties and chemical composition of BD+33.2642 are similar to what is found in post-AGB binaries with circumbinary discs. The latter are probably progenitors of these PNe. For LoTr5 the Ba-rich central star and the long orbital period are similar to the Ba star giants, which hence serve as natural progeny. In contrast to the central star in LoTr5, normal Ba stars are slow rotators. The orbits of these systems have a low probability of occurrence according to recent population synthesis calculations.

Batch Distillation Targets for Minimum Energy Consumption

Distillation technology, which is applied in most chemical and process industries in general, is an energy-intensive process, and this has a significant effect on the overall cost of production. Batch distillation, in particular, is one of the most important unit operations for small-scale production of specialty and fine chemicals. This unit operation is a strong unifying factor and the main support of pharmaceutical and perfume industries. This paper investigates a novel approach of minimizing energy consumption of a simple conventional binary batch distillation process by applying the attainable region theory for a binary batch boiling process. The fundamental processes considered are boiling and mixing. It is shown that the trajectory of a simple batch distillation process is convex in the concentration–energy space and that there is no room for minimizing energy consumption by any simple mixing policy.

SOWING THE SEEDS OF MASSIVE BLACK HOLES IN SMALL GALAXIES: YOUNG CLUSTERS AS THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF ULTRACOMPACT DWARF GALAXIES

Interacting galaxies often have complexes of hundreds of young stellar clusters of individual masses $\sim 10^{4-6}~M_\odot$ in regions that are a few hundred parsecs across. These cluster complexes interact dynamically, and their coalescence is a candidate for the origin of some ultracompact dwarf galaxies (UCDs). Individual clusters with short relaxation times are candidates for the production of intermediate-mass black holes of a few hundred solar masses, via runaway stellar collisions prior to the first supernovae in a cluster. It is therefore possible that a cluster complex hosts multiple intermediate-mass black holes that may be ejected from their individual clusters due to mergers or binary processes, but bound to the complex as a whole. Here we explore the dynamical interaction between initially free-flying massive black holes and clusters in an evolving cluster complex. We find that, after hitting some clusters, it is plausible that the massive black hole will be captured in an ultracompact dwarf forming near the center of the complex. In the process, the hole typically triggers electromagnetic flares via stellar disruptions, and is also likely to be a prominent source of gravitational radiation for the advanced ground-based detectors LIGO and VIRGO. We also discuss other implications of this scenario, notably that the central black hole could be considerably larger than expected in other formation scenarios for ultracompact dwarfs.

An investigation on the removal characteristics of compound materials during ion beam sputtering using the Kinetic Monte Carlo method

Ion beam sputtering has been extensively adopted for optical surface processing. Due to differences between atoms in terms of atomic mass, surface binding energy and surface coverage fraction, the removal characteristics of the solid compound materials will be diverse. This paper first developed a quasi-atomistic model of the binary compound target and simulated ion beam sputtering processes using the Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) method. Furthermore, the effect of atomic differences on the removal characteristics was investigated. Finally, contrastive analysis between simulations and experiments of fused silica using an Ar+ ion beam was performed. The simulation results indicated that the competition between two types of preferential sputtering could cause the surface composition, removal amount and removal rate to oscillate in the early stage and to be relatively stable after a period of time. Compared with the fused silica experiments, the stable removal rate error of the KMC model considering the preferential sputtering is 5.9%; however, the stable removal rate error of the KMC model without regard to the preferential sputtering is 12.6%.

Integrin Avidity and Cytoskeletal Remodeling Regulate Force-Mediated Cell Detachment

Integrin avidity controls adhesion and is regulated by extracellular factors including divalent cations, which vary given the niche. Single molecule experiments show that affinity is regulated by cations, though integrin-extracellular matrix (ECM) bond dynamics make this is difficult to assess. Here we use a spinning disc assay to apply radially increasing shear to cells and demonstrate that adhesion strength is modulated by physiologically-relevant divalent cation concentrations via controlling specific integrin's binding to ECM. While force-mediated detachment was previously considered a binary process, two novel modes of detachment were identified; with physiological cation concentration, cells detach piecewise from the substrate in the shear's direction as cytoskeleton-focal adhesion bonds disconnect, leaving adhesions on the substrate rather than breaking integrin-ECM bonds as classically thought. Without calcium, α5 integrins allow cells to remodel in the direction of applied shear, allowing them to withstand higher shear. These data challenge our current understanding of force-mediated detachment and instead suggests a dynamic interplay between adhesions and cytoskeleton. Indeed, sub-physiological temperatures stabilize actin-FA connections as attachment strength increased 2-fold and actin is clearly visible around the leftover FAs. This suggests that the actin cytoskeleton is only able to reduce the connection to the FAs at physiological conditions while at low temperatures the cells' cytoskeleton fractures in the proximity of the FAs.

Transport Properties of Superfluid Dipolar Fermi Gas at Low Temperatures

Transport coefficients of superfluid dipolar Fermi gas are calculated by using the Boltzmann equation approach. The interaction between Bogoliubov-Bogoliubov quasiparticles in the collision integral is considered in binary process. The shear viscosities nxz↑ = nyy↑,nxy↑; nxz↑ ≈ nyz↑; and nu↑ are proportional to T-6; T-8; and T-10 , respectively. Also, we have found the elements of the diffusive thermal conductivities Kxx↑= Kyy↑ with temperature dependency T-5 and Ku↑ which is proportional to T-7 and other components which are zero.

Trojan Horse particle invariance for2H(d,p)3H reaction: a detailed study

In the last decades the Trojan Horse method has played a crucial role for the measurement of several charged particle induced reactions cross sections of astrophysical interest. To better understand its cornerstones and its applications to physical cases many tests were performed to verify all its properties and the possible future perspectives. The Trojan Horse nucleus invariance for the binary d(d,p)t reaction was therefore tested using the quasi free 2 H( 6 Li, pt) 4 He and 2 H( 3 He,pt)H reactions after 6 Li and 3 He break-up, re- spectively. The astrophysical S(E)-factor for the d(d,p)t binary process was then extracted in the framework of the Plane Wave Approximation applied to the two di erent break-up schemes. The obtained results are compared with direct data as well as with previous indirect investigations. The very good agreement confirms the applicability of the plane wave approximation and suggests the independence of binary indirect cross section on the chosen Trojan Horse nucleus also for the present case.

Excellent Temperature Performance of Spherical LiFePO4/C Composites Modified with Composite Carbon and Metal Oxides

Nanosized spherical LiFePO4/C composite was synthesized from nanosized spherical FePO4 ·2H2O, Li2C2O4, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, oxalic acid, and sucrose by binary sintering process. The phases and morphologies of LiFePO4/C were characterized using SEM, TEM, CV, EIS, EDS, and EDX as well as charging and discharging measurements. The results showed that the as-prepared LiFePO4/C composite with good conductive webs from nanosized spherical FePO4 ·2H2O exhibits excellent electrochemical performances, delivering an initial discharge capacity of 161.7 mAh·g−1 at a 0.1 C rate, 152.4 mAh·g−1 at a 1 C rate and 131.7 mAh·g−1 at a 5 C rate, and the capacity retention of 99.1%, 98.7%, and 95.8%, respectively, after 50 cycles. Meanwhile, the high and low temperature performance is excellent for 18650 battery, maintaining capacity retention of 101.7%, 95.0%, 88.3%, and 79.3% at 55°C, 0°C, −10°C, and −20°C by comparison withthat of room temperature (25°C) at the 0.5 C rate over a voltage range of 2.2 V to 3.6 V, respectively.

Tailoring the Immune Response via Customization of Pathogen Gene Expression

The majority of studies focused on the construction and reengineering of bacterial pathogens have mainly relied on the knocking out of virulence factors or deletion/mutation of amino acid residues to then observe the microbe's phenotype and the resulting effect on the host immune response. These knockout bacterial strains have also been proposed as vaccines to combat bacterial disease. Theoretically, knockout strains would be unable to cause disease since their virulence factors have been removed, yet they could induce a protective memory response. While knockout strains have been valuable tools to discern the role of virulence factors in host immunity and bacterial pathogenesis, they have been unable to yield clinically relevant vaccines. The advent of synthetic biology and enhanced user-directed gene customization has altered this binary process of knockout, followed by observation. Recent studies have shown that a researcher can now tailor and customize a given microbe's gene expression to produce a desired immune response. In this commentary, we highlight these studies as a new avenue for controlling the inflammatory response as well as vaccine development.

Supra-amphiphilic aggregates formed by p-sulfonatocalix[4]arenes and the antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine

We report here a supramolecular strategy to directly assemble the small molecular antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine (CPZ) into nanostructures, induced by p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene (SC4A) and p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene tetraheptyl ether (SC4AH), with high drug loading efficiencies of 61% and 46%, respectively. The binary host-guest assembly process was monitored using optical transmittance measurements, and the size and morphology of these two kinds of supra-amphiphilic assemblies were identified using a combination of light scattering and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, which showed solid spherical micelles. This strategy presents new opportunities for the development of high loading drug-containing carriers with easy processability for drug delivery.

Algebraic Theory of the Dependability of Binary Sensors

Binary sensor systems are analog sensors of various types (optical, microelectromechanical (MEMS) systems, X-ray, gamma-ray, acoustic, electronic, etc.) based on the binary decision process. Typical examples of such “binary sensors” are X-ray luggage inspection systems, product quality control systems, automatic target recognition systems, numerous medical diagnostic systems, and many others. In all these systems, the binary decision process provides only two mutually exclusive responses. There are also two types of key parameters that characterize either a system or external conditions in relation to the system that are determined by their prior probabilities. In this paper, by using a formal neuron model, we analyze the problem of threshold redundancy of binary sensors of a critical state.

A Statistical Model for Misreported Binary Outcomes in Clustered RCTs of Education Interventions

In education randomized control trials (RCTs), the misreporting of student outcome data could lead to biased estimates of average treatment effects (ATEs) and their standard errors. This article discusses a statistical model that adjusts for misreported binary outcomes for two-level, school-based RCTs, where it is assumed that misreporting could occur for students with truly undesirable outcomes, but not for those with truly desirable outcomes. A latent variable index approach using study baseline data is employed to model both the misreporting and binary outcome decision processes, separately for treatments and controls, using random effects probit models to adjust for school-level clustering. Quasi-Newton maximum likelihood methods are developed to obtain consistent estimates of the ATE parameter and the unobserved misreporting rates. The estimation approach is demonstrated using self-reported arrest data from a large-scale RCT of Job Corps, the nation’s largest residential training program for disadvantaged youths between the ages of 16 and 24.

Sampling and reconstruction of a checkerboard-type random field

A statistical procedure for sampling and reconstructing realizations of a random binary field is developed. The realizations are formed by using two binary Markovian processes defined on two axes. The procedure includes two parts. The first part is the choice of a sampling interval on the basis of a given probability of missing a state. The second part is to construct an estimator for the state transition points and to evaluate the variance of the estimator. The issue of the uncertainty of the initial state is resolved, which arises because the values of the generating processes are nonuniquely determined by field measurements. Illustrative examples are given.

Optimal tracking over noisy channels in the presence of data dropouts

This study investigates the optimal tracking performance of multiple-input multiple-output linear time-invariant systems over a noisy channel in the feedback path. The communication channel is also subject to data dropouts, which was modelled as a binary stochastic process. The problem under consideration amounts to determining the minimal error in tracking a Brownian motion random process, which emulates a step reference signal in the deterministic setting. With the unity feedback and two-parameter control structure, a lower bound and an exact expression of optimal tracking performance are obtained respectively. It is shown how the noise may degenerate the tracking performance and how the data dropouts effect may intertwine with unstable poles and non-minimum phase zeros, including the location and direction, which are intrinsic characteristics of the plant. Finally, computer simulations are provided to illustrate the analytical results obtained.

The structural mechanisms that underpin mitotic kinase activation

In eukaryotic cells, the peak of protein phosphorylation occurs during mitosis, switching the activities of a significant proportion of proteins and orchestrating a wholesale reorganization of cell shape and internal architecture. Most mitotic protein phosphorylation events are catalysed by a small subset of serine/threonine protein kinases. These include members of the Cdk (cyclin-dependent kinase), Plk (Polo-like kinase), Aurora, Nek (NimA-related kinase) and Bub families, as well as Haspin, Greatwall and Mps1/TTK. There has been steady progress in resolving the structural mechanisms that regulate the catalytic activities of these mitotic kinases. From structural and biochemical perspectives, kinase activation appears not as a binary process (from inactive to active), but as a series of states that exhibit varying degrees of activity. In its lowest activity state, a mitotic kinase may exhibit diverse autoinhibited or inactive conformations. Kinase activation proceeds via phosphorylation and/or association with a binding partner. These remodel the structure into an active conformation that is common to almost all protein kinases. However, all mitotic kinases of known structure have divergent features, many of which are key to understanding their specific regulatory mechanisms. Finally, mitotic kinases are an important class of drug target, and their structural characterization has facilitated the rational design of chemical inhibitors.

Contact processes with random connection weights on regular graphs

In this paper we study the asymptotic critical value of contact processes with random connection weights, sitting on a degree-increasing sequence of r-regular graph Gr. We propose a method to generalize the asymptotics results for λc(Zd) and λc(Td) of classical contact processes as well as of recent work for contact processes on complete graphs with random connection weights. Only the lower bound is rigorously proved; it is conjectured, however, that the lower bound gives the right asymptotic behavior. For comparison purposes we also introduce binary contact path processes with random connection weights, whose asymptotic behavior of the critical value is obtained.