Binary Process Research Articles

A New Trellis Model for MAC Layer Cooperative Retransmission Protocols

Comparison studies on timer-based distributed cooperative retransmission protocols are challenging, given a variety of backoff techniques. We propose a new unified model, which can characterize a wide range of cooperative retransmission protocols. The key idea is a new trellis diagram that extrapolates the retransmission probabilities in each timeslot to the entire cooperative process. Following the trellis, performance metrics, such as success rate and collision intensity, can be derived in a structured manner. The new trellis model, coupled with Markov techniques, can be also extended to analyze the distributed binary exponential backoff processes of cooperative retransmissions. Confirmed by simulations, the proposed trellis model accurately reveals the impact of the relays' relative locations and density on different protocols. Our model also has the potential to be used as a management tool to adaptively configure protocol parameters.

СНИЖЕНИЕ ВЫЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНОЙ СЛОЖНОСТИ МАШИННЫХ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТОВ ПРИ ВЕРИФИКАЦИИ КРИПТОГРАФИЧЕСКИХ АЛГОРИТМОВ

The problem of obtaining a set of samples for the assessment of cryptographic algorithms quality on the basis of statistical tests use is considered. New properties of Markov binary chains taking into account dependences of probabilities of binary vectors with different length are described. The analytical expressions allowing the computation of dependences of range limits in values of probabilities of multidimen-sional binary random values upon probabilities of bi-nary random values with smaller dimension are of-fered. The reasons for the necessity of an additional procedure of rejection at the simulation of the realiza-tion of Markov binary processes are defined. A method for the directed search of probability values of sets in the distribution of Markov binary sequences allowing the generation of ergodic binary random sequences that allows refusing completely the procedure of rejection is considered. An algorithm realizing a mentioned method possessing a lowered computational complexity in comparison with the wellknown algorithms for the organization of a computational experiment on the investigation of statistical properties of binary random sequences is presented.

Double-electron ionization driven by inhomogeneous fields

Electron-electron correlation effects play an instrumental role in our understanding of sequential (SDI) and non-sequential double ionization (NSDI) mechanisms. Here, we present a theoretical study of NSDI driven by plasmonic-enhanced spatial inhomogeneous fields. By numerically solving the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation for a linear reduced model of He and a double-electron time-evolution probability analysis, we provide evidence for the enhancement effects in NSDI showing that the double ionization yield at lower laser peak intensities is increased due to the inhomogeneity of the laser field. Furthermore, our quantum mechanical model, as well as classical trajectory Monte Carlo simulations, show that inhomogeneous fields are a useful tool for splitting the binary and recoil processes in the rescattering scenario.

High-resolution H-band Spectroscopy of Be Stars with SDSS-III/APOGEE. II. Line Profile and Radial Velocity Variability

Abstract We report on the H-band spectral variability of classical Be stars observed over the course of the Apache Point Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE), one of four subsurveys comprising SDSS-III. As described in the first paper of this series, the APOGEE B-type emission-line (ABE) star sample was culled from the large number of blue stars observed as telluric standards during APOGEE observations. In this paper, we explore the multi-epoch ABE sample, consisting of 1100 spectra for 213 stars. These “snapshots” of the circumstellar disk activity have revealed a wealth of temporal variability including, but not limited to, gradual disappearance of the line emission and vice versa over both short and long timescales. Other forms of variability include variation in emission strength, emission peak intensity ratios, and emission peak separations. We also analyze radial velocities (RVs) of the emission lines for a subsample of 162 stars with sufficiently strong features, and we discuss on a case-by-case basis whether the RV variability exhibited by some stars is caused by binary motion versus dynamical processes in the circumstellar disks. Ten systems are identified as convincing candidates for binary Be stars with as of yet undetected companions.

Beam-energy dependence and updated test of the Trojan-horse nucleus invariance via a measurement of the H2(d,p)H3 reaction at low energies

The $\mathrm{^2H}(d,p)\mathrm{^3H}$ bare nucleus astrophysical S(E) factor has been measured indirectly at energies from about 500 keV down to several keV by means of the Trojan-horse method applied to the quasi-free process $\mathrm{^2H({}^6Li},pt)\mathrm{^4He}$ induced at the lithium beam energy of 11 and 9.5 MeV, which makes the virtual binary process incident energy $\mathrm {E}_{dd}^{qf}$ go much closer to the zero-quasi-free-energy point than that in the previous similar experiment. The obtained results are compared with direct data as well as with previous indirect investigation of the same binary reactions. It shows that the precision of S(E) data in low energy range extracted via the same Trojan horse nucleus ($\mathrm{^6Li}=(d \oplus \alpha)$ ) becomes better when the incident energy decreases from high value down to the zero-quasi-free-energy point. The very good agreement between data extracted from different Trojan horse nucleus ($\mathrm{^6Li}=(d \oplus \alpha)$ vs. $\mathrm{^3He}=(d \oplus p)$) gives a strong updated test for the independence of the binary indirect cross section on the chosen Trojan horse nucleus at low energies.

Object Feature Extraction of Songket Image Using Chain Code Algorithm

The study was aimed at determining the feature of a motif found in a Songket image in order to make the object detectable and readable. The method used was image color segmentation in the form of a process of segmentation of the image area based on the similarity in colors, which was continued with the binary process that aims to change the image into binary form (0 and 1), so that it only has two colors namely black and white. This study also used mathematical morphology in detecting objects, by using dilation operation and filling holes. After the process of mathematical morphology was completed, the next process was motif extraction by applying moore contour tracking algorithms and the development of chain code algorithms. The results of the process carried out showed that the development chain code algorithm can generate the number of objects, the length of chain code, and probable value of rate of appearances of each chain code in a motif, despite there are some objects in a motif. Then the values are stored into the database as The Feature of Songket Motifs.

General simulation algorithm for autocorrelated binary processes.

The apparent ubiquity of binary random processes in physics and many other fields has attracted considerable attention from the modeling community. However, generation of binary sequences with prescribed autocorrelation is a challenging task owing to the discrete nature of the marginal distributions, which makes the application of classical spectral techniques problematic. We show that such methods can effectively be used if we focus on the parent continuous process of beta distributed transition probabilities rather than on the target binary process. This change of paradigm results in a simulation procedure effectively embedding a spectrum-based iterative amplitude-adjusted Fourier transform method devised for continuous processes. The proposed algorithm is fully general, requires minimal assumptions, and can easily simulate binary signals with power-law and exponentially decaying autocorrelation functions corresponding, for instance, to Hurst-Kolmogorov and Markov processes. An application to rainfall intermittency shows that the proposed algorithm can also simulate surrogate data preserving the empirical autocorrelation.

Mutations on a random binary tree with measured boundary

Consider a random real tree whose leaf set, or boundary, is endowed with a finite mass measure. Each element of the tree is further given a type, or allele, inherited from the most recent atom of a random point measure (infinitely-many-allele model) on the skeleton of the tree. The partition of the boundary into distinct alleles is the so-called allelic partition. In this paper, we are interested in the infinite trees generated by supercritical, possibly time-inhomogeneous, binary branching processes, and in their boundary, which is the set of particles `co-existing at infinity'. We prove that any such tree can be mapped to a random, compact ultrametric tree called coalescent point process, endowed with a `uniform' measure on its boundary which is the limit as $t\to\infty$ of the properly rescaled counting measure of the population at time $t$. We prove that the clonal (i.e., carrying the same allele as the root) part of the boundary is a regenerative set that we characterize. We then study the allelic partition of the boundary through the measures of its blocks. We also study the dynamics of the clonal subtree, which is a Markovian increasing tree process as mutations are removed.

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In todays atmosphere of information warfare the biased impact of the media has increased, pushing behind other functions, including the informative one. The forms of media influence have also changed: direct persuasion has been replaced by implicit manipulation, which develops into outright aggression. Since, in the media discourse aggression can be both verbal and non-verbal, we propose to use the term information (or media) aggression , which is broader than verbal aggression . Media aggression can be considered as a binary process - in relation to the referent (affective aggression) and in relation to the audience (cognitive aggression). As a result, the information under media aggression refers to the expression of open hostility and animosity towards the referent and meaningful impact on the consciousness of the recipient (the target audience) to its ideological subordination. The purpose of this article is to justify the hypothesis that the growing media aggression is a feature of modern media discourse in the atmosphere of information warfare, and this function can be analysed within the framework of manipulative discourse as manipulative persuasion. The data has been taken from quality British and American newspapers, news websites of The BBC, The Economist, The Guardian, The New York Times, The Washington Post, and some others covering the relations between Russia and the USA, the situation in the Middle East, particularly in Syria. The the study was conducted using critical discourse analysis (Fairclough 2001, Van Dijk 2006, 2009; Wodak 2007; Weiss, Wodak 2007) and the multimodal approach (Ivanova, Spodarets 2010; Ponton 2016), and reveals various strategies and means of linguistic manipulation and media aggression. It also shows that the main aim of linguistic manipulation accentuated by verbal and non-verbal aggression is to deliberately mislead the audience imposing on it the desired idea of ideological subordination. Therefore, a knowledge of the mechanisms of manipulative influence is essential to counter the information and psychological war.

Sampling of realizations of the random field formed by the sum of Markov binary processes

A statistical description of the sampling and reconstruction procedure for the realizations of a random field with jumps and four possible states is given. A realization of such a field is formed by two realizations of binary Markov stochastic processes defined on two coordinate axes. The analysis of the sampling and reconstruction procedure of this field consists of two parts. In the first part, the sampling intervals are chosen based on the given probability of missing a state. In the second part, the points of state change in the realization being reconstructed are estimated, and the variances of these estimates are calculated. These variances characterize the quality of reconstruction. An example illustrating the proposed method is discussed.

Understanding urban development types and drivers in Wallonia. A multi-density approach

In this study, urban development process in the Walloon region (Belgium) has been analysed. Two main aspects of development are quantitatively measured: the development type and the definition of the main drivers of the urbanisation process. Unlike most existing studies that consider the urban development as a binary process, this research considers the urban development as a continuous process, characterised by different levels of urban density. Eight urban classes are defined based on the Belgian cadastral data for years 2000 and 2010. A multinomial logistic regression model is employed to examine the main driving forces of the different densities. Sixteen drivers were selected, including accessibility, geo-physical features, policies and socio-economic factors. Finally, the changes from the non-urban to one of the urban density classes are detected and classified into different development types. The results indicate that zoning status (political factor), slope, distance to roads, population densities and mean land price, respectively, have impact on the urbanisation process whatever maybe the density. The results also show that the impact of these factors highly varies from one density to another.

A conceptual framework to represent the theoretical domain of “innovation capability” in organizations

The term ‘innovation capability’ has been used recurrently in the innovation literature, but there is still considerable divergence about its meaning and implication to organizations. A consensus exists that, to innovate, organizations must possess innovation capability, and that the ownership of this feature is not a binary process, but rather an evolutionary level process. This evolutionary logic is analogous to the basic structure of organizational maturity models. However, the literature integrating innovation capability into a maturity perspective is still limited. Considering these premises, from a broad bibliographical research, this article presents a framework of reference to represent the entire theoretical domain of innovation capability. Its purpose is to classify the main types of models about this construct available in the reference literature. It is organized at increasing levels of complexity, so that each level creates the conceptual conditions for the construction of more comprehensive models. Similar to the main use cases for maturity models, there are three basic levels for the framework: descriptive; comparative; and, finally, prescriptive models of innovation capability. Considering this cumulative framework, the authors argue that, to be fully understood, innovation capability should be studied using the perspective of maturity models.

Modelling droplet collision outcomes for different substances and viscosities

The main objective of the present study is the derivation of models describing the outcome of binary droplet collisions for a wide range of dynamic viscosities in the well-known collision maps (i.e. normalised lateral droplet displacement at collision, called impact parameter, versus collision Weber number). Previous studies by Kuschel and Sommerfeld (Exp Fluids 54:1440, 2013) for different solution droplets having a range of solids contents and hence dynamic viscosities (here between 1 and 60 mPa s) revealed that the locations of the triple point (i.e. coincidence of bouncing, stretching separation and coalescence) and the critical Weber number (i.e. condition for the transition from coalescence to separation for head-on collisions) show a clear dependence on dynamic viscosity. In order to extend these findings also to pure liquids and to provide a broader data basis for modelling the viscosity effect, additional binary collision experiments were conducted for different alcohols (viscosity range 1.2–15.9 mPa s) and the FVA1 reference oil at different temperatures (viscosity range 3.0–28.2 mPa s). The droplet size for the series of alcohols was around 365 and 385 µm for the FVA1 reference oil, in each case with fixed diameter ratio at Δ= 1. The relative velocity between the droplets was varied in the range 0.5–3.5 m/s, yielding maximum Weber numbers of around 180. Individual binary droplet collisions with defined conditions were generated by two droplet chains each produced by vibrating orifice droplet generators. For recording droplet motion and the binary collision process with good spatial and temporal resolution high-speed shadow imaging was employed. The results for varied relative velocity and impact angle were assembled in impact parameter–Weber number maps. With increasing dynamic viscosity a characteristic displacement of the regimes for the different collision scenarios was also observed for pure liquids similar to that observed for solutions. This displacement could be described on a physical basis using the similarity number and structure parameter K which was obtained through flow process evaluation and optimal proportioning of momentum and energy by Naue and Barwolff (Transportprozesse in Fluiden. Deutscher Verlag fur Grundstoffindustrie GmbH, Leipzig 1992). Two correlations including the structure parameter K could be derived which describe the location of the triple point and the critical We number. All fluids considered, pure liquids and solutions, are very well fitted by these physically based correlations. The boundary model of Jiang et al. (J Fluid Mech 234:171–190, 1992) for distinguishing between coalescence and stretching separation could be adapted to go through the triple point by the two involved model parameters C a and C b, which were correlated with the relaxation velocity $$ u_{\text{relax}} = {\sigma \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {\sigma \mu }} \right. \kern-0pt} \mu } $$ . Based on the predicted critical Weber number, denoting the onset of reflexive separation, the model of Ashgriz and Poo (J Fluid Mech 221:183–204, 1990) was adapted accordingly. The proper performance of the new generalised models was validated based on the present and previous measurements for a wide range of dynamic viscosities (i.e. 1–60 mPa s) and liquid properties. Although the model for the lower boundary of bouncing (Estrade et al. in J Heat Fluid Flow 20:486–491, 1999) could be adapted through the shape factor, it was found not suitable for the entire range of Weber numbers and viscosities.

Long-range dependence and approximate Bayesian computation

ABSTRACTIn this work, we propose a method for estimating the Hurst index, or memory parameter, of a stationary process with long memory in a Bayesian fashion. Such approach provides an approximation for the posterior distribution for the memory parameter and it is based on a simple application of the so-called approximate Bayesian computation (ABC), also known as likelihood-free method. Some popular existing estimators are reviewed and compared to this method for the fractional Brownian motion, for a long-range binary process and for the Rosenblatt process. The performance of our proposal is remarkably efficient.

Lens gratings for dose optimization of medical X-ray phase contrast imaging.

A novel way to build arrays of X-ray lenslets is proposed for use in medical imaging, in particular for X-ray phase contrast imaging. Focusing on Talbot-Lau interferometers, this work is about patient dose reduction, especially for design energies above 50 keV. A low dose poses a fabrication problem, because it requires an analyzer grating which is both fine and high: It has to be fine for a good angular sensitivity. It has to be high to absorb well. However, gratings can currently be built either fine or high. The proposed solution is to use a fine novel lens grating in front of a high analyzer grating: The lens grating uses lenslets to combine fine fringes into wider strips. This coarser pattern is then analyzed by a high grating. Regular binary production processes are sufficient to build lens gratings. Simulation-based results show that lens gratings can save dose with no impact on reconstructed images.

Non-equilibrium of charged particles in swarms and plasmas—from binary collisions to plasma effects

In this article we show three quite different examples of low-temperature plasmas, where one can follow the connection of the elementary binary processes (occurring at the nanoscopic scale) to the macroscopic discharge behavior and to its application. The first example is on the nature of the higher-order transport coefficient (second-order diffusion or skewness); how it may be used to improve the modelling of plasmas and also on how it may be used to discern details of the relevant cross sections. A prerequisite for such modeling and use of transport data is that the hydrodynamic approximation is applicable. In the second example, we show the actual development of avalanches in a resistive plate chamber particle detector by conducting kinetic modelling (although it may also be achieved by using swarm data). The current and deposited charge waveforms may be predicted accurately showing temporal resolution, which allows us to optimize detectors by adjusting the gas mixture composition and external fields. Here kinetic modeling is necessary to establish high accuracy and the details of the physics that supports fluid models that allows us to follow the transition to streamers. Finally, we show an example of positron traps filled with gas that, for all practical purposes, are a weakly ionized gas akin to swarms, and may be modelled in that fashion. However, low pressures dictate the need to apply full kinetic modelling and use the energy distribution function to explain the kinetics of the system. In this way, it is possible to confirm a well established phenomenology, but in a manner that allows precise quantitative comparisons and description, and thus open doors to a possible optimization.

Control of nonlinear state-dependent systems using a receding horizon strategy

A variety of nonlinear control design methods have been proposed for controlling severe nonlinear processes over the past three decades. The vast majority of approaches take a nonlinear affine representation of the system dynamics. It appears that many system dynamics can also be represented by a state-dependent model structure. Control of state-dependent systems has been investigated resulting in design methodologies such as state-dependent Riccati equation approach, state-dependent parameter and proportional–integral–plus approach, and the nonlinear generalized minimum variance approach. This article describes yet another approach based on a receding horizon strategy. Important results on optimal control are obtained. Implementation issues are also discussed. The proposed approach is validated through its application to a 25-tray binary distillation column process.

Implementation of a GNSS-R Payload Based on Software-Defined Radio for the 3CAT-2 Mission

The 3CAT-2 nanosatellite aims at demonstrating global navigation satellite system reflectometry (GNSS-R) techniques for spaceborne applications in the small form of a six-unit CubeSat. There are many challenges involved from a size, processing, and power perspectives. The proposed solution for the payload uses a software-defined radio (SDR) connected to a nadir looking array of dual-band and dual-frequency and dual-polarization antennas to capture the reflected GNSS signals and to a zenith looking patch antenna to capture the direct ones. The SDR is controlled by the payload computer, which retrieves the binary samples and processes the raw data to obtain delay-doppler maps (DDMs) via various techniques. DDMs are then compressed using the fully adaptive prediction error coder algorithm, producing an output more suitable for the limited downlink capabilities of these small platforms.

Nuclear inertia from the time dependent pairing equations

In a dynamical system, the momenta of inertia and the effective masses are not adiabatic quantities, but are dynamical ones that depend on the dissipated energy accumulated during motion. However, these parameters are calculated for adiabatic nuclear systems, leaving no room for dissipated energy. In this work, a formalism is elaborated in order to derive simultaneously the nuclear momenta of inertia and the effective masses by taking into account the appearance of dissipated energy for large amplitude motion of the nuclear system. The expressions that define the inertia are obtained from the variational principle. The same principle manages the time dependent pairing equations, offering estimations of the averaged dissipation energy for large amplitude motions. The model is applied to 232Th fission. The fission barrier was calculated along the least action trajectory. The dissipation energy, effective mass and moment of inertia are determined for different values of the collective velocities. The dissipation increases with the internuclear velocity in binary disintegration processes and modifies the effective mass parameters. We observed that the inertia decreases as long as the collective velocity increases to some moderate values and begins to grow for larger collective velocities. So, a dependence between the cranking mass parameters and the intrinsic excitation energy is evidenced. In order to investigate the overall effect, the half-lives are predicted for adiabatic and dynamics simulations.

Incomplete elimination of precursor ligands during atomic layer deposition of zinc-oxide, tin-oxide, and zinc-tin-oxide.

For atomic layer deposition (ALD) of doped, ternary, and quaternary materials achieved by combining multiple binary ALD processes, it is often difficult to correlate the material properties and growth characteristics with the process parameters due to a limited understanding of the underlying surface chemistry. In this work, in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed during ALD of zinc-oxide, tin-oxide, and zinc-tin-oxide (ZTO) with the precursors diethylzinc (DEZ), tetrakis(dimethylamino)tin (TDMASn), and H2O. The main aim was to investigate the molecular basis for the nucleation delay during ALD of ZTO, observed when ZnO ALD is carried out after SnO2 ALD. Gas-phase FTIR spectroscopy showed that dimethylamine, the main reaction product of the SnO2 ALD process, is released not only during SnO2 ALD but also when depositing ZnO after SnO2, indicating incomplete removal of the ligands of the TDMASn precursor from the surface. Transmission FTIR spectroscopy performed during ALD on SiO2 powder revealed that a significant fraction of the ligands persist during both SnO2 and ZnO ALD. These observations provide experimental evidence for a recently proposed mechanism, based on theoretical calculations, suggesting that the elimination of precursor ligands is often not complete. In addition, it was found that the removal of precursor ligands by H2O exposure is even less effective when ZnO ALD is carried out after SnO2 ALD, which likely causes the nucleation delay in ZnO ALD during the deposition of ZTO. The underlying mechanisms and the consequences of the incomplete elimination of precursor ligands are discussed.