Binary Logic Research Articles

Realization and optimization of a new spike detection algorithm logic circuit

At present, artificial intelligence has increasingly become the most promising and essential major. The interdisciplinary cooperation between the integrated circuit and artificial intelligence brings infinite possibilities. In the convolutional neural network area, in order to achieve the valuable output, the comparison between values is often encountered. The output is obtained by comparison between the result after the convolution calculation with the designed threshold. Therefore, our team not only design a 4-bit binary comparator hardware logic circuit to complete the task but also discuss and verify the feasibility and performance characteristics of the program from the perspective of energy and time delay. As for the overall framework, we design a convenient circuit that converts the complement code into the original code and chooses a CLA adder to accomplish this part. Using this kind of adder can ideally help us reduce the time delay at the expense of a complicated circuit schematic. In the comparator part, we design a high-quality circuit framework. The strategy of our circuit is to compare the relationship between the four-bit binary code and the threshold bit by bit from MSB to LSB, which performs better than the original 4-bit comparator, and we design two outputs that can legibly illustrate the relationship between two values. We use logic effort to discuss the normalized delay in our project. Besides, we find the connection between the energy and the delay by calculation. Finally, we design a trade-off function to make the optimization of energy and delay together with respect to voltage.

Scalable memory elements based on rectangular SIsFS junctions

We explore the concept of the Josephson magnetic memory element based on a multilayer two-barrier SIsFS Josephson junction storing the digital state by means of the orientation of magnetization in the F-layer. A diluted PdFe alloy with 1% magnetic atoms is used as a ferromagnet (F), and a tunnel AlOx layer (I) ensures a high voltage in the resistive state. We have studied two junctions of a rectangular shape in which two digital states are defined by the orientation of the residual F-layer magnetization set along or across the junction in the plane of the ferromagnetic barrier. Implementations of both binary and ternary logic elements are demonstrated. A scalability of rectangular memory elements is analyzed using micro-magnetic modeling.

Passengers' travel behavior before and after the adjustment of regular bus collinear sections: A case study in the incipient phase of metro operation in Xiamen

Increasing Chinese cities are constructing the metro transit system, which is considered an effective way to reduce urban traffic congestion and meet the rapid growth of travel demand. However, the operation of a new metro line typically coincides with the adjustment or cancellation of regular bus routes along the metro corridor. This paper evaluates the impact of the introduction of a new metro system on the travel mode choice of passengers in the collinear segment. Through longitudinal analysis using the travel data of the same integrated circuit (IC) card owners collected before and after the opening of the metro line, we study how passengers’ travel behaviors changed under a dual traffic environment in which a new metro line has been opened and the collinear bus has been adjusted. In this study, we selected travel distance, travel time difference, whether traveling during peak hours, and the number of colinear stations as independent variables to build a binary logic regression to find out the probability of regular bus collinear segment passengers choosing the metro in the above circumstance. The logistic model shows that mode switching occurs at the highest rate when a regular bus line shares four collinear stations with the metro and declines when the collinear section becomes longer or shorter. Further, the research results indicate that passengers on the collinear sections are more inclined to choose buses during rush hour. This study provides new evidence to better help transit agencies coordinate existing bus services and the new metro system.

Metal-Organic Framework Nanoparticles Power DNAzyme Logic Circuits for Aberrant MicroRNA Imaging.

At the molecular level, a large number of studies exist on the use of dynamic DNA molecular circuits for disease diagnosis and biomedicine. However, how to design programmable molecular circuit devices to autonomously and accurately diagnose multiple low-abundance biomolecules in complex cellular environments remains a challenge. Here, we constructed DNAzyme logic circuits for the analysis and imaging of multiple microRNAs in living cells using Cu/ZIF-8 NPs as a nanocarrier of the logic gate modules and the Cu2+ cofactor of the Cu2+-dependent DNAzyme. The logic gate modules of the logic operation system were adsorbed on the surface of Cu/ZIF-8 NPs via electrostatic interaction. After internalization, pH-responsive Cu/ZIF-8 NPs could efficiently release the logic gate modules and Cu2+, which allowed us to realize multiple logic computations initiated by endogenous miRNA, including one YES logic gate and two binary logic gates (OR and AND) in different living cells. Cu2+-DNAzyme logic circuits could quickly respond to multiple endogenous miRNAs in the complex cell environment, which also provided a new research method for the application of DNA biocomputing circuits in living cells.

Designing of Low-Power High-Speed Noise Immune CNTFET 1-Trit Unbalanced Ternary Subtractor

Ternary logic has been demonstrated as a superior contrasting option to binary logic. This paper presents a ternary subtractor circuit in which the input signal is converted into binary. The proposed design is implemented using Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistor (CNTFET), a forefront innovation. A correlation has been made in the proposed design on parameters like Power-Delay Product (PDP), Energy Delay Product (EDP), average power consumption, delay and static noise margin. Every one of these parameters is obtained by simulating the circuits on the HSPICE simulator. The proposed design indicates an improvement of 60.14%, 59.34%, 74.98% and 84.28%, respectively, in power consumption, delay, PDP and EDP individually in correlation with recent designs. The increased carbon nanotubes least affect the proposed subtractor design. In noise analysis, the proposed design outperformed all the existing designs.

Ternary Arithmetic Logic Unit Design Utilizing Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistor (CNTFET) and Resistive Random Access Memory (RRAM).

Due to the difficulties associated with scaling of silicon transistors, various technologies beyond binary logic processing are actively being investigated. Ternary logic circuit implementation with carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNTFETs) and resistive random access memory (RRAM) integration is considered as a possible technology option. CNTFETs are currently being preferred for implementing ternary circuits due to their desirable multiple threshold voltage and geometry-dependent properties, whereas the RRAM is used due to its multilevel cell capability which enables storage of multiple resistance states within a single cell. This article presents the 2-trit arithmetic logic unit (ALU) design using CNTFETs and RRAM as the design elements. The proposed ALU incorporates a transmission gate block, a function select block, and various ternary function processing modules. The ALU design optimization is achieved by introducing a controlled ternary adder–subtractor module instead of separate adder and subtractor circuits. The simulations are analyzed and validated using Synopsis HSPICE simulation software with standard 32 nm CNTFET technology under different operating conditions (supply voltages) to test the robustness of the designs. The simulation results indicate that the proposed CNTFET-RRAM integration enables the compact circuit realization with good robustness. Moreover, due to the addition of RRAM as circuit element, the proposed ALU has the advantage of non-volatility.

A basin-scale inventory and hydrodynamics of floodplain wetlands based on time-series of remote sensing data

ABSTRACT The world is rapidly losing its wetlands. To contain the loss, the first and foremost requirement is to prepare an inventory of wetlands based on historical datasets. Individual wetlands in a catchment system are not standalone entitites, and together, they control the hydrological processes of the catchment. Therefore, it is essential to map the wetlands at the catchment scale to understand their relationship with the adjoining water bodies. This will further help to develop sustainable strategies for their revival and management. In the present work, we have formulated a simple yet robust method to (a) map the wetlands and (b) document surface dynamics of wetlands by applying pixel-scale binary logic (wet/not-wet) to the time-series Landsat dataset. We have applied this method to a large basin in the Ganga Plains and mapped a total of 3226 wetlands in the basin. The method can also be applied to map wetlands at a pixel scale to a basin scale.

SMBFT: A Modified Fuzzy c-Means Algorithm for Superpixel Generation.

Most traditional superpixel segmentation methods used binary logic to generate superpixels for natural images. When these methods are used for images with significantly fuzzy characteristics, the boundary pixels sometimes cannot be correctly classified. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a Superpixel Method Based on Fuzzy Theory (SMBFT), which uses fuzzy theory as a guide and traditional fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm as a baseline. This method can make full use of the advantage of the fuzzy clustering algorithm in dealing with the images with the fuzzy characteristics. Boundary pixels which have higher uncertainties can be correctly classified with maximum probability. The superpixel has homogeneous pixels. Meanwhile, the paper also uses the surrounding neighborhood pixels to constrain the spatial information, which effectively alleviates the negative effects of noise. The paper tests on the images from Berkeley database and brain MR images from the Brain web. In addition, this paper proposes a comprehensive criterion to measure the weights of two kinds of criterions in choosing superpixel methods for color images. An evaluation criterion for medical image data sets employs the internal entropy of superpixels which is inspired by the concept of entropy in the information theory. The experimental results show that this method has superiorities than traditional methods both on natural images and medical images.

From the Editors

From the Editors

TRI-STATE+ COMMUNICATION SYMMETRY USING THE ALGEBRAIC APPROACH

This work uses the algebraic approach to show how we communicate when applying the quantum mechanics (QM) concept of coherence, proposing tri-state+ in quantum computing (QC). In analogy to Einstein’s stimulated emission, when explaining the thermal radiation of quantum bodies in communication, this work shows that one can use the classical Information Theory by Shannon (with two, random logical states only, “0” and “1”, emulating a relay), and add a coherent third truth value Z, as a new process that breaks the Law of the Excluded Middle (LEM). Using a well-known result in topology and projection as a “new hypothesis” here, a higher dimensional state can embed in a lower-dimensional state. This means that any three-valued logic system, breaking the LEM, can be represented in a binary logical system, obeying the LEM. This satisfies QC in behavior, offering multiple states at the same time in GF(3m), but frees the implementation to use binary logic and LEM. This promises to allow indeterminacy, such as contingency, reference failure, vagueness, majority voting, conditionals, computability, the semantic paradoxes, and many more, to play a role in logic synthesis, with a much better resolution of indeterminate contributions to obtain coherence and help cybersecurity. We establish a link between Einstein’s and Shannon’s theories in QM, hitherto not reported, and use it to provide a model for QC without relying on external devices (i.e., quantum annealing), or incurring in decoherence. By focusing on adequate software, this could replace the emphasis in QC, from hardware to software.

ON THE PHYSICAL REPRESENTATION OF QUANTUM SYSTEMS

The Schrödinger equation for bound states depends on a second derivative, that only exists if the solution is continuous, which is - by itself - contradictory, and cannot be digitally calculated. Photons can be created in-phase by stimulated emission or annihilated by spontaneous absorption, and break the LEM, more likely at lower frequencies, and even in vacuum. Thus, the number of particles is not conserved, e.g., in the double-slit experiment, even at low-light intensity. Physical representations of quantum computation (QC), cannot, thus, follow some customarily assumed aspects of quantum mechanics. This is solved by considering the Schrödinger equation depending on the curvature, which is expressed exactly as a difference equation, works for any wavelength, and is variationally solved for natural numbers, representing naturally the quantum energy levels. This leads to accepting both forms in a universality model. Further, one follows the Bohr model in QC, in a software-defined QC, where GF(2m) can be used with binary logic to implement in software Bohr’s idea of “many states at once”, without breaking the LEM, in the macro, without necessarily using special hardware (e.g. quantum annealing), or incurring in decoherence, designed with today’s binary computers, even a cell phone.

Proof-of-Concept of a Sensor-Based Evaluation Method for Better Sensitivity of Upper-Extremity Motor Function Assessment.

In rehabilitation, the Fugl–Meyer assessment (FMA) is a typical clinical instrument to assess upper-extremity motor function of stroke patients, but it cannot measure fine changes of motor function (both in recovery and deterioration) due to its limited sensitivity. This paper introduces a sensor-based automated FMA system that addresses this limitation with a continuous rating algorithm. The system consists of a depth sensor (Kinect V2) and an algorithm to rate the continuous FM scale based on fuzzy inference. Using a binary logic based classification method developed from a linguistic scoring guideline of FMA, we designed fuzzy input/output variables, fuzzy rules, membership functions, and a defuzzification method for several representative FMA tests. A pilot trial with nine stroke patients was performed to test the feasibility of the proposed approach. The continuous FM scale from the proposed algorithm exhibited a high correlation with the clinician rated scores and the results showed the possibility of more sensitive upper-extremity motor function assessment.

Two Memristors-Based XOR Logic Demonstrated With Encryption/Decryption

In this study, an optimized XOR logic gate is briefly proposed based on memristors. The proposed XOR exhibits a simple structure that comprises two memristors; it requires merely two steps to complete logic. The inputs of the gate are applied by voltage and memristive resistance, and the output is stored as the resistance value of the output cell. Furthermore, the encryption and decryption based on such a circuit have been verified by performing a parallel electrical test successfully. At the same time, the parallel scheme and the cascaded serial scheme are compared in detail. Moreover, the mentioned energy-efficient circuit helps achieve more complex logic functions. Abiding by Kirchhoff's law, the effect of the memory window and the variation of devices' parameter on the calculation accuracy has been further analyzed in depth, which helps develop a complete binary logic calculation theory. On that basis, a digital in-memory calculation system can be more effectively built based on memristors.

A Quasi-Experimental Study on the Effectiveness of Compulsory and Voluntary Treatment Settings for 1,299 Drug Abusers in Hunan, China.

Background: Although the type and structure of substance abuse treatment have changed, the overall approaches of drug rehabilitation in China has remained largely unchanged. Evidence of effectiveness for compulsory drug rehabilitation centers (CRCs) and voluntary drug rehabilitation centers (VRCs) remains mixed. The main objective of our study is to reveal the outcomes of CRCs and VRCs and examine the factors associated with relapse in these two centers.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we recruited a total of 1,299 drug abusers in Hunan Province, 709 from CRCs and 590 from VRC, respectively. We used Pearson chi-squared test and t-test to examine the differences in demographics and drug-related characteristics. Binary logic regression was used to examine the relationship between important factors and relapse in CRCs and VRC.Results: Patients from CRCs and VRC significantly differed in age, sex, types of drug used, medical illness, education, occupation, mental illness, and marital status. After drug rehabilitation, both groups both had improved in occupation, family support, and social function (p < 0.05). In addition, employment and family support were significantly associated with a decreased risk of relapse (p < 0.05).Conclusion: This study revealed that compulsory rehabilitation is as effective as voluntary rehabilitation in (1) getting jobs and increasing monthly income, (2) having a good relationship with family, and (3) becoming more satisfied with their spared time. The components of these two settings were very different and may imply the necessity of these two approaches in China. In addition, employment and family support may prevent relapse.

‘We watch porn for the fucking, not for romantic tiptoeing’: extremity, fantasy and women’s porn use

ABSTRACT This article examines the appeal of extreme imageries through a 2017 journalistic survey of 2438 participants on Finnish women’s approaches to, opinions on and preferences in porn, with a specific emphasis on responses addressing preferences deemed extreme. The respondents regularly positioned these pornographic fantasies in relation to the assumed tastes of other women while also addressing the complex and ambivalent roles that porn played in their ways of making sense of their sexual selves. By focusing on disconnections articulated both towards the category of women and within one’s sexual self when accounting for the attractions of extremity, this article also questions the ‘will to knowledge’ underpinning popular queries into women’s pornographic likes, asking how such data can be productively explored without reproducing the binary gender logic that structures it.

Localization of Light in Photonics Lattices for All-Optical Representation of Binaries

In this paper we present a novel conceptual method for all optical representation of binary numbers that could be used for all-optical binary logic components in optical digital computing, as well as for other applications. The new concept is based on effect of localization of light in specially designed binary photonics lattices whose central parts resemble the represented binaries, and the localizations occur due to breaking periodicities of the lattices. The proposed structures can be made with integrated photonics on-chip that are highly programmable and controllable. Most significantly, the working principle of the novel method doesn’t require nonlinear interaction between light and material, which is the most serious obstacle in the conventional method that uses optical transistors whose mechanism relies mainly on optical nonlinearity. We will discuss some technical challenges in developing the components.

Physics is Organized Around Transformations Connecting Contextures in a Polycontextural World

The rich body of physical theories defines the foundation of our understanding of the world. Its mathematical formulation is based on classical Aristotelian (binary) logic. In the philosophy of science the ambiguities, paradoxes, and the possibility of subjective interpretations of facts have challenged binary logic, leading, among other developments, to Gotthard Günther’s theory of polycontexturality (often also termed ’transclassical logic’). Günther’s theory explains how observers with subjective perception can become aware of their own subjectivity and provides means to describe contradicting or even paradox observations in a logically sound formalism. Here we summarize the formalism behind Günther’s theory and apply it to two well-known examples from physics where different observers operate in distinct and only locally valid logical systems. Using polycontextural logic we show how the emerging awareness of these limitations of logical systems entails the design of mathematical transformations, which then become an integral part of the theory. In our view, this approach offers a novel perspective on the structure of physical theories and, at the same time, emphasizes the relevance of the theory of polycontexturality in modern sciences.

The binary logic and the socialist city

The discussion between the followers of Howard’s garden city concept and supporters of the Fordian social city concept is considered on the basis of archival documents. The discussion took place in the 1920s and ended with the administrative suppression of one of the parties, which largely determined the ways of further development of the socialist urban planning. The article expresses the thesis that the opposing concepts were not antagonists at all. The development of architecture over the next hundred years has shown that both concepts are successfully developing, complementing each other.

Stimuli-Responsive Molecular Switches and Logic Devices Based on Ru(II)-Terpyridyl-Imidazole Coordination Motif.

We report herein the synthesis, photophysics, and electrochemistry of three Ru(II)-terpyridine complexes derived from a new terpyridyl-imidazole ligand (tpy-HImzPh3F2) and study their pH- and temperature-responsive behaviors toward the fabrication of molecular switches. The complexes emitted at room temperature (RT) have a lifetime within the 4.5-49.0 ns domain, depending on the auxiliary ligand and the solvent used. In the acidic region, the complexes exhibit emission, indicating the "on-state", while in the basic condition, the emission is totally quenched, indicating the "off-state". Similarly, when the temperature is lowered, the emission intensity and lifetime are enhanced, demonstrating the on-state, while increase of temperature leads to quenching of the emission intensity and lifetime, designated as the off-state. In both cases, the process is reversible. The bathochromic shift of the spectral band together with the emission quenching and lowering of the Ru3+/Ru2+ potential is also observed upon deprotonation at elevated pH. In addition, systematic variation of the absorption spectral behaviors upon variation of pH helps in evaluation of the pKa's of the complexes. In essence, the complexes can act as switches emanated from a huge change in their absorption, emission, and redox behaviors as a function of their acidity/basicity (pH) and temperature. Moreover, their emission spectral responses as a function of pH and temperature were utilized for the fabrication of two-input binary logic gates. Density-functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density-functional theory (TD-DFT) computations are performed for appropriate interpretation of the spectral bands.

Older adults with non-communicable chronic conditions and their health care access amid COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh: Findings from a cross-sectional study.

Burgeoning burden of non-communicable disease among older adults is one of the emerging public health problems. In the COVID-19 pandemic, health services in low- and middle-income countries, including Bangladesh, have been disrupted. This may have posed challenges for older adults with non-communicable chronic conditions in accessing essential health care services in the current pandemic. The present study aimed at exploring the challenges experienced by older Bangladeshi adults with non-communicable chronic conditions in receiving regular health care services during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study followed a cross-sectional design and was conducted among 1032 Bangladeshi older adults aged 60 years and above during October 2020 through telephone interviews. Self-reported information on nine non-communicable chronic conditions (osteoarthritis, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, chronic kidney disease, cancer) was collected. Participants were asked if they faced any difficulties in accessing medicine and receiving routine medical care for their medical conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. The association between non-communicable chronic conditions and accessing medication and health care was analysed using binary logic regression model. Most of the participants aged 60-69 years (77.8%), male (65.5%), married (81.4%), had no formal schooling (58.3%) and resided in rural areas (73.9%). Although more than half of the participants (58.9%) reported having a single condition, nearly one-quarter (22.9%) had multimorbidity. About a quarter of the participants reported difficulties accessing medicine (23%) and receiving routine medical care (27%) during the pandemic, and this was significantly higher among those suffering from multimorbidity. In the adjusted analyses, participants with at least one condition (AOR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.33-2.85) and with multimorbidity (AOR: 4.75, 95% CI: 3.17-7.10) had a higher likelihood of experiencing difficulties accessing medicine. Similarly, participants with at least one condition (AOR: 3.08, 95% CI: 2.11-4.89) and with multimorbidity (AOR: 6.34, 95% CI: 4.03-9.05) were significantly more likely to face difficulties receiving routine medical care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our study found that a sizeable proportion of the older adults had difficulties in accessing medicine and receiving routine medical care during the pandemic. The study findings highlight the need to develop an appropriate health care delivery pathway and strategies to maintain essential health services during any emergencies and beyond. We also argue the need to prioritise the health of older adults with non-communicable chronic conditions in the centre of any emergency response plan and policies of Bangladesh.