Phenomenon Of Bilingualism Research Articles

Zweisprachigkeit in den Literaturen Estlands

Bilingualism in the Literatures of Estonia. In a multilingual cultural space such as the (former and contemporary) Baltic region, bilingualism, both oral and written, has been rather normality than exception. This also finds an expression in the literatures of this region. In the following I will examine the phenomenon of bilingualism and multilingualism in the literatures of Estonia in history and today. First, I will examine the historical forms of bilingualism before the foundation of the Republic of Estonia, against the background of the complicated oral and written language relations throughout history. Then I explore their topicality in the interwar and Soviet periods, and today. I also ask about the motivation of the authors to change or mix languages in their work, whether to reach a wider audience or a new poetic quality. Examples are from the work of Paul Fleming, Reiner Brockmann, Jacob Johann Malm, August Kitzberg, Ivar Ivask, Jaan Kaplinski, Igor Kotjuh, Øyvind Rangøy and Veronika Kivisilla.

Theoretical analysis of the study of the phenomenon of bilingualism

The article reveals the scientific and theoretical positions of scientists on the need to study bilingualism comprehensively. The paper analyzes the works of scientists on the main aspects of a comprehensive study of bilingualism. The authors of the article argue about the need to implement a new neuro-psychological approach to the study of bilingualism.

Backstage of the Eye

An often-overlooked performative aspect of Roland Barthes' influential approach to the analysis of photography in his Camera Lucida lies in the act of closing one's eyes while studying a photograph. In his article ‘The backstage of the eye—On interrupting sight in order to see’, Jan Kühne presents Barthes' approach as a technique of interrupting eyesight in order to enable a unique experience, which fuses projections of dynamic visual and sonic imagination on the stage of the mind. For its case study, the article focuses on a bilingual ekphrastic poem by renowned Hebrew poet Dan Pagis, which turns a photograph into the stage for an imaginary poetic performance. As key to this synesthetic experience is the phenomenon of simultaneous bilingualism (or: homophonic translation), whose axiomatic principles are further illustrated with the help of a short story by Franz Kafka.

The Perevodchik-Terjiman Newspaper: A Bilingual Phenomenon of the Muslim Press in Late Imperial Russia

This case study examines the bilingualism of the prominent Russian Muslim newspaper of the late nineteenth to early twentieth centuries, known as the Perevodchik-Terjiman (literally “Translator” or “Interpreter”) by means of discourse analysis. This newspaper was published from 1883 to 1918 in Crimea, until 1914 by Ismail Gasprinskii (1851‒1914), a prominent enlightener of Russian Muslims. Until December 1905, the newspaper was issued in two languages–Russian and so-called common-Turkic. The latter language was unsuccessfully intended to become a common literary language for Russian Muslims. Despite the declarations, the parallel articles in Russian and Turkic barely presented direct translations from one language to another. On the contrary, there were significant differences. The differences in Russian and Turkic narratives were not markers of opposing intentions or obscure meanings. It is argued here that this feature can be qualified as an instance of cultural bilingualism, which reflected the multiculturalism of the newspaper’s heterogeneous audience.

Teachers’ Efficiency of CLIL implementation to Reach Bilingualism in Primary Education

The pivotal objective of this research is to investigate the degree of knowledge and the teachers’ capacity to implement CLIL methodology, as a tool to reach bilingualism in Primary Education in Madrid Community.To this aim, questionnaires were administered to 75 Primary school teachers of Natural and/or Social Sciences to perform a quatitative correlational analysis to determine the degree of CLIL implementation in relation to the teachers’ being bilingual. After basing the topic on previous investigations delving into the phenomenon of bilingualism and the theory of CLIL, this article presents the research design and data analysis; and outlines its main findings in relation to teachers’ self-identification with being bilingual and the implementation of the four principles of CLIL in the classroom, and the use of didactic resources. The findings of this research point to the necessity of teacher-training programmes in CLIL methodology to improve the teachers’ understanding and implementation of this method to ensure better students’ academic performance in bilingual programmes.

LANGUAGE COMPETITION IN THE CONDITIONS OF SUBORDINATIVE BILINGUALISM

Bilingualism is the main indicator of the current language situation in Kazakhstan. The article deals with the Russian-Kazakh bilingualism of representatives of the autokhon ethnos with the Russian language (first language) and the Kazakh language (second language). The main object of the analysis in this article is the errors that appear in the speech of bilinguals due to interference and long-term language contacts. The article describes various approaches to the study of the theory of language contacts, the phenomenon of bilingualism and interference. The paper provides an overview of the linguistic processes that have shaped the linguistic situation and linguistic policy of modern Kazakhstan, aimed at promoting the Kazakh language as the state language in the 21st century, which served as an impetus for the emergence of a new type of interference in both individual and group bilingualism. The results of a pilot paradigmatic survey are presented in the practical part of the article that demonstrates the presence of errors of an interference and conventional nature.

On Language Variation in Bilingualism from the Perspective of Language Ideology—With Canadian English and French as Examples

In this paper, the theoretical concept of language consciousness is used as the angle and starting point to study the language variation under the bilingual phenomenon. First of all, this thesis introduces the Language Variation and analyzes the Canadian English and French in detail. This theory serves as the theoretical framework to facilitate the conversational analysis. Then, the writer selects some typical examples and analyzes them though the theory of Language Ideology. From this way, the readers can better understand Language Variation in Bilingualism and it clarifies the validity of taking pragmatic theory into text analysis.

Lexical Variation in the Economic Sociolect of the Italian and Spanish Newspapers

Frequent contacts between the English language and Italian and Spanish languages speeds up the anglicisms lexical transfer process in these neo-Latin languages. Contact situations open up a series of communication channels between different social groups which are reflected in the use of English terms adopted by the Italian and Spanish. The Italian and Spanish newspapers economic context is conditioned by the presence of a large number of lexical anglicisms, as an attestation of linguistic primacy and meaning of cultural prestige. The scale of this phenomenon is quantified by observing real facts, in accordance with the quantitative model of variationist sociolinguistics. Over the last half-century, it has seen a growth in the study of the phenomenon of bilingualism, especially between the Romance languages and English language. The phonological variation studies have been added the lexical and semantic. However, the approaches to these phenomena are not always analysed from a sociolinguistic point of view. The vast literature tends to describe intuitively situations of changes and lexical substitutions from English on the economic Italian and Spanish press, rather than a quantitative evaluation of the phenomenon. This article shows thus the real impact of anglicisms (code-switching and calque) on the economic and financial Italian and Spanish newspapers. In addition, the collected data analysis made it possible to compare the two social contexts, from which the different circumstances of lexical importations and substitutions are determined.

An intent recognition model supporting the spoken expression mixed with Chinese and English

Intent recognition is one of the most essential foundations as well as a very challenging task for language understanding, especially for spoken language. As spoken text is short, and lack of full context. Moreover, it may mix multi-language forms. These non-standard spoken expressions further lead to the shortage of text information. In consideration that sparse text information seriously affects the effect of intention understanding, a multi-feature fusion-based intent recognition model for the bilingual phenomenon mixed with Chinese and English is proposed. Combining word2vec and multilingual wordNets with the same synset_id (synonym set id), the model can mask the differences between different languages. Meanwhile, it can enrich the information representation of the spoken text by fusing the word intention features with the context-dependent features represented by transformer as well as the word frequency features. To verify the correctness and effectiveness of the model, extensive experiments were conducted on a real online logistics customer service platform and SMP2018-ECDT dataset. The results show that our model is superior to other models. And it improves the accuracy of intent recognition in logistics data by 20% compared with that of transformer.

Cultural Self-identification in Terms of Bilingualism by Chingiz Aitmatov

The article deals with a phenomenon of bilingualism of Soviet national writers, who created their works both in mother-tongue and Russian language, and exceptionally in Russian. The brightest example of such kind of an artist is Kyrgyz classical writer of the second part of the 20th century Chingiz Aitmatov. The aim of our research was to define Chingiz Aitmatov’s cultural self-identification in a situation of bilingualism in his native Kyrgyzstan during Soviet times. The function of Russian language and culture for Chingiz Aitmatov’s creative works and author’s reflection concerning such issue as Russian culture as a mediator in familiarizing of small nations of the USSR with the world cultural heritage were also studied. Aitmatov considered the Russian language to be a “no compromise one” for USSR nations and small peoples in common Soviet informational space, particularly literary, in a process of integration to the global political, economic, and cultural heritage. At the same time, he put Russian culture in one cohort with the leading world cultures. According to Aitmatov, Russian cultural space had a great influence on the development of Soviet nations of Central Asia and became a mediator in a process of integration of small nations into the global cultural space. The Russian language was a helpful tool for acquaintance with the ancestry of world cultures.

FENOMENA BILINGUALISME (CAMPUR-ALIH KODE) BAHASA DALAM PERCAKAPAN SANTRI DI PONDOK PESANTREN AL MANSHUR POPONGAN KLATEN

This study aims to discuss one of the phenomena of bilingualism (code switching) and interference as well as the factors causing the phenomenon of language bilingualism in santri conversations in Islamic boarding schools. The forms of bilingualism and interference include Javanese, Indonesian and Arabic. The approach in this research is descriptive qualitative which describes the state of the object of research based on the facts that appear as they are. The subjects of this study were the students of Al Manshur Popongan Klaten. Data collection techniques in the form of observation, interviews and documentation. The analysis technique during the field uses the model of Miles and Huberman, namely data collection, data reduction, data presentation and conclusion or verification. The results of the study note that there are 55 conversational data in the Al Manshur Popongan Islamic boarding school classified as follows; internal code 7 data transfer, external code 10 data transfer. Mix codes in linguistic elements that occur namely mixed code insertion of 12 data tangible elements, mixed code 5 data tangible codes, mixed code insertion elements in clause 7 data and mixed code insertion elements in the 5 word repetition element. Factors causing code switching and code mixing are the presence of speakers, interlocutors, prestige, changes in topic of conversation, identification of social roles, the desire to explain, and the habit of speakers.

Línguas em conflito: modelos de acesso lexical a partir do input ortográfico em bilíngues e multilíngues e o efeito do multilinguismo sobre as funções executivas

O fenômeno do bilinguismo é a premissa essencial da tradução. Este trabalho apresenta modelos cognitivos contemporâneos que explicam o acesso lexical de bilíngues e multilíngues para o reconhecimento de palavras escritas, a partir de experimentos com homógrafos interlinguais. São abordados os trabalhos sobre conflito entre duas ou mais línguas,e como seus achados convergem para a hipótese de acesso não-seletivo ao léxico, o que elucida o impacto do bilinguismo nos processos de leitura etradução. Como objetivo secundário, e a partir de uma perspectiva neurocientífica, também descrevemos as mudanças no cérebro e nos processos mentais decorrentes à experiência do bilinguismo e do multilinguismo. Os estudos mostram vantagens nas funções executivas (atualização, inibição e flexibilidade mental) e mudanças estruturais e funcionais em circuitos, especialmente envolvendo os córtices pré-frontais bilateralmente. Estas mudanças têm sido apontadas como fatores importantes de proteção (reserva cognitiva e cerebral) frente a diferentes situações de perdaneural.

Research Of The Vocabulary Of Tajik Languages In Samarkand And Bukhara Cities Of Uzbekistan

One of the actual topics of Tajik dialectology - the comparative study of the vocabulary of the Samarkand and Bukhara dialects, the Tajik language are examined in this article. The specific features of the lexical layer of each dialect are analyzed. The phenomenon of bilingualism and polylinguism in the dialectal vocabulary of Samarkand and Bukhara is also noted.

The effect of Bilingualism on EFL elementary learners’ listening comprehension: The case of Azeri- Turkish vs. Persian students

Since the phenomenon of bilingualism is gradually increasing in the world, the theory-driven and practically oriented investigation on bilingualism have increased recently. However, a few studies have been conducted on the effect of bilingualism on language learning in the multilingual and multicultural context of Iran. Therefore, the main aim of the present study is to examine the effect of bilingualism on Iranian EFL learners' listening comprehension in the case of Azeri-Turkish vs. Persian students. The study employed a quasi-experimental design over 8 weeks with 44 female students assigned to one of the two experimental groups. To select bilingual and monolingual groups, a biographical questionnaire was used. Then, Nelson elementary proficiency test was administered to ensure the homogeneity of the students. To fulfill the purpose of the study, 15 bilingual (Azeri-Persian) elementary students in Fazilat high school in Ramian and 29 monolingual (Persian) elementary students in Sama high school in Azadshahr were selected to participate in the present study. Each group received 16 sessions of treatment in listening skill. Then, the two groups' performance was compared on pretest and posttest consisting of a multiple-choice and matching listening comprehension test. The results indicated that there was no significant difference between the bilingual and monolingual groups regarding their performance on listening comprehension, that is, bilingualism did not affect listening comprehension.

From language mixing to fused lects: The process and its outcomes

Objectives: In this introductory article, we advance a unified framework for analysis and interpretation of transfer of overt linguistic structure in language contact situations. Our goal is to demonstrate that fusion, a process whereby results of bilingual practices become grammaticized and conventionalized (see Auer 1999, 2014), is a gradient phenomenon, which applies to a large spectrum of language contact phenomena. Our additional objective is to situate the contributions to this special issue in the context of this approach. Design: The article defines fusion as a central concept underlying the proposed framework, identifies the basic dimensions of fusion and showcases its various outcomes by reviewing extensive contact linguistics literature and the contributions to this special issue. Data and Analysis: In our analysis of contact linguistic phenomena, we draw on available linguistic descriptions of pertinent contact varieties and bilingual practices. We examine these phenomena in terms of fusion and in relation to its three basic dimensions. Findings: This article shows that fusion, being a gradient multifaceted phenomenon, should be analyzed along the following dimensions: (a) the amount of structure affecting the receiving language, (b) the degree of sedimentation of bilingual patterns, (c) the degree of fusional compartmentalization. Significance: The present article identifies and describes manifold outcomes of fusion in terms of three basis dimensions. These dimensions enable one to distinguish fused lects from language mixing and other bilingual phenomena and need therefore be incorporated in future linguistic descriptions and analyses of fused lects.

Sociolinguistics and history: An interdisciplinary view of bilingualism in imperial Russia

AbstractUsing a study of the historical phenomenon of Franco-Russian bilingualism in imperial Russia as its point of departure, this article has three interlocking aims. First, it reflects on the common interest that historical sociolinguists and certain types of historian have in language use and language choice. Secondly, building on recent work by historical sociolinguists, it considers the ways in which historians’ and historical sociolinguists’ investigation of such matters as the social, political, cultural and literary functions of the French language in lands where French was not the mother tongue can be broadened and deepened by familiarity with each others’ findings. Thirdly, it seeks to illuminate the role of linguistic meta-discourse in the sort of grand narratives about the history and culture of national communities in which historians may be interested. In the specific case I examine, the narratives concern the relationship of Russia to the West, the wholeness or fragmentation of the Russian nation, the effects of cultural borrowing, the nature of Russian national identity and culture and the degree to which Russia is historically and culturally exceptional. In pursuit of these aims, I hope to illustrate the importance of linguistic matters in the history of societies, polities, and cultures and the potential that an interdisciplinary approach has to lend scholarship on these matters richer context and finer nuance than work which falls purely within either the historical or the historical-sociolinguistic domain tends to yield.

Language and the National Language Picture of the World in the Era of Integration and Globalization

The picture of the world, which is inherent in society as a whole, and in every individual person, is one of the most important conditions for a holistic perception of the world. The article explores the issues related to the development of the language and the formation of the national language picture of the world in the current conditions of globalization, when a large number of people throughout the world own not only national but also one or more foreign languages. The history of scientific views is also covered. The language picture appears as a contemplation of the world, of an every single man as well as the whole ethnic group. It is a result of the world perception and comprehension which is kept in the language. Particular attention is paid to the problem of creating a national language picture of the world in situations of bilingualism and confusion of languages. The specific formation of the modern national-language picture of the world analyzed by young people explore the difficulties encountered during this process. The article examines the nature of bilingual phenomenon and the concept of the «mother tongue» in the bilingual environment.

Bilingual Strategies in Fourteenth-Century Latin Sermons from Catalonia

This article discusses the phenomenon of bilingualism in medieval sermons by focusing on one of the most understudied areas of sermon studies – fourteenth-century Catalonia and Aragon. Specifically, I concentrate on Latin sermons, which remain largely underexplored, partly due to a certain historiographical bias that favours »national« languages over Latin. The main focus is on Dominican sermons from the Aragonia Province (which included Catalonia and Aragon). The main argument is that bilingualism in sermons was an editorial communicative strategy acquired and developed in an educational context, i.e. in how language was approached and learnt by bilingual users. To make my case, I first discuss the language training of the Dominicans from Aragon and briefly review some bilingual grammatical works in order to place the bilingualism of the sermons within a wider context of written (and spoken) multilingualism. Second, I address bilingualism and code-switching in sermons by analysing texts in which Latin is the matrix language, the most common type of sermon evidence preserved from this area. As in better studied areas, such as France, England, or Italy, the linguistic intermingling in fourteenth-century sermons from Catalonia covers all types of »macaronicity«, as categorised by Siegfried Wenzel. Thus, the paper will add to current debates that seek to understand medieval bilingualism (written and spoken) as a late medieval Europe-wide phenomenon by discussing hitherto unstudied and underexplored evidence in manuscripts that remains largely unknown to scholarship.

The experience of bilingual school education in England and Wales in the early 21st century

Due to fast globalization development, the place of bilingual education becomes rather drastic, gaining the role of an urgent importance in modern society which daily puts out the solutions for the educational demands. Mass bilingualism, deformation of the linguistic situation, conflict of speech problems can have consequences of social consolidation loss, dangerous processes of assimilation both linguistic and national-cultural. The purpose of this study is an attempt to investigate the phenomenon of bilingualism, the causes of its origin; to show some aspects of the problem of bilingualism, which is the key to solving the whole complex of problems through modern innovative teaching methods related to the functioning of languages in Ukraine as well as abroad. The analysis of recent research methods and publications have been trying to reveal this issue and find a sound solution for it. Modern Ukrainian researchers are paying close attention to bilingual education. Foreign experience in this area was analyzed by many wise scholars and their apprentices. The problem of multilingualism is of particular importance today because it is primarily caused by socio-economic and political changes in the world that require the more active involvement of different countries in the global geopolitical multicultural dialogue. One of the factors in activating such a dialogue is the need to be fluent in at least one foreign language, which has led to the emergence of such a phenomenon in the world of educational practice, as bilingual education. To solve this problem, one must take into account the whole complex of features of the language and different aspects of the relation of the cultural components of the language with its levels. For Ukraine, the development of bilingual education is driven, first and foremost, by a general tendency towards integration into the European space, a desire for cultural dialogue and intercultural communication. Key words: bilingualism, bilingual education, knowledge, languages, culture, curriculum.

Język odziedziczony a dwujęzyczność – o konieczności badań komparatywnych

Przeobrażenia społeczno-ekonomiczne towarzyszące globalizacji sprawiły, że biografie językowe oraz przeszłość edukacyjna polskich dzieci stały się bardziej złożone. Obserwacje i prace badawcze pokazują, że znaczna część uczniów jest dwujęzyczna, zazwyczaj stosunkowo szybko przyswajają bowiem język kraju zamieszkania, zachowując lub poznając jednocześnie polszczyznę. Stopień jej znajomości może być jednak dość zróżnicowany ze względu na brak możliwości stałego i bezpośredniego z nią kontaktu. W rezultacie większą część młodych ludzi o polskich korzeniach cechuje dwujęzyczność naturalna, znacznie rzadziej natomiast ich udziałem jest dwujęzyczność kognitywna. W niniejszym artykule zjawisko dwujęzyczności będziemy rozważać na płaszczyźnie glottodydaktycznej. Zwrócimy również uwagę na konieczność badań komparatywnych kompetencji lingwistycznych osób bilingwalnych. Poszerzyłyby one naszą wiedzę o dwujęzyczności, w szczególności zaś o rzadko badanej – kognitywnej. Przyniosłyby również pełniejszą charakterystykę JOD jako fenomenu plasującego się językiem ojczystym a obcym, a ich wyniki znalazły zastosowanie nie tylko w glottodydaktyce, czy socjo- i psycholingwistyce, lecz także w edukacji.