Bilingual Dictionaries Research Articles

"Une deuxieme edition, revue et augmentee, d’un dictionnaire bilingue specialise, de termes chretiens-orthodoxes, et ses motivations"

The present paper provides an analysis of the main motivations behind the publication of a second edition, revised and expanded, of a bilingual dictionary of Christian-Orthodox, Romanian-French and French-Romanian terms, ten years after the publication of the first one. In the given paper, three types of motivations are studied: lexicographical, terminological and cultural. Lexicographical motivation focused on enriching lexical entries (both in Romanian and in French). The terminological motivation focused on finalizing the lexical adaptation in French of several Greek borrowings, and therefore, the diachronic fixing of the individualized Christian-Orthodox terminology in this language. The cultural motivation underpinned the highlighting of a cultural continuum of a Christian-Orthodox nature established in a semiotic manner (notably through translations) between the two cultures, Romanian and French, concerned by the specialized lexicographical approach.

LACK OF ORIGINALITY AND PLAGIARISM AS PRECONDITIONS OF UKRAINIAN BILINGUAL DICTIONARIES’ INFERIOR QUALITY (A Study of English-, French-, and Italian-Ukrainian Dictionaries)

Introduction. The use of high-quality general and specialised dictionaries is indispensable for professional translators and other users to work effectively with foreign languages. A lack of such dictionaries affects the opportunities of cross-cultural communication and is an evidence of an inferior condition of national lexicography. The issues of the quality of Ukrainian bilingual dictionaries have been paid minor attention in scientific research. While they are used widely, no analysis has been carried out to justify whether such dictionaries are appropriate in terms of quality.The purpose of the article is to analyse the lack of originality and use of plagiarism in English-, French-, and Italian-Ukrainian dictionaries, emphasising how these factors precondition the dictionaries’ inferior quality.Methods. Secondary research was used for collecting necessary data. Comparative analysis allowed revealing the original sources from which Ukrainian dictionaries copy information. Translation analysis was performed to illustrate the dictionaries’ inferior quality. Deductive thinking was used to investigate the implications for translators and the public.Results. The findings of the research testify that all major English-, French-, and Italian-Ukrainian dictionaries are based on the use of plagiarism and direct copying of information from Russian dictionaries. The authors resort to Russian-Ukrainian translation, often with the use of automated translation software, to present the results as authentic Ukrainian bilingual dictionaries. These academically dishonest practices result in the dictionaries’ systemically inferior quality: incorrect terminological translations, domination of Russian calques, and violation of orthographic standards. Both professional translators and the public are thus deprived of any opportunity to use high-quality and genuine Ukrainian bilingual dictionaries.Conclusion. The most widely used English-, French-, and Italian-Ukrainian dictionaries are rooted in copying from Russian dictionaries, which is the main factor preconditioning their inferior quality. This approach testifies the poor condition of Ukrainian lexicography today and illustrates the relevance of the issue.

Managing and Retrieving Bilingual Documents Using Artificial Intelligence-Based Ontological Framework.

In recent times, artificial intelligence (AI) methods have been applied in document and content management to make decisions and improve the organization's functionalities. However, the lack of semantics and restricted metadata hinders the current document management technique from achieving a better outcome. E-Government activities demand a sophisticated approach to handle a large corpus of data and produce valuable insights. There is a lack of methods to manage and retrieve bilingual (Arabic and English) documents. Therefore, the study aims to develop an ontology-based AI framework for managing documents. A testbed is employed to simulate the existing and proposed framework for the performance evaluation. Initially, a data extraction methodology is utilized to extract Arabic and English content from 77 documents. Researchers developed a bilingual dictionary to teach the proposed information retrieval technique. A classifier based on the Naïve Bayes approach is designed to identify the documents' relations. Finally, a ranking approach based on link analysis is used for ranking the documents according to the users' queries. The benchmark evaluation metrics are applied to measure the performance of the proposed ontological framework. The findings suggest that the proposed framework offers supreme results and outperforms the existing framework.

Equivalence Procedures for Culture-Specific Words and Their Application in the Arabic-English Dictionary

Despite the extensive research carried out on the definition, classification and translation procedures of culture-specific words (CSWs) in text translation, little attention has been given to these procedures in the creation of equivalence in the bilingual dictionary. This paper examines the nature and adequacy of the major CSWs translation procedures as well as their application in two Arabic-English dictionaries: Wehr’s Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic and Munir Baalbaki’s Al-Mawrid: A Modern Arabic-English Dictionary. The analysis will show that, statistically, the most commonly used procedure is borrowing, followed by explanation, explanatory equivalence and a combination of these three procedures. Other procedures, namely cultural equivalence, functional equivalence and synonymy, are less frequently used and produce, for the most part, inadequate and/ or inaccurate equivalents as evidenced by examples in sections B., C. and E. It will further demonstrate that the two dictionaries show inconsistencies, errors of judgment and occasional failure to employ procedures that best capture the exact meaning of the word in the target language. It will be concluded that if the dictionary intends to provide accurate and unambiguous interlingual equivalents, the compiler will have to resort to procedures capable of accomplishing this task.

Is a Hybrid Bilingual Dictionary a Tenable Proposition?

Over the past three decades, great strides have been made in the field of pedagogical monolingual dictionaries in English. By comparison, the content, methodology and the primary functions of the bilingual dictionary (BD) have remained largely unaltered. Research and experience in the fields of translation and AFL/EFL within the Arabic context, however, indicate that the status quo of the Arabic-English dictionary is untenable as present dictionaries are evidently not only inadequate but are likely to lead to errors of usage. Therefore, it is felt that extensive modifications need to be made to the Arabic-English dictionary in order to make it more pedagogically oriented for foreign learners and more responsive to the actual needs of Arab translation professionals and language learners. The proposal will result in the production of a hybrid dictionary intended for decoding and encoding purposes. The methodology, content and functions, served by this hybrid dictionary as well as the vast potential offered by electronic lexicography mean that traditional dichotomies in dictionary typology thought to be mutually exclusive need to be reconsidered. Equally, more scholarly attention should be paid to this new kind of hybrid dictionary.

On the Translation Topology of Confucian Words in C-E dictionary: Structural Comparison and Feature Analysis

Confucian words in C-E dictionaries are significant for language learning and cross-cultural communication, and comparative lexicographical study is beneficial for the analysis of different bilingual dictionaries and especially helpful for the improvement of C-E dictionary compilation. The Feature of Topology in Bilingual dictionary (including topological equivalence, point-set topological hierarchical structure) provides theoretical framework for the present study. After stratified sampling and statistical analysis, the paper conducts comparative research on the translation structure and transformation pattern between Confucian words and Biblical words from translation topology. The research includes descriptive analysis, independent t-test and feature analysis. The findings indicate that the translation topology of Confucian words in C-E dictionaries is featured with simplification and discreetness, compared with Biblical words. Confucian words and Biblical words are heterogenic in distribution, assemblage, relevance and transformation strategy, concerning topological point, set and field, which in turn affects the appearance and reordering of initial event. The reasons are as follows: the difference of compilation principle and the over-dependence on the monolingual dictionary differentiate the language variables, leading to the structural difference in Confucian words of topological transformation. The paucity of parallel corpus changes the structure density of cultural topology set, and forms different transformation pattern and representation validity of culture-bound words.

Les articles prépositionnels spoza mis à l’épreuve

The article is devoted to the question of the translation into French of the Polish preposition spoza (from behind) in the Polish-French bilingual dictionaries published in the last sixty years. The article first reports on the different meanings of the term appearing in monolingual Polish dictionaries. It then proposes an analysis, based on semantic criteria, of the French equivalents appearing in the Polish-French bilingual dictionaries. This analysis consists in particular in verifying whether the different meanings given to spoza in monolingual dictionaries also appear in bilingual dictionaries. Despite the relative frequency of use of this preposition in Polish, nearly half of the bilingual dictionaries consulted do not mention the term spoza. In addition, in the dictionary articles containing the term, the authors find a wide variety of French equivalents and point out numerous gaps and errors. One of the explanations advanced to understand the inaccuracy of certain French equivalents is the difficulty of French to express ablative relation, indicating direction from.

The elusive impact of L2 immersion on translation priming

AbstractA growing consensus sees the bilingual lexicon as an integrated, nonselective system. However, the way bilingual experience shapes the architecture and functioning of the lexicon is not well understood. This study investigates bilingual lexical-semantic representation and processing employing written translation priming. We focus on the role of active exposure to and use of the second language (L2)—primarily operationalized as immersion. We tested 200 highly proficient Spanish–English bilinguals in two groups differing in their societal language (immersed vs. nonimmersed) and amount of L2 use. L2 proficiency was controlled across participants, allowing us to disentangle its effects from those of L2 use. Overall, however, the immersion’s impact on our data was minimal. This suggests a ceiling effect for the influence of active L2 use on bilingual lexical functioning when L2 development is maximal. The present data provide relevant insights into the nature of the bilingual lexicon, informing developmental models.

Nursing Students’ Medical Terminology Learning Strategies

This study is concerned with the learning of medical terminology by nursing students at the Northern College of Nursing in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It aims to investigate the use of learning strategies in relation to medical vocabulary use. The subjects under study included Four college nursing majors at Northern College of Nursing. Participants' mid-term scores and medical terminology learning strategy questionnaire were used to inquire students' use of learning strategies. The results of this study indicated that students in general prefer to use written repetition, verbal repetition, bilingual dictionary strategies. In addition, the students most proficient in medical terminology used various kinds of strategies more often than the less proficient students. Implications of these and other findings are discussed and suggestions are made regarding the teaching of strategies of learning medical terms in medical terminology courses.

РЕЧНИК НА АКТИВНАТА ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ В БЪЛГАРСКИЯ И ПОЛСКИЯ ЕЗИК – ЦЕНЕН ПРИНОС В ДВУЕЗИЧНАТА СЛАВЯНСКА ФРАЗЕОГРАФИЯ. ДИАНА БЛАГОЕВА, СВЕТЛА КОЕВА, ВОЙЧЕХ СОСНОВСКИ, МАЧЕЙ ЯСКОТ. РЕЧНИК НА АКТИВНАТА ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ В БЪЛГАРСКИЯ И ПОЛСКИЯ ЕЗИК / LEKSYKON AKTYWNEJ FRAZEOLOGII BUŁGARSKIEJ I POLSKIEJ

This review presents The Dictionary of Active Phraseology in Bulgarian and Polish. This is the first bilingual phraseological dictionary in Slavic lexicography which includes material from Bulgarian and Polish. The dictionary consists of two sections: a Bulgarian-Polish and a Polish-Bulgarian part and represents the meaning, stylistic features and use of phraseological units characterised as actively functioning linguistic items in each of the languages, along with their correspondences in the other language. The work is a valuable contribution to Slavic bilingual phraseography. Keywords: phraseology; phraseography; bilingual dictionaries; Bulgarian language; Polish language

Викладання в’єтнамської мови в Україні: стан та перспективи

At the state level, Ukraine and Vietnam have ample grounds for multifaceted cooperation: the two countries have traditionally friendly relations, established diplomatic relations, and signed agreements on cooperation in trade, finance, science, education, and culture. However, there is a lack of language specialists to positively and effectively implement the agreements between the two countries. Teaching Vietnamese in Ukraine has a quite short history. The article considers the main achievements in this field, problematic aspects, prospects and recommendations. The state of teaching Vietnamese to Ukrainians, as well as to children of the Vietnamese community living in Ukraine has been studied. It is determined that despite the different goals of these two areas, they have common problems. If we talk about the purpose of teaching Ukrainians the Vietnamese language, it is the development of bilateral relations between the two countries. And teaching Vietnamese to community children is preserving Vietnamese language and cultural identity. Among the common problems are the lack of teachers with appropriate professional qualifications, lack of textbooks, manuals, bilingual dictionaries and other educational materials. It was determined that the Vietnamese language for Ukrainians was taught in state educational institutions at the level of specialized secondary schools, as well as in higher education institutions, private courses were not considered in the article. The teaching Vietnamese to ethnic Vietnamese is provided only at the extracurricular level for schoolchildren and is an initiative of the Vietnamese community. The documentary and legal basis for cooperation in the field of education between Ukraine and Vietnam has been identified, as well as the necessary steps for further development of cooperation in this area.

Qazi Khairullah Padri's bilingual Pashto Urdu Dictionary “Khair-ul-Laghat” a Research and Critical Study (In the context of the technical principles of lexicography)

Qazi Khairullah Padri's bilingual Pashto Urdu Dictionary “Khair-ul-Laghat” a Research and Critical Study (In the context of the technical principles of lexicography)

MODELING BILINGUAL THESAURUS OF INVESTMENT TERMS

The paper is devoted to the principles of compiling a bilingual dictionary of investment terms. In the article, a preparatory stage of thesaurus modeling, including analysis of methodological base and identification of methods, is described. According to the parametric approach underlying the creation of a thesaurus, a number of key parameters of dictionary structures is identified.
 Background. The terminology system in the field of the investment activity on the equity market is constantly and intensively updated with new terms. The lack of such type of dictionaries, which are essential for linguists, translators and other professionals in linguistics as well as investors and traders, makes the compiling of the dictionary quite relevant.
 Purpose. Identification and description of principles and stages of compiling a bilingual dictionary of investment terms.
 Materials and methods. The materials for the study include financial market articles and reviews, fund platforms vocabulary as well as legal documents, governing investments on the stock market. Research methods include continuous sampling method, comparative method and stratification method.
 Results. The algorithm for practical stage of working with linguistic material on the example of modeling a dictionary entry of specified dictionary, which describes the term “Stock market index”, is presented.
 Practical implications. The practical significance of the research results lies in the possibility of using described principles and stage of compiling a thesaurus as well as a dictionary entry for compiling other dictionaries by linguists and translators.

Nazwy kościołów jako problem w tłumaczeniu z języka polskiego na rosyjski

This paper discusses problematic ecclesionyms in translation from Polish into Russian. The first part provides an overview of selected names of Catholic churches in Russia. These names are analyzed as potential recognized equivalents, taking into account their frequency, variants, and compliance with the Catholic tradition. The second part reviews bilingual dictionaries and discusses equivalents for the heorthonym Wniebowzięcie (Assumption) presented in them. In conclusion, translation techniques applicable in the case of ecclesionyms are listed, depending on their main function in the text. Attention is drawn to the need for an interdisciplinary approach to these proper names.

Metaphorische Begriffe in der lettischen Übersetzungslandschaft

The focus of the present paper is the treatment of metaphorical terms in the Latvian term formation and translation practice, and the approaches to seeking Latvian equivalents for English metaphorical terms. The work undertaken in the development of bilingual dictionaries has brought to the fore the potential conflict between metaphorical terms and the strict prescriptivist rules that exist in Latvian term formation, that no ambiguity is permissible and metaphoricity should be ousted. Yet cognitive linguistics has unveiled the capacity of abstract thought and abstract reasoning in the formation of metaphorical terminology and that metaphor is at the basis of meaning formation. There are several approaches to seeking Latvian equivalents for English metaphorical terms yet in translation and interpreting practice loan translation still prevails. Over the recent years there has been evidence of a more determined return to metaphorical terms in Latvian as a significant element in the organization of the conceptual system of the language. Time will show, which trend will prevail though at present it seems that metaphorical terms in Latvian have come to stay.

‘Arm’s length’ phraseology?

Abstract In the last decades, the study of phraseology within general and specialized lexicographic resources has been of interest to scholars. However, phraseology has not been studied in language for specific purposes (LSP) as much as in language for general purposes (LGP). Therefore, this study (i) offers an overview of the definitions regarding LSP phraseology, (ii) provides a series of linguistic analyses of specialized phraseological units (SPUs) extracted from a specialized bilingual dictionary, and (iii) draws a comparative line between LGP and LSP phraseology. To do so, 11,086 entries were extracted to build the analysis database. This study provides 1,054 morphosyntactic and 4,369 semantic patterns, a definition and a taxonomy of SPUs based on the data analysis and revision of LGP phraseology notions, and a hybrid lexicographic indexation method for SPUs. The contributions of this paper answer the question ‘what is a SPU?’; while highlighting similarities and differences with LGP phraseology.

ACCOUNTING TERMINOLOGY AS AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF IMPROVING THE PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE

The aim of this paper is to explore the comparability and understanding of accounting terms in two languages – Russian and English. The paper deals with the content and accuracy of the Russian equivalents of English accounting terms based on English-Russian-English professional dictionaries. By analysing the translations of in bilingual dictionaries the difficulty in translating and understanding accounting terms correctly, and the danger of miscommunication, is highlighted.

Bilingual dictionary generation and enrichment via graph exploration

Bilingual dictionary generation and enrichment via graph exploration

Teaching English Language Vocabulary to EFL Learners in the Arab Region: A Preliminary Reading

This study is intended to have an in-depth discussion on the chief subject of this research paper, which is the most appropriate method of teaching English language vocabulary to EFL learners in the Arab region. To conduct this study, the two researchers investigated and gathered a large set of notable sources of information and research papers having dealt with vocabulary instruction to find an answer to the main question of this study. Both researchers attempted to provide theoretical coverage of specific areas applicable to English language vocabulary instruction. This theoretical coverage investigated the basic methods and strategies employed by each one of them, which specialists have classified as specific media for teaching vocabulary. They are, in order, Grammar-translation, Direct Method, Audio-lingual, Total-physical Response and Communicative Learning. These methods have proven their efficiency, seriousness, quality, and practical validity in educational circles, whether there or here in the Arab region. However, these methods, despite their importance, did not prove their worth as did other simple techniques and strategies that were effective and more influential on the EFL learners. These include the use of visual aids, bi-lingual dictionaries, the introduction of repeated verbal/written drills and guesswork exercises to find the appropriate meanings of words or phrases. To attain such conclusions, the collected data ought to be comprehensive and insightful, with study results arising from detailed review of related literature.

Improving cross-lingual text matching with dual-level collaborative coarse-to-fine filter alignment network

Semantic alignment is a key component in Cross-Language Text Matching (CLTM) to facilitate matching (e.g., query-document matching) between two languages. The current solutions for semantic alignment mainly perform word-level translation directly, without considering the contextual information for the whole query and documents. To this end, we propose a Dual-Level Collaborative Rough-to-Fine Filter Alignment Network (DLCCFA) to achieve better cross-language semantic alignment and document matching. DLCCFA is devised with both a coarse-grained filter in word-level and a fine-grained filter in sentence-level. Concretely, for the query in word-level, we firstly extract top-k translation candidates for each token in the query through a probabilistic bilingual lexicon. Then, a Translation Probability Attention (TPA) mechanism is proposed to obtain coarse-grained word alignment, which generates the corresponding query auxiliary sentence. Afterwards, we further propose a Bilingual Cross Attention and utilize Self-Attention to achieve fine-grained sentence-level filtering, resulting in the cross-language representation of the query. The idea is that each token in the query works as an anchor to filter the semantic noise in the query auxiliary sentence and accurately align semantics of different languages. Extensive experiments on four real-world datasets of six languages demostrate that our method can outperform the mainstream alternatives of CLTM.