Hydrangea Macrophylla Research Articles

First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Oidium hortensiae on Mophead Hydrangea in Korea.

Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser., known as mophead hydrangea, is native to Japan and is used as a potted ornamental or is planted for landscaping in gardens worldwide. In May 2011, powdery mildew occurred on potted mophead hydrangea cv. Emerald plants in polyethylene-film-covered greenhouses in Icheon, Korea. Heavily infected plantings were unmarketable, mainly due to purplish red discoloration and crinkling of leaves. Such powdery mildew symptoms on mophead hydrangea in gardens had been often found in Korea since 2001, and the collections (n = 10) were deposited in the Korea University herbarium (KUS). In all cases, there was no trace of chasmothecia formation. Mycelium was effuse on both sides of leaves, young stems, and flower petals. Appressoria were well developed, lobed, and solitary or in opposite pairs. Conidiophores were cylindrical, 70 to 145 × 7.5 to 10 μm, and composed of three to four cells. Foot-cells of conidiophores were straight to sub-straight, cylindric, short, and mostly less than 30 μm long. Conidia produced singly were ellipsoid to oval, 32 to 50 × 14 to 22 μm with a length/width ratio of 1.7 to 2.8, lacked fibrosin bodies, and showed angular/rectangular wrinkling of outer walls. Germ tubes were produced on the perihilar position of conidia. Primary conidia were apically conical, basally rounded to subtruncate, 32 to 42 × 14 to 18 μm, and thus generally smaller than the secondary conidia. The morphological characteristics are consistent with previous descriptions of Oidium hortensiae Jørst. (3,4). To confirm the identification, the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA from KUS-F25514 was amplified with primers ITS5 and P3 and directly sequenced. The resulting sequence of 694 bp was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. JQ669944). There was no ITS sequence data known from powdery mildews on Hydrangea. Therefore, this is the first sequence of O. hortensiae submitted to GenBank. Nevertheless, a GenBank BLAST search of this sequence showed >99% similarity with those of Oidium spp. recorded on crassulacean hosts (e.g. GenBank Accession Nos. EU185641 ex Sedum, EU185636 ex Echeveria, and EU185639 ex Dudleya) (2), suggesting their close phylogenetic relationship. Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation by gently pressing diseased leaves onto leaves of five healthy potted mophead hydrangea cv. Emerald plants. Five noninoculated plants of the same cultivar served as controls. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse at 22 ± 2°C. Inoculated plants developed signs and symptoms after 6 days, whereas the control plants remained healthy. The fungus present on the inoculated plants was morphologically identical to that originally observed on diseased plants, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Occurrence of powdery mildew disease on mophead hydrangea is circumglobal (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew disease caused by O. hortensiae on mophead hydrangea in Korea. Powdery mildew infections in Korea pose a serious threat to the continued production of quality potted mophead hydrangea in polyethylene-film-covered greenhouses.

Two New Cyanogenic Glucosides from the Leaves of Hydrangea macrophylla

Chemical investigation of the ethanol extract of the aerial parts of Hydrangea macrophylla collected in the Sichuan Province of China resulted in the isolation of two new cyanogenic glucosides. Their structures were elucidated as [(2R)-2-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)] acetonitrile (1) and {(2R)-2-[α-D-glucopyranosyl(1→6)β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)}acetonitrile (2) on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis (1D, 2D NMR and HRESIMS) and chemical studies.

First Report of Cherry leaf roll virus in Hydrangea macrophylla.

Hydrangea is a popular, summer flowering, ornamental shrub that is native to south and east Asia and North and South America, which is now cultivated throughout the world. Currently, 13 viruses belonging to eight genera have been reported in Hydrangea spp. (1). In April 2011, virus-like disease symptoms, including severe leaf deformation and chlorosis, were observed on two Hydrangea macrophylla 'Sumiko' plants from Australia being held in quarantine in New Zealand. Systemic symptoms of veinal necrosis, necrotic halo spots, and severe leaf deformation were observed on Nicotiana occidentalis '37B' 7 days after inoculation with sap from the symptomatic hydrangea plants. Upon reinoculation with sap of symptomatic leaves from N. occidentalis, necrotic ringspots and tip necrosis, typical of nepovirus infection, were observed on leaves of N. tobacum and Chenopodium quinoa, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy of negatively stained sap from symptomatic leaves of N. occidentalis revealed the presence of isometric particles ~28 nm in diameter. Total nucleic acid was extracted from the symptomatic leaves of N. occidentalis with an InviMag Plant DNA Mini Kit (Invitek GmbH, Berlin, Germany) and a KingFisher mL workstation (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA). Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using the reverse primer of Werner et al. (2) and a forward primer, 5'-CGGTGGAGATGCCGGTCCTA-3' (this study), specific to the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of Cherry leaf roll virus(CLRV) produced an amplicon of ~1,150 bp from N. occidentalis. A consensus sequence of 1,140 bp generated from four clones of the PCR product (GenBank Accession No. JN418885) was 99 and 98% identical at the nucleotide level to a CLRV isolate from Rumex AGBC (GenBank No. AB168099) and Chinese chives (GenBank No. AB168098), respectively. N. occidentalis also tested positive for CLRV using polyclonal antiserum in a double antibody sandwich-ELISA (BIOREBA, Reinach, Switzerland). The presence of CLRV in the original samples and N. occidentalis was confirmed by direct sequencing of the 380-bp amplicons obtained by immunocapture RT-PCR using CLRV-specific primers (2) and the same antiserum. BLASTn analysis of these amplicons (data not submitted to GenBank) also showed 99% nucleotide identity to a New Zealand isolate from a Rubus sp. (GenBank No. AJ877162). The hydrangea plants were released from quarantine because the same strain of CLRV had previously been reported in New Zealand. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CLRV in hydrangea. CLRV is a seed and pollenborne nepovirus and can be transmitted mechanically and by grafting. Since hydrangeas are mainly vegetatively propagated and are less commonly grown from seeds, the natural spread of CLRV will depend on the movement of infected propagation material. It is unknown whether this virus causes reduction in flower quality in hydrangea as reported in other hosts but any impact on flower quality may be of economic significance in commercial nurseries.

Evaluation of Hydrangea macrophylla for Resistance to Leaf‐Spot Diseases

AbstractGarden hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla) is a popular ornamental plant that can be devastated by leaf‐spot diseases. Information is needed to determine susceptibility of commercial cultivars to leaf‐spot diseases. To address this need, 88 cultivars of H. macrophylla were evaluated for their resistance to leaf‐spot diseases in full‐shade (2007–2008), full‐sun (2007–2008) and partial‐shade (2009–2010) environments in McMinnville, TN, USA. Ten cultivars [‘Ami Pasquier’, ‘Ayesha’, ‘Blue Bird’, ‘Forever Pink’, ‘Fuji Waterfall’ (‘Fujinotaki’), ‘Miyama‐yae‐Murasaki’, ‘Seafoam’, ‘Taube’, ‘Tricolor’ and ‘Veitchii’] were rated resistant (R) or moderately resistant to leaf spot under each of the three environments. In 2007–2008, approximately 51% of the cultivars were rated R in full shade, but only 5% were R in full sun. In 2009–2010, only 1% of the cultivars were rated R in partial shade. Although environmental parameters including temperature and rainfall influence disease severity and host reaction, a shaded environment was least favourable for leaf‐spot disease development, which demonstrates that establishing hydrangea in shaded environment can be an effective tool along with cultivar selection for managing leaf‐spot diseases on hydrangea. Six pathogens, Corynespora cassiicola, Cercospora spp., Myrothecium roridum, Glomerella cingulata (Anamorph: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides), Phoma exigua and Botrytis cinerea, were associated with leaf‐spot diseases of garden hydrangea. Of the leaf‐spot pathogens, C. cassiicola was most frequently isolated (55% of all isolates), followed by Cercospora spp. (20%) and other pathogens (25%). Because symptoms attributed to each leaf‐spot pathogen were similar, cultivars were selected for resistance to multiple leaf‐spot pathogens.

Analysis of the Impact of Climatic Conditions on Floral Transformation in Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Leuchtfeuer’

Hydrangea macrophylla is a horticultural plant of considerable commercial interest that has been widely studied with the aim to more effectively control the different stages of its development during production. However, although floral transformation is a key factor underlying the commercial quality of the product, it remains difficult to control despite these efforts. The floral transformation sequence consists of three successive phases: floral induction (B1), floral evocation (B2), and floral organogenesis (B3). The first is a phase of vegetative organogenesis without elongation leading to the formation of a bud composed of eight phytomer primordia under inductive climatic conditions. This work shows that climatic conditions favorable to floral transformation must be continuously applied without interruption throughout phase B1 to ensure the formation of the floral bud in Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Leuchtfeuer’. In the opposite case, floral transformation is stopped and vegetative growth begins once again.

ChemInform Abstract: Search for Antidiabetic Constituents of Medicinal Food

AbstractReview: 32 refs.

Characterization of Hydrangea macrophylla Cultivars by the Anthocyanin Content in their Sepals

Abstract In order to ascertain the role of anthocyanin content on the color and brightness of Hydrangea macrophylla sepals, anthocyanin contents of different colored sepals were measured for numerous commercial cultivars. Anthocyanin contents were primarily determined by extraction of the pigment, then measurement by differential spectrophotometry. Concentrations ranged from about 25 to over 400 μg delphinidin-3-glucoside per g of fresh sepal, with the magnitude roughly proportional to the perceived intensity of sepal coloration for that Hydrangea macrophylla cultivar. However, the anthocyanin content was independent of the sepal color, being the same for red, purple, or blue sepals of the same cultivar. Even though significant sepal-to-sepal variation in color intensity existed within a single inflorescence, the extractable anthocyanin content was constant for a specific cultivar. Accordingly, Hydrangea macrophylla cultivars were classified in terms of their color brightness or anthocyanin content in sepals as blush (very light colored, 25 to 60 μg·g−1), cold-hardy (light colored, 80 to 120 μg·g−1), classic (medium colored, 140 to 190 μg·g−1), vivid (deep colored, 230 to 270 μg·g−1), or vibrant (very deep colored, >300 μg·g−1) at peak bloom. The anthocyanin content of the sepals steadily increased as the inflorescence approached peak bloom, remained constant for a week or more, then decreased. The cultivar-dependent anthocyanin contents of the sepals can be used, in part, to rationalize the relative bluing capability of the various Hydrangea macrophylla cultivars.

Frost Dehardening and Rehardening of Hydrangea macrophylla Stems and Buds

Hydrangea macrophylla is a popular and commercially important flowering shrub, but frost injury of buds and current-year shoots is a common problem in some of its cultivars. As a result of climate warming, temperate winters are becoming progressively milder, and temperature patterns are becoming increasingly irregular with an increased frequency of warm spells. Warm spells may induce premature dehardening, increasing the risk of subsequent freezing injuries. This study investigated cold-hardiness of stems and buds of Hydrangea macrophylla ssp. macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. ‘Alma’ during dehardening in response to simulated warm spells and subsequent rehardening in January and early March. Plants were acclimated in the field and dehardened in the greenhouse at controlled warm temperatures for various durations. Dehardened plants were rehardened for up to 12 days in an unheated greenhouse (January) or in the field (March). Buds of H. macrophylla were slightly less cold-hardy than stems. In both stems and buds, the dehardening resistance and the rate of dehardening were influenced by temperature, but buds appeared to be less resistant to dehardening and dehardened faster than stems. In stems, dehardening proceeded faster in March than in January, and the capacity of the stems to reharden seemed reduced, indicating that both dehardening and rehardening were influenced by the progression of winter. Results of this study indicate that buds of H. macrophylla are more sensitive to frost injury than stems and the vulnerability of stems to frost injuries, caused by an unstable temperature regime, changes during the winter season.

Architectural and genetic characterization of Hydrangea aspera subsp. aspera Kawakami group, H. aspera subsp. sargentiana and their hybrids

Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. and H. paniculata Sieb. are the two most economically important species within the genus Hydrangea, and have been used as ornamental garden plants for a long time. However, other species such as H. aspera D. Don are of horticultural interest, particularly for the color of their inflorescences and plant shape. This species is composed of four sub-species and has previously been characterized both genetically and morphologically. The previous morphological characterization was qualitative, but was based mainly on leaf and inflorescence parameters outlined by UPOV, and provided little information about plant shape. To better characterize the shape of H. aspera, an architectural analysis was applied to the two most distantly related sub-species at the cytogenetic level: subsp. sargentiana (Redher) E.M. McClint. (clone 188) and subsp. aspera Kawakami group (clone 352). This method made it possible to reveal significant differences between these clones, both at the axis and the growth unit (GU) scale, in agreement with the high level of genetic differentiation (Jaccard dissimilarity index equal to 0.97) revealed between the two clones by Inter simple sequence repeats markers. Because this method is difficult to apply to a large population of individuals, a qualitative architectural characterization was tested on ten progenies derived from hybridization of the two clones, on the basis of their most discriminating architectural components. The hybrid nature of the progeny was confirmed by the architectural analysis. The architectural components of the hybrids are therefore a combination of those of the parents, with a predominance of clone 352, the female parent. Architectural differences between hybrids were clearly revealed by the length of the first vegetative GU (VGU1), the presence or the absence of VGU2 and the length of the floral GU of the A2 axis, and GU branching, allowing us to define five architectural profiles. These differences are supported by the average Jaccard dissimilarity index (0.33). This method, based on a qualitative description of the main architectural components of the plant, proved to be useful for characterizing the shape of H. aspera subsp. sargentiana, and subsp. aspera Kawakami group, and their hybrids. It could be extended to other sub-species of H. aspera and to their respective hybrids, providing an efficient tool for better characterizing genetic resources of H. aspera.

Evaluation of Powdery Mildew Resistance in Hydrangea macrophylla

Abstract Powdery mildew, Erysiphe polygoni DC, can be a significant problem on Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. in the landscape in late summer to fall and during greenhouse propagation or production of potted plants. Because very little information related to sources of resistance is available, 90 H. macrophylla cultivars were evaluated for resistance to powdery mildew over a 3-year period. This included 69 H. macrophylla ssp. macrophylla and 18 H. macrophylla ssp. serrata (Thunb.) Makino cultivars, along with three cultivars that are hybrids between the two subspecies. Significant differences among cultivars to powdery mildew were found in all three study years. Three cultivars, ‘Amagi Amacha’, ‘Shirofuji’ and ‘Veitchii’, were among the most resistant each year. ‘Diadem’, ‘Komachi’, and ‘Omacha’ were highly resistant in 2006 and 2008, but only moderately resistant in 2007. ‘Komachi’ and ‘Shirofuji’ were considered unsuitable for breeding purposes as they do not appear to produce fertile flowers. ‘Veitchii’ was the only member of H. macrophylla ssp. macrophylla with a high level of powdery mildew resistance; while all other resistant cultivars were members of H. macrophylla ssp. serrata, not all members of this subspecies are resistant. Results of this study will be useful in breeding powdery mildew resistant H. macrophylla.

Search for Antidiabetic Constituents of Medicinal Food

Many foods are known to have not only nutritive and taste values but also medicinal effects. In Chinese traditional medicine, the treatment using medicinal foods has been recommended highly. Recently, we examined the effects of the extract and constituents of several medicinal foods on experimental models of diabetes. In this paper, we focus on the bioactive constituents of four medicinal foods, namely the antidiabetic constituents from 1) the roots, stems and leaves of Salacia plants, 2) the male flowers of Borassus flabellifer, 3) the flower buds of Camellia sinensis, 4) the processed leaves of Hydrangea macrophylla var. thunbergii (Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium).

Role of aluminum in red-to-blue color changes in Hydrangea macrophylla sepals

Red, purple, and blue sepals on selected cultivars of Hydrangea macrophylla were analyzed for their aluminum content. This content was determined to be a function of the sepal color with red sepals possessing 0-10μg Al/g fresh sepal, purple sepals having 10-40μg Al/g fresh sepal, and blue sepals containing greater than 40μg Al/g fresh sepal. Accordingly, the threshold aluminum content needed to change H. macrophylla sepals from red to blue was about 40μg Al/g fresh sepal. Higher aluminum concentrations were incorporated into the sepals, but this additional aluminum did not affect the intensity or hue of the blue color. These observations agreed with a chemical model proposing that the concentration of the blue Al(3+)-anthocyanin complex reached a maximum when a sufficient excess of aluminum was present. In addition, the visible absorbance spectra of harvested red, purple, and blue sepals were duplicated by Al(3+) and anthocyanin (delphinidin-3-glucoside) mixtures in this model chemical system.

Studies in Erysiphales anamorphs (4): species on Hydrangeaceae and Papaveraceae

Anamorphic powdery mildews on Hydrangeaceae and Papaveraceae in Germany are revised. Species are documented in detail including line drawings, photomicrographs, and identification keys. On Papaveraceae three species are accepted, specifically Erysiphe macleayae on Chelidonium majus and Macleaya cordata, E. cruciferarum on Eschscholzia californica, and Oidium sp. (an unknown species previously assigned to E. cruciferarum) on Pseudofumaria lutea. Species on Hydrangeaceae are Oidium hortensiae on Hydrangea macrophylla and E. deutziae on Deutzia cf. scabra and Philadelphus cf. coronarius. The fungus on the latter host plant was previously assigned to O. hortensiae. Erysiphe deutziae, E. macleayae, and Oidium hortensiae are introduced species.

Novel Cyanoglucosides from the Leaves of Hydrangea macrophylla

AbstractFour non‐cyanogenic cyanoglucosides including hydranitrilosides A1, A2, B1, and B2 (1–4, resp.), together with a new phenolic glucoside, 3‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxybenzoic acid 3‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (5), were isolated from the leaves of Hydrangea macrophylla. Their structures were determined on the basis of chemical and spectral evidence.

Temperature and photoperiod control of morphology and flowering time in two greenhouse grown Hydrangea macrophylla cultivars

Knowledge of the factors involved, and tools to control morphology and flowering are important in intensive and cost-efficient greenhouse production. Hydrangea macrophylla is an important flowering pot plant in Norway and is produced year-around in greenhouses. Due to problems in scheduling, a study was conducted to compare floral transition and morphology of two commercially important cultivars of Hydrangea (‘Early Blue’ and ‘Schneeball’) under different flower initiating treatments in growth chambers. Plants were grown with high pressure sodium lamps (HPS) at moderate temperature (17 °C) (MT) and high (24 °C) temperature. At high temperature, the effect of (1) irradiance under long day conditions (16 h lighting with 70 or 200 μmol m −2 s −1), and (2) short day (8 h lighting) was investigated. The short day treatment had similar light integral as the low irradiance long day treatment (SD: 8 h × 140 μmol m −2 s −1 and LD: 16 h × 70 μmol m −2 s −1 = 4.0 mol m −2 d −1). The intention was to test the effect of irradiance and SD on flower transition and morphology under high temperatures. The results clearly showed that MT is the strongest signal for floral transition. MT resulted in a rapid floral transition of the terminal buds and lateral flower buds. A short forcing period was required and the plants became short and compact without any use of chemical growth retardants. At high temperatures only SD had a promotive effect on flower transition and the response was found to be stronger in ‘Schneeball’ than ‘Early Blue’. In general, all the treatments under high temperatures required a long forcing time and the plants tended to be very tall with a low number of lateral flower buds.

Shoot regeneration and genetic transformation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens of Hydrangea macrophylla Ser. leaf discs

A reproducible procedure was developed for genetic transformation of Hydrangea macrophylla Ser. cv . Blaumeise by Agrobacterium tumefaciens following the development of an efficient regeneration system using leaf discs excised from 12 to 15 weeks old meristem-derived vitroplants. Explants were cultivated on solid B5 medium complemented with maltose 110 mM, BAP 10 μM and NAA 0.5 μM. A low light regime of 17 μmol m −2 s −1 improved regeneration frequency up to 86%. For transformation, leaf discs were inoculated and co-cultivated with two disarmed A. tumefaciens strains, EHA 101 and LBA 4404, both carrying the binary vector pFAJ3000 which contained the nptII selectable gene and the GUS reporter gene. A pre-culture period of 3 days and a short co-cultivation duration (1 day) improved the efficiency of transformation. Inoculation of only 10 min with agitation including (or not) vacuum infiltration was sufficient. If selection on kanamycin containing medium was applied after a 2 weeks culture period on shoot regeneration medium, the percentage of explants forming kanamycin-resistant shoots increased from 3.3 to 13.3%. Integration and expression of the introduced transgene were confirmed by histochemical GUS assay, PCR and Southern blot analysis. Flowering of transgenic plants in glasshouse occurred 10 months after acclimatization.

First Report of Myrothecium roridum Causing Leaf Spot on Garden Hydrangea in the United States.

Garden hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla) is a popular flowering shrub that grows well in Tennessee but foliar diseases impact their appearance, health, and market value. Leaves of garden hydrangea showed necrotic lesions with concentric rings of brown and dark brown at the Tennessee State University Research Center in McMinnville. A fungus was recovered from June and July leaf samples with 20% frequency of isolation from approximately 40 leaf pieces that were surface sterilized and plated in potato dextrose agar (PDA). Isolates developed white colonies and dark gray-to-black, spore-bearing mycelial cushions (sporodochia) that formed on older colonies (30 to 45 days old) at 25 ± 2°C. Conidia were hyaline to slightly dark, one-celled, ovoid to elongate with rounded ends, and 2.0 to 2.5 × 5.5 to 6.5 μm. These morphological characteristics were consistent with those described for Myrothecium roridum Tode ex Fr. (1). DNA sequence for three isolates of this fungus showed identical internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequences (GenBank Accession No. HM215150) with 99% maximum sequence identity to M. roridum isolates (GenBank Accession Nos. AJ301994.1 and AJ608978). Another close match (97%) was with M. gramineum (GenBank Accession No. FJ235084) and M. tongaense (GenBank Accession No. AY254157). Pathogenicity of M. roridum was evaluated on detached leaves from three hydrangea cultivars, Nikko Blue, All Summer Beauty, and Blue bird. Four, medium-size, detached leaves were placed in moist chambers and inoculated with 5-mm mycelial plugs from 14-day-old cultures; sterile PDA was used as the control treatment. A randomized, complete-block experimental design was used with a replication of four leaves per cultivar. Incubation temperature was 26 ± 2°C. Necrotic lesions started 4 to 5 days after inoculation in all inoculated leaves; lesions expanded to cover 10 to 25% of the leaf surface and formed concentric rings; sterile PDA plugs did not produce leaf lesions. This experiment was repeated twice and similar symptoms were produced; M. roridum was reisolated from all inoculated leaves. Spray inoculation of detached leaves of hydrangea cv. Pretty Maiden with 5 × 104 spores/ml produced similar symptoms; leaves sprayed with water remained symptom free. M. roridum has a wide host range and similar symptoms have been reported on other ornamentals including salvia (2), begonia ( http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/foliage/folnotes/begonias.htm ), gardenia ( http://cfextension.ifas.ufl.edu/agriculture/ nursery_production/ documents/Gardenia.pdf ), and cotton (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. roridum causing leaf spot on H. macrophylla in the United States.

Response of Five Hydrangea Species to Foliar Salt Spray

Abstract Hydrangeas are popular seaside plants; however, other than in anecdotal reports, there are no studies measuring their relative tolerance to salt spray. We examined response of ten cultivars and one subspecies of Hydrangea representing five species to foliar-applied salt solutions to recommend selections for seaside landscapes. Objectives were to determine whether there are differences in responses to salt spray among cultivars and species, and to determine whether varying concentrations of sodium chloride differentially damaged the plants. Plants were treated with a full-strength (ion concentration approximate to seawater) salt solution, a half-strength salt solution, or a control of tap water. Plants were rated after seven once-weekly applications based on percentage necrotic leaf area, an aesthetically and physiologically important symptom of damage. Cultivars of Hydrangea macrophylla and Hydrangea serrata were more tolerant of full-strength salt spray than cultivars of H. paniculata, H. anomala and H. arborescens. At half strength but not full strength, H. anomala ssp. petiolaris was most tolerant. Hydrangea macrophylla and H. serrata were the second most tolerant of half-strength applications. Hydrangea macrophylla or Hydrangea serrata should be planted where maritime salt spray will occur.

Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of two new antioxidants: 4-O- and 3-O-palmitoyl chlorogenic acids

Chlorogenic acid (5-caffeoyl quinic acid (CQA)) extracted from Hydrangea macrophylla (44%, w/w) with 98% purity, was acylated with palmitic acid by Novozym 435 to yield mono-acylated CQA. Acylation of CQA was achieved in 2-methyl-2-butanol at 60°C, and yielded two mono-acylated products: a major product acylated at the C-4 of the quinic moiety (4-O-palmitoyl chlorogenic acid) and a minor product acylated at the C-3 (3-O-palmitoyl chlorogenic acid). The bioconversions obtained in 7days ranged from 14 to 60% and were influenced by the molar ratio of palmitic acid/CQA, which ranged from 10 to 80. The regioselectivity (4-O-palmitoyl/3-O-palmitoyl ratio) of the reaction was also affected by the molar ratio, and ranged from 90 to 70%. The scavenging activities against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radicals demonstrated that these palmitoyl CQA derivatives are associated with antioxidant activity (70% vs CQA).

ChemInform Abstract: New Cyanoglycosides, Hydracyanosides D, E, and F, from the Leaves of Hydrangea macrophylla.

AbstractTogether with 17 known compounds, three new cyanoglycosides named hydracyanosides D (I), E (II), and F (III) are isolated from the leaves of Hydrangea macrophylla cultivated in China.