Beverage Packaging Research Articles

KANDUNGAN BISPHENOL A (BPA) PADA KEMASAN BERBAHAN DASAR PLASTIK PERSPEKTIF UU PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN DAN MASLAHAH MURSALAH

The packaging sector is an important industry. One of the packaging materials that is often used is plastic packaging. In plastic packaging there is one of the BPA materials used in the manufacturing process. This BPA content has the potential to be released and mixed with packaged foods and beverages. While BPA is a content that can cause various diseases such as cancer. This study aims to determine the content of BPA in plastic packaging seen from the Consumer Protection Act and Maslahah Mursalah. This study uses normative legal research that is descriptive analytical with a qualitative approach to primary data, secondary data and tertiary data which includes the content and structure of positive law. The results showed that the BPA content in plastic packaging did not comply with several articles in the Consumer Protection Act. It is stated that one of the rights of consumers is to get a sense of security and safety in consuming goods and services. The content of BPA which can cause various diseases is clearly not in accordance with the clauses in the Consumer Protection Act. In maslahah mursalah, the discovery of the use of plastic as food and beverage packaging can be said to be useful, it can also be said to be useless. Plastic packaging can be said to be useful if the plastic packaging is in accordance with its purpose, namely to protect food and beverages from external contamination. The presence of Bhispenol A in the plastic base material causes losses

Importance of Right Nutrition for the Astronauts of Deep Space

Essential food requirements for space food systems include food safety, palatability, safety, stability, variety, usability, and reliability. The space station administration always gives astronauts access to nutritious food like fruits, vegetables, and certain processed foods as a regular diet. The gravitational impacts are significantly reduced in a microgravity environment in deep space. As a result of microgravity, the eating implements like wise float away. The beverage packaging for the international space station is made of laminated foil and plastic. The article mainly talked about the food system engineering facilities and the classifications of space food according to their processing. The article also highlighted the standard menu in a space shuttle for American, Russian, and Chinese astronauts according to a pre-planned diet. There are various uses of food under the food processing system in the space shuttle, such as preparation and selection of food, planning, and serving of food, etc. Similarly, it is essential for extended shelflife food for Indian astronauts. Proper nutrition and food safety are critical for all astronauts to cope with deep space environments.

Exploratory compositional analysis of street bin litter: Empirical study in a regional city in Belgium

Street bin litter (SBL) is an overlooked waste stream and its composition has barely been studied. In a first characterization attempt, five sorting experiments were performed on SBL collected in Leuven, Belgium. The waste was sampled and sorted into 8 main and 39 subfractions. The largest main fractions found were illegally dumped waste (33 ± 3%), organics (17 ± 4%) and paper and cardboard (16 ± 2%). On a functional level, the street bins were estimated to contain about 35% packaging, of which beverage and food packaging constituted 46% and 38–44%, respectively. SBL is in relative terms too small a waste stream for economically viable material recovery. However, in order to make a full transition to a circular economy and due to its high visibility, SBL cannot be neglected. Preventive measures and the full application of Extended Producer Responsibility schemes can help to achieve SBL reduction.

Innovative Application Study Of Label-free Concept In Packaging Design

The lack of an objective evaluation system and monitoring system for product design has led to an endless stream of "formalism" in product engineering, exacerbating the current situation of excessive and disproportionate product design, and even creating an economic and social hazard. This paper focuses on the important role of the "label-free" concept in the design of beverage packaging products, based on three aspects: national environmental protection, product differentiation, and international market trends, while conducting experimental research through data collection and project studies. The aim is to solve the problem of resource waste and environmental pollution caused by beverage packaging through this new design trend.

From Classical to Advanced Use of Polymers in Food and Beverage Applications.

Polymers are extensively used in food and beverage packaging to shield against contaminants and external damage due to their barrier properties, protecting the goods inside and reducing waste. However, current trends in polymers for food, water, and beverage applications are moving forward into the design and preparation of advanced polymers, which can act as active packaging, bearing active ingredients in their formulation, or controlling the head-space composition to extend the shelf-life of the goods inside. In addition, polymers can serve as sensory polymers to detect and indicate the presence of target species, including contaminants of food quality indicators, or even to remove or separate target species for later quantification. Polymers are nowadays essential materials for both food safety and the extension of food shelf-life, which are key goals of the food industry, and the irruption of smart materials is opening new opportunities for going even further in these goals. This review describes the state of the art following the last 10 years of research within the field of food and beverage polymer's applications, covering present applications, perspectives, and concerns related to waste generation and the circular economy.

Recent Advances in the Chemobiological Upcycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) into Value-Added Chemicals.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a plastic material commonly applied to beverage packaging used in everyday life. Owing to PET's versatility and ease of use, its consumption has continuously increased, resulting in considerable waste generation. Several physical and chemical recycling processes have been developed to address this problem. Recently, biological upcycling is being actively studied and has come to be regarded as a powerful technology for overcoming the economic issues associated with conventional recycling methods. For upcycling, PET should be degraded into small molecules, such as terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol, which are utilized as substrates for bioconversion, through various degradation processes, including gasification, pyrolysis, and chemical/biological depolymerization. Furthermore, biological upcycling methods have been applied to biosynthesize value-added chemicals, such as adipic acid, muconic acid, catechol, vanillin, and glycolic acid. In this review, we introduce and discuss various degradation methods that yield substrates for bioconversion and biological upcycling processes to produce value-added biochemicals. These technologies encourage a circular economy, which reduces the amount of waste released into the environment.

Tuning mechanical properties of poly (vinyl alcohol) and its influence on different concentrations of epoxidized vegetable oils

The proliferation in substituting traditional petrochemical-based polymer with biobased polymer blends to achieve sustainable materials with outstanding physical, mechanical properties, and biodegradability has been investigated. To emanate biodegradable films with better mechanical properties, the biobased blend of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was formed with three different oil epoxies namely Castor Oil Epoxy (COE), Mustard Oil Epoxy (MOE), and Til Oil Epoxy (TOE) with varying weight ratios. To examine the changes in physical and mechanical properties, various tests were performed such as tensile test, Shore-D hardness test, and sealability. The permeability of the samples has been studied by the water vapor transmission rate test. Solubility tests in various solvents impart an idea about the workable environment of the samples. Among different PVA/COE blends, the PVA/COE 80/20 blend showed the highest tensile strength while the highest hardness and elongation at break percentage was observed in PVA/COE 60/40 blend. In the case of PVA/MOE blends, PVA/MOE 40/60 blend displayed the best results for hardness and tensile strength while PVA/MOE 30/70 blend possessed the highest value for percentage elongation at break. Lastly, PVA/TOE 30/70 blend exhibited the highest value for tensile strength and percentage elongation at break. PVA/MOE 20/80 sample performed best in a basic environment. In nutshell, PVA modification with epoxide oil can improve the mechanical and biodegradable properties owing to the enhanced crosslinking and hydrophobic association. Ultimately, it was found that PVA/COE 80/20 blend has the best properties to be used as a film forming material as it has performed better or shown comparable properties in most of the tests. The resultant films can be widely used in the packaging industry for packing foodstuffs like fruit, vegetables, dairy products, etc., and also for drink packaging (beverage packaging).

Advances in Polyethylene Terephthalate Beverage Bottle Optimization: A Mini Review.

Compared with other materials, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has high transparency, excellent physical and mechanical properties in a wide temperature range and good hygiene and safety, so it is widely used in the packaging industry, especially in the packaging of beverages and foods. The optimization of PET bottles is mainly reflected in three aspects: material optimization, structure optimization and process optimization, among which there is much research on material optimization and process optimization, but there is no complete overview on structure optimization. A summary of structural optimization is necessary. Aiming at structural optimization, the finite element method is a useful supplement to the beverage packaging industry. By combining the computer-aided design technology and using finite element software for finite element simulation, researchers can replace the experimental test in the pre-research design stage, predict the effect and save cost. This review summarizes the development of PET bottles for beverage packaging, summarizes various optimization methods for preventing stress cracking in beverage packaging, and especially focuses on comparing and evaluating the effects of several optimization methods for packaging structure. Finally, the future development of all kinds of optimization based on structural optimization in the field of beverage packaging is comprehensively discussed, including personalized design, the combination of various methods and the introduction of actual impact factor calculation.

Phase Transformation after Heat Treatment of Cr-Ni Stainless Steel Powder for 3D Printing.

Today, Ni-Cr steel is used for advanced applications in the high-temperature and electrical industries, medical equipment, food industry, agriculture and is applied in food and beverage packaging and kitchenware, automotive or mesh. A study of input steel powder from various stages of the recycling process intended for 3D printing was conducted. In addition to the precise evaluation of the morphology, particle size and composition of the powders used for laser 3D printing, special testing and evaluation of the heat-treated powders were carried out. Heat treatment up to 950 °C in an air atmosphere revealed the properties of powders that can appear during laser sintering. The powders in the oxidizing atmosphere change the phase composition and the original FeNiCr stainless steel changes to a two-phase system of Fe3Ni and Cr2O3, as evaluated by X-ray diffraction analysis. Observation of the morphology showed the separation of the oxidic phase in the sense of a brittle shell. The inner part of the powder particle is a porous compact core. The particle size is generally reduced due to the peeling of the oxide shell. This effect can be critical to 3D printing processing, causing defects on the printed parts, as well as reducing the usability of the precursor powder and can also change the properties of the printed part.

Comparison and Optimization: Research on the Structure of the PET Bottle Bottom Based on the Finite Element Method.

The polyethylene terephthalate (PET) beverage bottle is one of the most common beverage packages in the world, but the bottom of the PET bottle tends to crack due to excessive stress. In this paper, through numerical simulation and finite element analysis, the mechanical properties of four typical geometric models of bottle bottom are studied, and it is determined that “claw flap bottle bottom (CF-bottom)” has the best structure. Then, the shapes of four bottle bottom structures are fine-tuned by using the automatic optimization method. Under the premise of the same material quality, the surface maximum principal stress, the overall maximum principal stress, and the total elastic strain energy of the bottle bottom are reduced by 46.39–71.81%, 38.16–71.50%, and 38.56–61.38%, respectively, while the deformation displacement is also reduced by 0.63 mm–3.43 mm. In contrast to other papers, this paper dispenses with the manual adjustment of various variables, instead adopting automatic shape optimization to obtain a more accurate model. The percentage of maximum principal stress reduction is remarkable, which provides a feasible theoretical guidance for the structural optimization of PET bottle bottom in the production process.

CARBON FOOTPRINT OF THE LIFE CYCLE OF GLASS CONTAINER

In this paper, we discuss glass containers as type of package for beverages characterized with the minimum negative environmental impact. We studied reports of independent researchers who described possible solutions for reducing carbon footprint of glass containers manufacturing industry. The publications have been arranged in order to minimize the uncertainties and expand the scope of the investigation. We assessed the aspects, which are influencing the carbon footprint, and built a mathematical model to calculate the carbon footprint of the certain glass manufactories. The scaling of the life cycle for a period of 5 years (12 recycling units) was carried out for two ways of recycling glass containers: involving 20 % of cullet and washing salvage glass containers. A graphical comparison of the calculation has been prepared. In conclusion, we described possible stimuli for glass containers recycling as well as for the increase of the glassware share in the beverage packaging.

Status quo and sector readiness for (bio)plastic food and beverage packaging in the 4IR

Single-use plastics emanating from the food and beverage industry are polluting the environment, and there is increasing public pressure to find ‘green’ solutions to plastic pollution. The introduction of more bio-based and biodegradable plastics (possibly manufactured by disruptive technologies), increased plastic recycling, and enhanced degradation of plastics (micro, meso, and macro) in the environment can holistically contribute to solving the problem for future generations. In order to inform future research, it is imperative that robust background data and information are available. This review provides details about the volumes and categories of food and beverage packaging manufactured and recycled, and available data (qualitative and quantitative) on environmental plastic pollution in South Africa, and to a lesser extent, in Europe and globally. In addition, current and future trends and technologies for recycling, enhanced degradation, and manufacturing of plastics are discussed, with an emphasis on the manufacture of bioplastics. Significance: Plastic pollution needs to be tackled through a holistic combination of reduced use, enhanced recycling efforts, public education about littering, replacement of selected conventional plastics by degradable alternatives, and enhanced degradation of plastics in the environment.

Determination of four bisphenols in plastic packaging beverages by ultrasonic‐assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction

AbstractAn ultrasonic‐assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method for the simultaneous detection of four bisphenols (BPs) in plastic packaging beverages was established. The recoveries of the four BPs of spiked water solution were 89.0%–106.7%. The standard deviations (Ss) (n = 9) were 1.7%–2.0%. The recoveries of the 4 BPs in the real honey sample at three concentration levels ranged from 87.6% to 97.5%, and the Ss (n = 6) ranged from 1.0% to 2.3%. The method was employed to detect the 4 BPs (BPA, BPS, BPF, and BPAF) in plastic packaging drinking water, soda water, and honey samples. In drinking water samples, BPS was found in 8 out of 13 samples with a maximum concentration of 1.36 μg/L; BPA was found in four samples, and the maximum concentration was 1.08 μg/L. In soda samples, BPS was detected in six out of the eight samples with the maximum concentration of 27.44 μg/L; 11.40 μg/L BPA was detected in one sample; BPAF was detected in one sample and the concentration was below the limit of quantification. In 13 honey samples, BPF was detected in 12 samples, and the maximum concentration was 766.7 μg/kg; BPS was detected in six samples and the maximum concentration was 209.0 μg/kg; BPAF was detected in eight samples, and the maximum concentration was 197.7 μg/kg; BPA was detected in two samples, but the concentrations were all below the LOQ. Compared with other methods reported, the established method was simple, effective, and eco‐friendly.

Consumers’ Ranking of Brands of Pocket-Friendly Sized Beverages Packaging in Southwest, Nigeria (An Analytic Hierarchy Process Approach)

The study determined consumers' relative importance ranking of the brands of pocket-friendly sized beverages packaging. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. Of the total population of 314,797 from the selected University students in Southwest, Nigeria, 384 respondents were sampled using Multistage sampling technique using the Krejcie and Morgan (1970) formula as a guide. A structured questionnaire was administered to the respondents, with a success response rate of 381 (99.22%). Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique. The result revealed that depending on the brand of the product, the factors preferred are different but the synthesis revealed the priority weight of the most preferred brand is Cadbury, Bournvita. the study concluded that depending on the brand of the product, the sub-criteria factors preferred are different but the actual most preferred is done by synthesis. The synthesis revealed the priority weight of the most preferred which according to the analysis, Bournvita is the most preferred brand followed by Nestle, Wringing, Promasido, and finally, Friesland Campina. It was recommended that Beverage industries should not relent in improving the quality of their product as this is very useful in influencing consumers’ purchase decisions.

COMBINING EXTENDED PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY (EPR) AND DEPOSIT REFUND SYSTEM (DRS) POLICY FOR HIGHER RECOVERY AND RECYCLING OF PLASTIC BOTTLES AND SACHET WATER WASTE: APPLICATION OF VENDING MACHINE AND DESIGNATED RETURN DEPOT CENTRE IN LAGOS, NIGERIA

Waste management (Plastic, PET Bottle, Can, and Glass Bottle, mostly from drink and beverage packages) is an important issue in today's world, as the volume of waste increases daily. This is especially important in developing countries like Nigeria, where there are no strong institutionalized frameworks for waste management, and as a result, increasing waste poses a threat to human well-being. Given the increase in population in these countries, it is necessary to adopt sustainable and practical solutions. Especially in Lagos, where the environmental problem of plastic waste is on the rise. Although the government is making commendable efforts to reduce the increasing volume of plastic waste in the state, they are insufficient, as it has been reported that plastic waste accounts for 15% of total waste volume according to the Lagos state waste characterization index. However, with the rise in various environmental problems caused by plastic waste, this paper proposed combining the extended producer responsibility (EPR) and deposit refund system (DRS) to achieve a high rate of recovery and recycling of waste plastic bottles and sachets. The innovative approach used green technology (vending machine) as well as indigenous knowledge are practical solutions in Lagos state. The paper is also significant because it intends to implement the developed solution in a dense urban and rural setting in Lagos, which can be replicated in other states in Nigeria. Furthermore, the components discussed in this paper are elements that allow the proposed concept to function effectively and efficiently. The proposed concept will serve as a link between Lagos and Nigeria's current linear economy and the future circular economy of plastic production and management.

Economic–Environmental Performance of Reverse Logistics of Disposable Beverage Packaging

The aim of this article is to provide analysis and description of deposit and recycling system of disposable beverage packaging, which started in the Slovak Republic in 2022. The article provides the review of relevant literature with a focus on circular economy and Deposit Refund System (DRS), where analysis of refund systems was performed for this work. The proposed model involving reverse logistics describes how such deposit and collection system can work in practice, highlighting potential disadvantages, mainly the high investment costs. Therefore, the article also includes a financial analysis exploring potential cost of establishing said deposit and collection system. The number of necessary collection point for Slovakia has been determined and the total investment costs for the vending machines installations and service in Slovakia has been calculated.

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Bottle-to-Bottle Recycling for the Beverage Industry: A Review.

Disposal of plastic waste has become a widely discussed issue, due to the potential environmental impact of improper waste disposal. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) packaging accounted for 44.7% of single-serve beverage packaging in the US in 2021, and 12% of global solid waste. A strategic solution is needed to manage plastic packaging solid waste. Major beverage manufacturers have pledged to reduce their environmental footprint by taking steps towards a sustainable future. The PET bottle has several properties that make it an environmentally friendly choice. The PET bottle has good barrier properties as its single-layer, mono-material composition allows it to be more easily recycled. Compared to glass, the PET bottle is lightweight and has a lower carbon footprint in production and transportation. With modern advancements to decontamination processes in the recycling of post-consumer recycled PET (rPET or PCR), it has become a safe material for reuse as beverage packaging. It has been 30 years since the FDA first began certifying PCR PET production processes as compliant for production of food contact PCR PET, for application within the United States. This article provides an overview of PET bottle-to-bottle recycling and guidance for beverage manufacturers looking to advance goals for sustainability.

Bioleaching/enzyme-based recycling of aluminium and polyethylene from beverage cartons packaging waste

Multilayer materials are frequently used in food and beverage packaging, delivering favourable properties for storage and protection. However, their complex construction, consisting of several layers of plastics, aluminium and paperboard (i.e., beverage cartons) makes them difficult for complete material recycling. Currently, the common treatment process used is hydropulping, resulting in partial recovery of the paperboard only. The so-called beverage carton reject fraction, consisting of plastics, aluminium, and some fibres, is incinerated for energy recovery, leading to the loss of secondary resources. Here a novel recycling procedure based on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose, followed by bioleaching of aluminium finally allowing recovery of pure polyethylene is presented. Application of a cellulase cocktail resulted in the release of 15 mM glucose within 24 h, followed by over 95% aluminium bio-extraction within 3–7 days using bacterially produced sulfuric acid. Dissolved aluminium could afterwards be completely recovered by selective precipitation at pH 6.4, resulting in the formation of aluminium hydroxide. Pure polyethylene at the end of the process was used in re-processing and film production, showing comparable results to commercially available materials. Additionally, scaling up in a 1 L stirred tank reactor proofed the feasibility of the process in reject recycling. With this innovative, environmentally friendly recycling method, maximum material recovery could be achieved, leaving a minimum of impurities for incineration (<5%) behind.

Influence of Temperature on the Quantity of Bisphenol A in Bottled Drinking Water.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a component used in the production of polycarbonate plastics (PC) and epoxy resins, which are currently widely used in food and beverage packaging. Although BPA is not used in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) manufacturing, a recent study reported its presence in PET water bottles. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of storage conditions on the release of BPA from PET bottles as well as to assess health risks associated with the consumption of bottled water. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we measured the content of BPA in local brands of plastic bottled water sold in the Polish market. It has been established that temperature is one of the main factors that influences the migration of bisphenol A to products, as was confirmed by determination of the amount of bisphenol A in water, which was carried out without exposing the bottles to different temperatures. Despite the fact that the individual concentrations of BPA in bottled water were low (ng/L) at 0.6 mg/kg (body weight), the cumulative daily dose in the body may be much higher than the quoted concentrations due to the number of products containing BPA. Thus, prolonged usage of bottled water and beverages should be avoided to reduce the risk of human exposure to BPA through leaching. Additionally, it was found that high temperatures resulted in increased BPA leaching.

Ranking of Factors Enhancing Consumer Purchase Decision of Pocket-Friendly Sized Beverages Packaging: An AHP Approach

The study investigates how consumers rank the factors that enhance the purchase decision of pocket-friendly sized beverages packaging using the Analytic Hierarchy Process. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. Of the total population of 314,797, the selected University students in Southwest, Nigeria, 384 respondents were sampled using the Multistage sampling technique using the Krejcie and Morgan, (1970) formula as a guide. Structured questionnaire was administered to the respondents, with a success response rate of 381 (99.22%). Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Based on the AHP, the result of the data analysis stipulates that size is the highest-ranked purchase decision when selecting a beverage in this study, followed by dispensing mode and price. In the size sub-criterion, single-serve size was the most preferred pocket-friendly package among the students. In terms of mode of dispensing, it was discovered that students mostly preferred cutting the edge of the sachet of the package. Also, price fairness was the most important price criterion. Reliability and family income were the most ranked factors driving the perceived quality and students’ disposable income of the students respectively. The study concluded that single-serve size was the most preferred pocket-friendly package among the students. In terms of mode of dispensing, it was discovered that students mostly preferred cutting the edge of the sachet of the package. Also, in price criterion, price fairness was the most important price criterion, that affects students’ purchase decisions. Reliability and family income were the main factors driving the perceived quality and disposable income of the students respectively. It is then recommended that it is believed that pocket-friendly sized packaging will enable manufacturers to grow their market share and meet fast-changing market demands.