Beliefs Toward Research Articles

Do Corrective Effects Last? Results from a Longitudinal Experiment on Beliefs Toward Immigration in the U.S.

Although interest in the efficacy of efforts to correct false beliefs has peaked in recent years, the extent to which corrective effects endure over time remains understudied. Drawing on insights from related literatures in the psychology of belief, persuasion and media effects to inform theoretical expectations, this study uses a longitudinal experiment to observe both contemporaneous and long-term changes in participants’ belief accuracy in response to corrective information within an ongoing, contentious political debate. We measured factors thought to either promote durability (e.g. repeated exposure to corrective information) or cause decay (e.g. political predispositions, media behaviors) in assessing moderators of the magnitude and longevity of corrections. Corrective effects were found to be quite durable, detectable up to 4 weeks after exposure to the initial message, while repeated exposure to corrective information further promoted the longevity of these effects.

Attitudes Toward Hypnosis Based on Source of Information and Experience With Hypnosis

Attitudes and beliefs toward hypnosis are relevant in promoting hypnotic responses, in predicting the efficacy of interventions that include hypnosis, and in reducing iatrogenic effects in hypnotized individuals. The goal of the present study is to test the impact of previous knowledge about hypnosis and past experiences being hypnotized on attitudes and beliefs about hypnosis. A sample of 1,977 Portuguese students participated in the study; they responded to the Valencia Scale of Attitudes and Beliefs Toward Hypnosis—Client Version (VSABH-C) on two different occasions (test-retest method). Significant differences were found (p ≤ 0.001) on participants’ attitudes and beliefs about hypnosis depending on the source of knowledge about hypnosis. Results also showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.001) in the multivariate profile analysis of the scale’s factors based on whether participants had a previous history of hypnosis and depending on who hypnotized them. Participants who reported no previous knowledge about hypnosis or who acquired their knowledge from nonscientific sources scored significantly higher in the negative factors (fear, memory, magical, and marginal), therefore reporting more negative beliefs. Likewise, these participants scored lower in the positive factors (help, control, collaboration, and interest). Participants who had been previously hypnotized showed higher scores in the positive factors. In addition, when hypnosis had been utilized by a psychologist, these scores were even higher. However, some participants who had been previously hypnotized scored high in some of the negative factors (memory and magical), which indicates that some professionals using hypnosis are fostering some misconceptions about hypnosis.

Beliefs and attitudes of psychiatric outpatients toward mental disorders and antidepressants

Introduction: The present study aims to investigate a group of young adult psychiatric outpatients’ knowledge of and attitude toward mental disorder and antidepressants, and determine the relevant factors affecting them.Methods: The study included 81 patients attending the psychiatric outpatient clinic, diagnosed with adjustment disorders, depression and/or anxiety disorder based on DSM-5 criteria, and met the research requirements. The data were collected through an information form for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, a form to evaluate the knowledge of and attitudes toward the use of antidepressants, and based on the Beliefs Toward Mental Illness Scale (BMI). Severity of depression and anxiety was evaluated with Beck’s Depression Inventory and Beck’s Anxiety Inventory. Results: Regarding age groups, individuals in the 26-32 age group had higher overall scores. The patients with major depression were found to have higher BMI scores. The linear regression analysis revealed that age, education, depression severity and attitudes toward antidepressants were the factors associated with the overall BMI scoresConclusions: This study suggests that some sociodemographic variables, i.e. (age and educational statue), severity of depression and attitudes toward antidepressants are likely influence the beliefs toward mental disorders. Keywords: Mental disorders, beliefs, attitudes, antidepressants

Patrolling the Boundaries of Gender: Beliefs, Attitudes and Behaviors Toward Trans and Gender Diverse People in Portuguese Adolescents

Objectives: This study had a double goal: (i) analyzing the beliefs, attitudes and behaviors of Portuguese adolescents regarding trans and gender diverse people; and (ii) validating the short version of the Genderism and Transphobia Scale. Methods: A sample of 1,005 Portuguese adolescents aged between 13 and 18 years took part in the study. Results: Results indicated that boys exhibited more negative attitudes toward trans and gender diverse people than girls did, and girls exhibited more favorable attitudes toward trans women and gender diverse men than toward trans men and gender diverse women. The bidimensional structure of the scale was confirmed. Conclusion: These results highlight the close relationship between beliefs that reaffirm gender norms and mark the limits of the heterosexual matrix, transphobic attitudes and gender bashing. They are discussed in the context of a queer educational practice.

Special Education Teachers’ Self-efficacy Beliefs Toward Science Course

The aim of this study is to determine the self-efficacy belief levels of special education teachers toward science. In the research, an explanatory mixed method in which quantitative and qualitative research methods are involved together used. In the research, the survey study and case study were used. In order to determine the level of self-efficacy beliefs of special education teachers about the science, 'Self-Efficacy Beliefs toward Science Scale' developed and adapted in 1990 by Riggs and Enochs was used. This scale was translated to Turkish by Bikmaz (2004). A total of 427 pre-service pre-school teachers and pre-service primary school teachers in Kirsehir Ahi Evran University in Turkey were selected for the pilot study. The reliability coefficient of the study was .78. The main data of the study were collected through a survey by 115 special education teachers in Kirsehir in Turkey during the spring semester of 2017-2018 academic year. In addition, semi-structured interviews were conducted with four special education teachers selected from main study. When the results of the study are examined, it is seen that the teachers' level of self-efficacy beliefs towards the science course is at a neutral level. According to the results of qualitative data analysis, teachers stated that they feel sufficient theirselves when they are prepared for the course and that they affect the competence level of students' performances. In addition, special education teachers stated that they experienced no problems in certain subjects which are easy in science lessons while they experienced problems in difficult subjects. Special education teachers believe that if the teacher gives a lesson in accordance with students' level, he / she can benefit to student and if the teacher likes the science course, the success of the student will increase. When examined in terms of demographic variables, only a significant difference occurred in favor of the classroom teacher in terms of the department.

The effect of psychiatric nursing students' internships on their beliefs about and attitudes toward mental health problems; a single-group experimental study

BackgroundIt is important that nursing students develop positive beliefs and attitudes toward individuals with mental health problems during nursing education in order to provide an effective nursing care and create a therapeutic environment. ObjectiveThis study was conducted to analyze the effect of psychiatric nursing internship practice and the personal characteristics and preferences of psychiatric nursing interns on their beliefs and attitudes toward mental illnesses. DesignThis is a single group experimental study with a pre-test and post-test. ParticipantsThe study sample included 33 fourth-year nursing students enrolled in the School of Health who participated in an internship in psychiatric nursing. MethodologyThe study data were collected using a student information form, the Community Attitudes Toward the Mentally Ill Scale (CAMI) and the Beliefs Toward Mental Illness Scale (BMI) at the beginning and end of the 14-week internship of 32 h per week. FindingsThe students' beliefs and attitudes toward mental health problems were found to be moderate with no significant differences between mean pre-test and post-test scores. ConclusionThe psychiatry nursing internship practice yielded minimal positive changes in students' beliefs and attitudes toward mental health problems. Initiation of the process of developing positive attitudes and beliefs in the first year of nursing education and increasing the internship period may provide more effective results.

Does Location of Practice or Religiosity Predict Negative Physician Attitudes or Beliefs Toward LGB+ Individuals?

The purpose of this study is to extend the Sabin et al's. (Am J Public Health 105(9):1831-1841, 2015. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302631) findings to examine the extent to which religiosity and/or geographic region is predictive of negative attitudes or beliefs toward lesbian, gay, bisexual, and asexual (LGB+) individuals. Secondary data from the Sexuality Implicit Association Test were analyzed. Data included only participants from 2013 to 2015 who identified "Healthcare - Diagnosing and Treating Practitioners" as their occupation (n = 1376). The results of a factorial ANOVA revealed significant group differences accounting for 22.4% of the variance in attitudes toward LGB+ individuals. Religiosity was a significant factor in determining negative attitudes toward LGB+ individuals. However, the study was underpowered (5.8%) to detect an effect of geographic location in determining negative attitudes toward LGB+ individuals. It is important to validate a tool that can adequately measure the common assumptions associated with both religion and geographic region. Additionally, medical educators need to learn how to recognize and address negative attitudes among their students.

지체장애인의 생활체육대회 참가 신념

지체장애인의 생활체육대회 참가 신념

Attitudes of Community-Leading Occupational Groups Towards Mental Illnesses: The Sample of a City in Western Turkey.

This descriptive study aims to determine attitudes of community-leading occupational groups towards mental illnesses. The sample of this descriptive study consisted of a total of 1100 participants from clergymen, headmen, teachers, policemen and primary healthcare professionals working in Düzce, Turkey. Data were collected using the Personal Information Form and the Beliefs Toward Mental Illness Scale-BTMIS. Occupational groups were determined to have moderate beliefs about mental diseases according to their BTMIS scale total scores. The occupational groups that had most negative beliefs toward mental illnesses were headmen, police officers, teachers, healthcare professionals and clergymen, respectively. Data were evaluated using descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, and percentage. Community-leading occupational groups should be actively involved in anti-stigma activities to change quickly and effectively community attitudes towards mental illnesses.

Beliefs of Medical Faculty Students Toward Mental Illnesses and Impacts of Visiting Community Mental Health Centre on This Beliefs

Objective: Doctors’ beliefs about mental illness and approaches to them are important in the prevention as well as for an accurate diagnosis of mental disorders and the provision of treatment. For this reason, identifying the thoughts and behavioral inclinations of medical students needs to be taken seriously. The purpose of the current study is to determine beliefs of Medical Faculty students about mental illness. The study also aims to identify the relationship between the effects of visiting Community Mental Health Centers and the stigmatization of mental illnesses by medical faculty students. Method: The study was conducted with 153 students from Kocaeli University Medical Faculty during the academic year 2017-2018, including groups from grade 1 (n=25), grade 2 (n=16), grade 3 (n=21), grade 4 (n=14), and the first three intern groups from grade 5 (n=77). A Sociodemographic Form was administered and the Beliefs Toward Mental Illness (BMI) scale was completed by the participants. Results: In the study, the participants were divided into three groups: Group 1 (grades 1 and 2), Group 2 (grades 3 and 4), and Group 3 (grade 5). There was no statistically significant difference between the three participant groups for any of the subscales of the BMI. After the visit to the Community Mental Health Center, a statistically significant decrease in the scores for the “dangerousness” subscale of the BMI was found in Group 3. In addition, there was a negative correlation between income status and “dangerousness” subscale. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that it can be beneficial for prospective medical graduates to come into contact with patients who after attending rehabilitation centers are showing partial improvement in their health. Moreover, this activity can assist in changing the negative perception and behaviors of medical students toward persons with a mental illness. Our research suggests that this activity could be included in the Medical School curriculum.

The Impact of Mental Health Nursing Module, Clinical Practice and an Anti-Stigma Program on Nursing Students' Attitudes toward Mental Illness: A Quasi-Experimental Study.

It is important to support nursing students during their education in developing positive attitudes toward people with mental illness. To examine the impact of mental health nursing module, clinical practice, and anti-stigma program on the attitudes of nursing students toward mental illness. The study was a single group pretest and posttest quasi-experimental design. This study was conducted in a nursing school in the west of Turkey. The sample of the study consisted of 64 undergraduate nursing students. The data were collected through the Beliefs Toward Mental Illness Scale and Social Distance Scale. The mean scores of the dangerousness subscale significantly decreased after mental health nursing module, clinical practice and anti-stigma program. The results revealed significant positive differences in the mean scores of the social distance scale after the theory, clinical practice, and anti-stigma program were completed. The mental health nursing curriculum should be focused on replacing stereotypes with accurate information. Anti-stigma programs should be included in standard mental health nursing courses.

Reducing Implicit Stigmatizing Beliefs and Attitudes Toward Depression by Promoting Counterstereotypic Exemplars

ABSTRACTStigma prevents people with depression from seeking professional help, and effective strategies to reduce implicit stigmatizing beliefs and attitudes toward depression are needed. We developed stepwise strategies to promote counterstereotypic exemplars of people with depression and conducted an experiment (N = 105) with a pretest–posttest control group design to examine effects of these strategies. Our results showed that implicit stigmatizing beliefs and attitudes were reduced more in the experimental group, in which the counterstereotypic strategies were implemented in addition to the provision of education regarding basic knowledge of depression, than in the control group, which received only education.

Healthcare Professionals' Beliefs and Attitudes Toward Home Hemodialysis

Healthcare Professionals' Beliefs and Attitudes Toward Home Hemodialysis

Is Contact with Children Related to Legitimizing Beliefs Toward Sex with Children Among Men with Pedophilia?

Among pedophilic men, social contact with children has been discussed as creating a risk situation for sexual abuse. Also, pedophilic men searching for such contact are seen as harboring more beliefs legitimizing sexual contact with children. However, social contact may also decrease false beliefs. We tested these competing views in an anonymous Internet survey with a non-forensic, non-clinical sample of 104 self-classified pedophilic men. Results showed that both increased social and physical contact were significantly linked to fewer legitimizing beliefs toward sex with children, even when controlling for past psychotherapy, educational level, social desirability, and age. Controlling for previous conviction for child sexual offenses reduced the effect for physical contact, but not for social contact. Exploratory analyses showed that either type of contact had no significant effect on total self-perceived risk of offending. However, pedophilic men with physical contact with children perceived a higher risk of more direct (i.e., child abuse) than indirect offenses (i.e., child pornography offenses) compared to pedophilic men without physical contact. Despite limitations of the correlational design and the only small to moderate effects, the results challenge the assumption that complete avoidance of contact with children is necessary for persons with pedophilia to reduce the risk of abusive behavior.

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Valencia Scale of Attitudes and Beliefs Toward Hypnosis–client Version in a Portuguese Sample

Research literature about hypnosis highlights the importance of clients’ attitudes and beliefs toward hypnosis because they promote hypnotic responses and may predict the effectiveness of hypnotic interventions as well as minimize iatrogenic effects for clients. This study analyzes the factorial structure and psychometric properties with confirmatory methodology of the Valencia Scale of Attitudes and Beliefs Toward Hypnosis–Client Version, using a Portuguese sample. We expected to replicate the results obtained in previous research conducted with samples from various countries. The Portuguese sample comprised 1,977 participants. We found a structure of 8 factors, with an adequate internal consistency and test–retest reliability. Results are similar to those found in exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses with samples from other countries.

Assessment of Level of Knowledge and Beliefs Toward Psoriasis Among Community In Almadina Almonawara City, 2016.

31Jan 2017 Assessment of Level of Knowledge and Beliefs Toward Psoriasis Among Community In Almadina Almonawara City, 2016. Haifa Abdulmohsen Alsrisri , Banan Mohammed Bawazeer , Daniyah Khalid Alfitni , Reham mohammad asad kharabah and Abdulrahman Mohammed Albouk. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, ministry of education, Taibah University, faculty of medicine.

Construct Validity and Reliability of the Beliefs Toward Mental Illness Scale for American, Japanese, and Korean Women.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Beliefs Toward Mental Illness Scale (BMI) across women from the United States, Japan, and South Korea. A cross-sectional study design was employed. The sample was 564 women aged 21-64 years old who were recruited in the United States and Korea (American = 127, Japanese immigrants in the United States = 204, and Korean = 233). We carried out item analysis, construct validity by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and internal consistency using SPSS Version 22 and AMOS Version 22. An acceptable model fit for a 20-item BMI (Beliefs Toward Mental Illness Scale-Revised [BMI-R]) with 3 factors was confirmed using CFA. Construct validity of the BMI-R showed to be all acceptable; convergent validity (average variance extracted [AVE] ≥0.5, construct reliability [CR] ≥0.7) and discriminant validity (r = .65-.89, AVE >.79). The Cronbach's alpha of the BMI-R was .92. These results showed that the BMI was a reliable tool to study beliefs about mental illness across cultures. Our findings also suggested that continued efforts to reduce stigma in culturally specific contexts within and between countries are necessary to promote help-seeking for those suffering from psychological distress.

Teacher Beliefs and Responses Toward Student Misbehavior: Influence of Cognitive Skill Deficits

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to examine whether having knowledge of student cognitive skill deficits changes teacher beliefs and responses in regard to classroom misbehavior. Teachers (N = 272) were randomly assigned to an experimental or control condition. Although teachers in both conditions read the same vignette describing a student's misbehavior, the experimental group also reviewed information about the student's cognitive skill deficits. Teachers provided with cognitive skill deficit information were, on average, less likely to believe the student had control over the misbehavior, suggesting perceptions of unintentionality. Furthermore, they were significantly more likely to indicate positive emotional responses. Results suggest that school psychologists may consider sharing cognitive skill deficits information with teachers who are working with students displaying challenging behavior.

Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowner Beliefs Toward Climate Change and Carbon Sequestration in the Southern United States

Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowner Beliefs Toward Climate Change and Carbon Sequestration in the Southern United States

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs Toward Organ Donation Among Social Media Users.

Organ transplantation is the optimal treatment for end-stage organ diseases. The demand for organs has exceeded the available supply, which becomes a major obstacle worldwide. Identifying the factors affecting this gap will help in overcoming this obstacle. The purpose of the work was to study the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of organ donation and to determine the knowledge of brain death among social media users. A cross-sectional study was conducted among social media users living in Saudi Arabia. A pre-designed self-administrated questionnaire was distributed online randomly on social media networks in 2015. Of the total 1368 participants, only 913 met the criteria. Most respondents were between 18 and 29 years of age (61.2%) and living in the central region of Saudi Arabia (64.5%). The majority of respondents received their information from television (57%) and social media (50%) networks; 46.4% of respondents knew that the religious fatwa allowed organ donation; 51% of respondents were willing to donate their organs; 46.5% considered the brain-dead to be deceased, whereas 37.7% considered it a coma; 33.3% did not know if someone who was brain-dead would ever wake up; on the other hand, 323 (35.4%) said yes. Our study showed that the vast majority of our sample had enough information about organ donation. On the contrary, they had minimal knowledge about brain death. Moreover, a fair percentage of the participants had positive attitudes toward organ donation. Also, the media had a significant effect on the information about organ donation and brain death.