Law Behavior Research Articles

Fatigue Analysis and Defect Size Evaluation of Filled NBR including Temperature Influence.

The fatigue behavior of a filled non-crystallizing elastomer was investigated on axisymmetric dumbbell specimens. By plotting relevant Wöhler curves, a power law behavior was found. In addition, temperature increases due to heat build-up were monitored. In order to distinguish between initiation and crack growth regimes, hysteresis curves, secant and dynamic moduli, dissipated and stored energies, and normalized minimum and maximum forces were analyzed. Even though indications related to material damaging were observed, a clear trend to recognize the initiation was not evident. Further details were revealed by considering a fracture mechanics. The analysis of the fracture surfaces evidenced the presence of three regions, associated to initiation, fatigue striation, and catastrophic failure. Additional fatigue tests were performed with samples in which a radial notch was introduced. This resulted in a reduction in lifetime by four orders of magnitude; nevertheless, the fracture surfaces revealed similar failure mechanisms. A fracture mechanics approach, which considered the effect of temperature, was adopted to calculate the critical defect size for fatigue, which was found to be approximately 9 μm. This value was then compared with the particle size distribution obtained through X-ray microcomputed tomography (μ-CT) of undamaged samples and it was found that the majority of the initial defects were indeed smaller than the calculated one. Finally, the evaluation of J-integral for both unnotched and notched dumbbells enabled the assessment of a geometry-independent correlation with fatigue life.

Evaluation and Early Warning Simulation of Personnel Unsafe Behavior in Mines Prone to Coal-Rock Dynamic Disasters

At present, aging mines are faced with development bottlenecks such as lack of national policy support, serious problems left over from history, and difficulties in enterprise transformation and development, which seriously restrict the safe production and sustainable development of aging mines. In order to deeply analyze the influencing factors of group unsafe behavior in aging mines, the evolution law of unsafe behavior is qualitatively simulated and quantitatively analyzed to realize the safety evaluation of group unsafe behavior in aging mines. Based on this analysis of the emergence mechanism and influencing factors of unsafe behavior in aging mines, the evaluation index of unsafe behavior in the aging mine population was established. These include six criterion layers and 30 index layers; the mutation level value of the target layer is 0.9405. Group dynamic effect and safety management factors are the two important factors restricting their development and safety. The unsafe behavior of the aging mine groups was evaluated based on game theory and system dynamics—dynamic game simulation on the influence of unsafe behavior in aging coal mines. A qualitative simulation analysis was also performed using the QSIM algorithm. The evolution law of the safety psychology and behavior of aging mine workers are analyzed. This paper shows the importance of the unsafe behavior of aging mines, which helps the safety production and clarifies the safety psychology and the behavior evolution law. This paper puts forward new methods and theories on the safety psychology and behavior evolution law of the safety behavior and provides a reference for the sustainable development of aging mines.

Behaviourally informed approach to corporate criminal law: Ethicality as efficiency

An extensive body of behavioural evidence suggests that our actions are not primarily steered by threats of sanction but, instead, by morals, habits, and social norms. This proposition applies equally in corporate environments. Yet, corporate criminal law has traditionally relied on fear of sanctions and deterrence as the prevailing theoretical guidance. This article argues that this line of thinking leads to misinformed regulatory results because of a misguided behavioural assumption of an amoral calculative individual. To bridge the gap between the accumulated behavioural data and doctrinal corporate criminal law, this article suggests a novel behaviourally informed corporate crime prevention theory. Instead of solely concentrating on deterrence and threats of sanction, modern corporate criminal policy should favour regulatory designs that incentivise ethics-based corporate compliance structures that make use of morals as efficient behavioural constraints. Based on the findings of this article, this is best attained by adopting a guilt-based corporate criminal liability model recognising a corporation as a moral actor capable of ethical considerations.

Making Artificial Brains: Components, Topology, and Optimization.

Making Artificial Brains: Components, Topology, and Optimization.

Violation of the magnonic Wiedemann-Franz law in the strong nonlinear regime

The celebrated Wiedemann-Franz (WF) law which governs the relation between charge and heat transport traces back to the experimental discovery in 1853 by Wiedemann and Franz. Despite the fundamental difference of the quantum-statistical properties between fermions and bosons, the linear-in-$T$ behavior of the WF law at low temperatures has recently been found to be the universal property by the discovery of the WF law for magnon transport. However, the WF law is for the linear response, and whether or not the universal law is valid even in the nonlinear regime of Bose systems remains an open issue. Here we provide a solution to this fundamental challenge. We show that the ratio of the thermal to spin transport coefficient of magnons in topologically trivial insulating magnets exhibits a different behavior from the linear response and the universal law breaks down in the strong nonlinear regime. This finding is within experimental reach with current device and measurement technologies. Our discovery is the key ingredient in magnon-based spintronics, in the evaluation of the figure of merit for thermomagnetic conversion elements of spintronics devices.

Propagation behavior of silver hydroxide precipitate bands

When sodium hydroxide diffuses in a gel medium containing silver nitrate, silver hydroxide precipitates and forms a white band in a narrow glass tube. The silver hydroxide precipitate changes to brown silver oxide due to its instability in excess diffusing electrolyte. As a result, and in contrast to the Liesegang ring phenomenon, in which a series of bands forms, the whole AgOH band propagatesvia formation due toprecipitationand disappearance due to conversion to the more thermodynamic stable Ag2O. The dynamics of the propagating silver hydroxide band exhibits a power law behavior for the distance traveled and the velocity with time. The effect of changing the gelatin percentage on the occurrence and the width of the band were investigated and showed a linearly increasing width as a function of gel percentage until a specific gel percentage. The dependence of the formation of the precipitates on the local concentration of NaOH confirms that the mechanism of the AgOH band formation is diffusion regulated.

CRIMINALIZATION OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN THE CRIMINAL LEGISLATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA

Ever since the introduction of the Republika Srpska of the criminal offense of Sexual Harassment (Article 170) in the Criminal Code and its amendments from 2017, there was an expert and scientific debate on the need and manner of incrimination of this behavior in criminal law. This is particularly expressed with regard to the fact that even in the specific international legal basis for this incrimination, namely the Istanbul Convention (2011), the necessity of criminal incrimination of sexual harassment as a criminal offense is not explicitly stated. On the other hand, the introduction of the new criminal offense – sexual harassment cannot be considered wrong. The question is how to criminalize behaviors that are considered sexual harassment, while at the same time making a clear distinction to behaviors that do not constitute a crime. In particular, the problem is reflected in the development of a norm that will be adequately applicable in judicial practice, which will achieve the purpose of punishment, manifested in both special and general prevention of sexual harassment. The subject of this paper was just mentioned, which is why we analyzed the existing international legal framework and harmonization with domestic legislation in this area.

Numerical analysis of a backward flow forming operation of AA6061-T6 and comparison with experiments

Incremental forming processes can be used to produce thin products (tubes or sheets)[1]. Very high deformation of the material can be reached taking advantage of the local and cyclic loading of the material. In this study we will focus on backward flow forming of aluminum tubes. In this process, tube thickness is reduced by the combined action of a rotating mandrel that imposes the inner radius and 3 rollers that decrease progressively the tube thickness. An experimental campaign is conducted on a laboratory device to study the influence reduction rate. The corresponding configurations are simulated to understand the mechanical loading path. The material characterization is presented to focus on the influence of the chosen behavior law on flow forming simulation results. Different damage criteria coming from the literature are studied to evaluate their capability to predict fracture and to compare the amount of damage reached for each process configurations. Even if none of them is able to predict accurately damaging configurations, the classical Cockroft and Latham seems to be the only capable to reflect the hierarchisation of configurations.

Characterization and Modeling Using Non-Destructive Test (NDT) and Experimental Design Methods of a Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) Based on Mineral Additions

The formulation of an innovative concrete that meets the requirements of a self-compacting concrete (SCC), with acceptable performance in terms of rheology in the fresh state; good fluidity, ease of placing, without segregation as well as good mechanical strength and durability at hardened state has become of great research interest for the last decades. Numerous studies have shown the favorable effects of limestone fillers on the SCC properties. This study aims at investigating the effect of inert mineral addition of limestone fillers with dosages of 10% and 20% grinded to different fine nesses 2000, 3000 and 4000 cm2/g on the physico-mechanical properties of a fresh self-placing concrete using slump, the L-box and the sieve stability tests. Also, the means of destructive and non-destructive tests (NDT) methods to the assessment of the mechanical performances of SCC at hardened state were used. The use of experiment factorial design method allows us to have behavior laws to predict the mechanical strength response when combined with (NDT) according to a numerical model in such study. Hence, a numerical modeling of mechanical response could be derived by such statistical analysis in regards to the effects of factors and their interaction. The results obtained showed that the incorporation of limestone filler in the composition of the SCC improves the fluidity with limited segregation, as well as the good mechanical performances (resistance to compression and flexion). The numerical modeling of the predicted compressive strength response, in particular at the age of 28 days, is judged to be with an acceptable determined coefficient R2 equal to 0.994.

Li ion transport properties of amorphous/crystalline Li-La-Zr-Nb-O solid electrolyte thick films prepared by suspension plasma spraying

Amorphous Li-La-Zr-O films are considered very attractive as a solid-state electrolyte in future batteries due to their low processing temperatures and resistance to Li-dendrite formation. The knowledge of amorphous Li-La-Zr-O phases is limited and thick films and bulk samples of amorphous Li-La-Zr-O have yet to be explored. Only thin film forms (~0.5 μm) of these amorphous Li-La-Zr-O phases have been prepared. In this work, we investigated the Li-ion transport properties of amorphous/crystalline mixtures of Li-La-Zr-Nb-O thick films (30 to 55 μm) prepared by the suspension plasma spray process. The process was manipulated to alter the amorphous Li-La-Zr-Nb-O content in the as-deposited films. Properties of the films that contained mostly amorphous Li-La-Zr-Nb-O (~76 wt%) were compared vs. mostly cubic Li garnet-type oxide (~55 wt%). The latter showed Li-ion transport properties that were similar to previously reported properties of cubic Li-garnet type oxides whereas the amorphous Li-La-Zr-Nb-O films exhibited significantly different properties. Their AC conductivity spectra show a Jonscher power law (JPL) behavior with the dimensionless exponent of ~0.92 that is followed by superlinear power law (SLPL) behavior with the dimensionless exponent of ~1.65 in the high frequency regime. These behaviors have not been reported earlier for the amorphous Li-La-Zr-Nb-O phases. Both of the JPL and SLPL behaviors have thermally activated characteristic with the activation energies of 0.76 eV and 0.64 eV, respectively. A lower value of ~0.45 eV was evaluated for the activation energy by solid-state 7Li NMR spectroscopy. The effect of temperature on the Li-ion dynamic process was studied by scaling the conductivity spectra and it was found to be temperature independent.

Current challenges and threats of the legal culture of youth

Objective: comprehensive research of current challenges and threats of legal culture in the youth environment and proposals to improve the level of legal culture. Research methods: cognitive-analytical, comparative-legal analysis, objective truth, etc. Results: generalized mechanisms of destructive influence on the legal culture of youth, some, the most vulnerable forms of legal nihilism in the youth environment are identified and ways to improve the level of legal culture are proposed. Discussion: clarified the normative consolidation of anti-bullying, summarized the experience of educational and legal work by some state institutions, suggested ways to improve the legal education of young people to improve legal culture and combat certain manifestations of legal nihilism.
 Attention is focused on the need for educational activities, including on the Internet in a new interesting and accessible form for young people. Substantiated: expediency of conducting sociological research to monitor the state of legal culture of youth to quick responding to relevant trends and challenges in the field of lawful behavior of young people; the need to develop a State Strategy for Legal Education with the involvement of specialists in various fields of knowledge to form a single integrated approach to its content. We consider it expedient to introduce into the school education program the discipline «Fundamentals of Legal Culture and Information Security», which will increase the level of legal culture of young people.

Understanding and Improving Critical Metrology. Quenching Superradiant Light-Matter Systems Beyond the Critical Point

We carefully examine critical metrology and present an improved critical quantum metrology protocol which relies on quenching a system exhibiting a superradiant quantum phase transition beyond its critical point. We show that this approach can lead to an exponential increase of the quantum Fisher information in time with respect to existing critical quantum metrology protocols relying on quenching close to the critical point and observing power law behaviour. We demonstrate that the Cramér-Rao bound can be saturated in our protocol through the standard homodyne detection scheme. We explicitly show its advantage using the archetypal setting of the Dicke model and explore a quantum gas coupled to a single-mode cavity field as a potential platform. In this case an additional exponential enhancement of the quantum Fisher information can in practice be observed with the number of atoms N in the cavity, even in the absence of N-body coupling terms.

Numerical Simulation of Crack Initiation and Propagation Evolution Law of Hydraulic Fracturing Holes in Coal Seams Considering Permeability Anisotropy and Damage

Hydraulic fracturing has been widely used in practical engineering as an essential means to prevent coal seam gas outburst, increase coal seam permeability and improve gas drainage efficiency. Accurate prediction of fracture propagation law is an important basis for optimizing fracturing parameters to achieve high-efficiency gas drainage in coal seams. In this paper, a new seepage–stress–damage coupling model considering permeability anisotropy is first established and then used to study the evolution laws of crack initiation pressure (σci), fracture pressure (σcd), AE behavior and pore water pressure with the lateral pressure coefficient (ξ) and permeability anisotropy coefficient (λ) in the process of hydraulic fracturing. Finally, the influence of initial pore water pressure on σci is discussed, and an efficient gas drainage method is proposed. Research results indicate that: the in situ stress still plays a leading role in the approach of crack propagation whether the permeability is isotropic or anisotropic; the non-uniform pressure condition is favorable for the crack growth compared with uniform pressure under the isotropic permeability condition; when the direction of maximum permeability is consistent with the direction of maximum principal stress (ξ = 0.5, λ < 0), the coal seams are easily fractured; AE behavior of fracturing holes can be divided into three stages: initiation stage, fracture smooth expansion stage and the breakdown stage for any λ or ξ; and the more complex the crack distribution, the more the area of the gas pressure release zone (GPRZ) increases, which is very beneficial to achieve high-efficiency gas drainage. This study can provide a basis for optimizing fracturing parameters and technology in improving the efficiency of coal seam gas drainage using the hydraulic fracturing method.

Implicit Subgrid-Scale Modeling of a Mach 2.5 Spatially Developing Turbulent Boundary Layer.

We employ numerically implicit subgrid-scale modeling provided by the well-known streamlined upwind/Petrov–Galerkin stabilization for the finite element discretization of advection–diffusion problems in a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) approach. Whereas its original purpose was to provide sufficient algorithmic dissipation for a stable and convergent numerical method, more recently, it has been utilized as a subgrid-scale (SGS) model to account for the effect of small scales, unresolvable by the discretization. The freestream Mach number is 2.5, and direct comparison with a DNS database from our research group, as well as with experiments from the literature of adiabatic supersonic spatially turbulent boundary layers, is performed. Turbulent inflow conditions are generated via our dynamic rescaling–recycling approach, recently extended to high-speed flows. Focus is given to the assessment of the resolved Reynolds stresses. In addition, flow visualization is performed to obtain a much better insight into the physics of the flow. A weak compressibility effect is observed on thermal turbulent structures based on two-point correlations (IC vs. supersonic). The Reynolds analogy ( vs. ) approximately holds for the supersonic regime, but to a lesser extent than previously observed in incompressible (IC) turbulent boundary layers, where temperature was assumed as a passive scalar. A much longer power law behavior of the mean streamwise velocity is computed in the outer region when compared to the log law at Mach 2.5. Implicit LES has shown very good performance in Mach 2.5 adiabatic flat plates in terms of the mean flow (i.e., and ). iLES significantly overpredicts the peak values of , and consequently Reynolds shear stress peaks, in the buffer layer. However, excellent agreement between the turbulence intensities and Reynolds shear stresses is accomplished in the outer region by the present iLES with respect to the external DNS database at similar Reynolds numbers.

On the behavior of Okun's law across business cycles

As useful barometers of the macroeconomy, output and unemployment dynamics are relevant for markets, policymakers and the average economic agent. This paper relaxes the two-regime assumption of existing models of their relationship (the so-called Okun's law) motivated by a literature that documents three phases of the business cycle. Using U.S. data for 1949–2020, a threshold regression of output and unemployment is estimated, which allows for a straightforward extension of previous linear and two-regime models. The results reveal a steepening of Okun's relationship across three endogenously-determined regimes that align closely with expansions, mild recessions and deep recessions. The steepening is robust to a battery of considerations. Meanwhile, the variation in Okun's coefficient correlates with changes in the average deviation of nominal wages from the median. These findings uncover the need for differentiated policy responses across recessions.

The effect of crack length and maximum stress on the fatigue crack growth rates of engineering alloys

The fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) curve of metallic alloys is usually divided into three regions. Region II is often referred to as the Paris regime and is usually modelled with a power law relationship with a single exponent. Regions I and III are located at the beginning and end of the FCGR curve, respectively, and are frequently modelled with asymptotic relationships. In this paper we hypothesize that fatigue crack growth is governed by power law behaviour at all crack lengths and all stress intensity factor ranges (ΔK). To accommodate for the changes in the FCGR slope at regions I - III mathematical pivot points are introduced in the Paris equation. Power law behaviour with the presence of pivot points enables direct fitting of the crack length vs. cycles (a-N) curve to obtain the FCGR as a function of ΔK. This novel approach is applicable to small and long crack growth curves and results in accurate multilinear FCGR curves that are suitable for reconstruction of the measured a-N curves. The method is subsequently applied to i) different alloys to show local changes in the FCGR curve for changes in alloy composition and heat treatments, ii) naturally increasing ΔK testing of microstructurally small cracks to obtain accurate small crack FCGR data. The comparison with accurate long crack data shows that small cracks are faster, but the transition from region I to region II occurs at a specific fatigue crack growth rate which results in an apparent shift in ΔK at the transition. iii) Long cracks, which show that the FCGR increases with maximum stress for a given ΔK and stress ratio when the maximum stress approaches the yield stress. The maximum stress phenomenon becomes important in the case of fatigue testing, where the initial crack lengths are usually small and maximum stresses are high. It is concluded that for long cracks the phenomenon explains why the Paris equation is applicable rather at low maximum stress, while the Frost-Dugdale equation is more applicable at high maximum stress.

Cyclic Load Effects on the Bond Behavior of Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM) Composites

There has been considerable attention drawn to the application of textile reinforced mortar (TRM) composites for strengthening existing masonry and concrete structures. These composites are made from textile fibers embedded in an inorganic matrix and act as externally bonded reinforcement (EBR). Therefore, a careful observation must be made of the bond of the mortar to the substrate and the bond of the mortar to the textile. Despite numerous studies of the bond behavior of TRM composites conducted in recent years, no constitutive bond behavior law under cyclic loading has been determined. In most available studies, the most common method of testing TRM-to-substrate bonds is the single-lap shear test. Contrary to that, the bond performance of fibers to mortar has received little attention and has been the subject of this study. This paper describes a laboratory study investigating the textile's interfacial bond behavior to the mortar fiber under cyclic loading. It was shown that cycling can cause a loss in strength, which varies with the number of cycles.

Artificial Intelligence-Based Human-Computer Interaction Technology Applied in Consumer Behavior Analysis and Experiential Education.

In the course of consumer behavior, it is necessary to study the relationship between the characteristics of psychological activities and the laws of behavior when consumers acquire and use products or services. With the development of the Internet and mobile terminals, electronic commerce (E-commerce) has become an important form of consumption for people. In order to conduct experiential education in E-commerce combined with consumer behavior, courses to understand consumer satisfaction. From the perspective of E-commerce companies, this study proposes to use artificial intelligence (AI) image recognition technology to recognize and analyze consumer facial expressions. First, it analyzes the way of human–computer interaction (HCI) in the context of E-commerce and obtains consumer satisfaction with the product through HCI technology. Then, a deep neural network (DNN) is used to predict the psychological behavior and consumer psychology of consumers to realize personalized product recommendations. In the course education of consumer behavior, it helps to understand consumer satisfaction and make a reasonable design. The experimental results show that consumers are highly satisfied with the products recommended by the system, and the degree of sanctification reaches 93.2%. It is found that the DNN model can learn consumer behavior rules during evaluation, and its prediction effect is increased by 10% compared with the traditional model, which confirms the effectiveness of the recommendation system under the DNN model. This study provides a reference for consumer psychological behavior analysis based on HCI in the context of AI, which is of great significance to help understand consumer satisfaction in consumer behavior education in the context of E-commerce.

It Takes Three to Tango: A Behavioral Analysis of the Benefits of Having a Mediator in International Disputes

AbstractThis article explores the debiasing role of the mediator in the setting of international disputes. Starting from the rational choice theory, this article examines the choices that international disputants must weigh when deciding how to proceed with their conflict. International actors are assumed to be rational and negotiate settlements that are beneficial to them. Their alternatives to a negotiated settlement include both adjudication and continuation of the conflict. Puzzlingly, despite the advantages of negotiated settlements, many international disputes are not resolved in the form of a settlement. Instead, States seem to prolong conflicts or follow costlier routes of formal adjudication. Behavioral Law and Economics insights on the biases of disputants partly explain this phenomenon. The article contributes to the behavioral discussion by examining two separate categories of biases, i.e., biases when deciding to enter negotiation and biases during negotiation. Following that, it suggests that the specific characteristics of the process of mediation and of the mediator, in particular, can act as debiasing instruments. The article concludes with normative suggestions for wider incorporation of mediation within the international dispute settlement setting.

The Dynamic Evolution Law of Coal Mine Workers’ Behavior Risk Based on Game Theory

In the safety production system of coal mining enterprises, the income of workers affects the evolution of group behavior and then affects risky behaviors. Due to the nonlinearity and chaos of group behavior, its evolution is long and complex. This study investigated the dynamic evolution process of coal miners’ group behavior to explore the law of group safety behavior and effectively promoted the safety of group behavior. First, a questionnaire survey was conducted on the influencing factors of coal mine workers’ group safety behavior. Then, based on the results of the questionnaire, the coefficients of the influencing factors were obtained, and the game model was established. Finally, the game income was simulated and analyzed. The results showed that the income of workers was positively correlated with the safety of group behavior. Safety performance could effectively improve the level of group safety behavior. The safety management system of coal mining enterprises was further improved and expanded and was applied. The statistical analysis of the violations showed that the results of this study could be used to influence the risky group behavior of coal mine workers and improve the level of coal mine safety production.