Law Behavior Research Articles

Water transport through a graphene channel with different cross-sectional shapes

Graphene is a multifunctional two-dimensional material that has attracted more and more attention in the scientific community, including novel nanofluidic devices. Since the graphene channel size can be tunable by experiments, our understanding on the effect of channel shape becomes urgent. In this work, we use molecular dynamics simulations to study the transport of pressure-driven water through graphene channels, by changing the cross-sectional shape while holding the area or volume constant. A key observation is that when the channel shape changes from two-dimensional to three-dimensional, the water flux increases monotonously because of the reduction in water translocation time, in consistent with the calculation by Navier-Stokes equation. The water flux in a square graphene channel will be slightly smaller than the carbon nanotube with similar volume. Meanwhile, in both two- and three-dimensional channels the water flux exhibits an excellent linear increase with the pressure difference that also agrees with the Navier-Stokes equation; while the translocation time displays a power law behavior, yielding to the Langevin dynamics. These results enrich our understanding of the influence of channel shape on water transport, which has far-reaching significance for the design of nanofluidic devices.

Solving Magnetodynamic Problems via Normal Form Method

Closed-form formulations are difficult to find when the material behavior law is nonlinear. A linear approximation, on the other hand, has a very narrow range of validity. In this communication, the normal form (NF) method is used to solve a 1-D nonlinear magnetodynamic problem. The discrete model is formulated in a state-space form suitable for NF applications. The resulting system is then expanded on a linear mode basis to cubic order. Analytical solutions are obtained using the NF technique and compared with traditional solutions. The results show that the cubic polynomial adequately approximates the problem, and the NF solution is valid for some range of magnetic field intensity.

A Multistage Analysis of Asphalt Binder Nanocrack Generation and Self-Healing Behavior Based on Molecular Dynamics.

In order to study the characteristics and laws of nanocrack generation and self-healing behavior of asphalt materials under tensile action, the molecular dynamics (MD) method was used to simulate the continuous “tensile failure—self-healing” process, and this study remedies the shortcomings of existing experimental and observational methods. It is found that the MD-reproduced formation process of asphalt binder nanocrack contains four stages: “tensile extension”, “nanocrack generation”, “crack adding, expanding and penetrating” and “cracking failure”. The influence of tensile conditions on the tensile cracking simulation of an asphalt binder model was analyzed, and it was found that low temperature and high loading rate would increase the tensile strength of the asphalt binder model. In addition, the MD-reproduced healing process of asphalt binder nanocracks can be divided into four stages: “surface approach”, “surface rearrangement”, “surface wetting” and “diffusion”, which is similar to the healing process of polymers. Finally, from the perspective of energy change, the change rule of dominant van der Waals energy in the self-healing process was studied. Based on the existing research, the influence of damage degree on the healing performance of asphalt binder and its mechanism were further analyzed. The research results further enrich the theoretical research on microlevel cracking and healing of asphalt materials, and have certain theoretical value for the further development of self-healing asphalt materials.

Religion and law: relationships in conditions of war

Both practical and theoretical issues of the connection between religion and law, especially in the context of a full-scale war in Ukraine, have a significant impact on the existence of the entire state mechanism.
 A comprehensive study of the interaction of institutions of law and religion, primarily determined by the fact that, despite the different purposes of their existence, religion and law act as value-normative systems in the process of regulating relations in society. Considering the law as a regulator, it should be recognized that its mission in society is to approve the regulatory framework, the regulatory legal impact on public relations. The law regulates social relations in interaction with other norms, an element of the system of social regulation. One of such elements is religion in relation to its values and regulations.
 At the same time, in conditions of war, it is the Christian religion, being a moral and normative system, influences the formation and implementation of secular legal norms. There is a kind of implementation of them in law, as a result, we use the law, in fact, resorting to the help of Christianity. It is impossible to completely separate seemingly purely religious norms from secular ones; for all their remoteness from worldly problems, they actually play a significant role in shaping lawful human behavior, producing a stable system of values that is not indifferent to law. These values can act as motives for socially positive behavior. However, today the basic Christian values (first of all such category as “don’t kill”), their embodiment in the current legislation of our state and practical application take place. We are convinced that a new concept of the relationship between the state and the church, law and religion awaits us in the near future, not only at the national but also at the international level.

Influence of Case Management Model Combined with Continuous Nursing Care on Compliance Behavior and Adverse Emotions in Elderly Patients with Lung Cancer: A Prospective Single-Center Case-Control Study.

Aims To ask lots of questions about finding the truth about the influence of the case management model combined with continuous nursing care on following the law behavior and negative feelings of love, hate, fear, etc. in old patients with lung scale-like cell cancer. Materials and Methods One hundred and forty-three elderly patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung were selected for this prospective study, 10 cases were shed due to epidemic and transfer, and finally 68 cases were in the control group and 65 cases in the observation group. The differences in anxiety and depression scores, quality of life, and compliance behavior between the two groups were observed and compared. Results After nursing, the self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS) of the observation group were lower than those of the control group, while the social support score was significantly higher than that of the control group. The scores of psychological behavior, exercise status, drug taking, and balanced diet of the two groups were significantly improved, and the observation group was significantly improved. The scores of medical compliance behavior in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group, and the mental vitality score, social interaction score, emotional restriction score, and mental status of the patients in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group, and the above statistics showed that the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion The use of a case management model combined with extended care significantly improved the compliance behavior and anxiety and depression of elderly patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung and improved the quality of life and social support.

Nonlinear Matrix Ferroelectric Composites on Construction Quality and Safety Measures

With the continuous emergence of concrete construction projects such as long-span bridges, high-rise buildings, nuclear power plants, and offshore platforms, researchers at home and abroad have made great progress in construction quality and safety measures in recent years. Construction quality is the main factor affecting the appearance and function of the building. Compared with traditional building construction materials, it has indeed made great improvements in organization and performance. For example, for nonlinear matrix ferroelectric composites, this functional material can better solve the problem of poor compatibility between general composites and concrete structural materials. It is not sensitive to humidity and can work in a concrete environment for a long time. These materials are indeed popular in building construction, various materials complement each other in performance and produce a synergistic effect so that the comprehensive performance of composite materials is better than the original composition materials and meets various high-quality requirements. But some properties are still not very clear. Therefore, this study mainly studies the influence laws of viscoelasticity, elastic viscoplasticity, and macro mechanical behavior of nonlinear matrix ferroelectric composites. Through theoretical analysis and experiments, it is concluded that the change of effective stress relaxation stiffness of nonlinear matrix ferroelectric composites tends to be stable with the increase of time, and the effective stress relaxation stiffness of composites increases with the increase of age volume fraction at t = 0 s.

A qualitative model of mining company taxpayer behaviour in the Lao PDR

The Lao PDR is economically dependent on natural resources, particularly gold and copper. Consequently, mineral taxation is an important source of government revenue. The Lao PDR is one of three Asia-Pacific case studies used in the author's research to examine the relationship between company behaviour and mineral law and taxation changes. The research method involved qualitative interviews with mining executives, with the results analysed using Grounded Theory. The case study looks at the central phenomenon that, far from being an automatic process, company behaviour in response to mining law and taxation changes is complex and depends on internal variables and perceptions of external events. The author argues that understanding the variables influencing the main mining players behaviour in mineral dependent economies is important to understanding the impact of policy changes. The article proposes a model and four theories arising from the interviews and validates the theories from the literature. The article presents new insights into company behaviour that may inform mining, law regulations and policy development in mineral dependent economies.

Correlation between stress state and crystal orientation distribution in alternating back extrusion of magnesium alloy

Deformation prediction and load evaluation were the keys to study the flow characteristics and microstructure evolution of magnesium alloy during alternating back extrusion (ABE). Firstly, the slip line field distribution at different downward loading depths of the split stem was determined by finite element simulation in this paper. After reasonably dividing into multiple rigid blocks, the extrusion load theoretical model was constructed based on the upper bound approach. On this basis, the stress state of the deformed billet was explored, which was related to the crystal preferred orientation of AZ31 magnesium alloy after ABE. The research results showed that the extrusion load model was consistent with the time-load curve trend of finite element simulation, and the predicted load in the initial stage of extrusion was about 8.14% higher than the finite element result. With the increase of downward loading depth of the split stem, the mean grain size of ABE in one loading cycle decreased to 6 μm, and the grain refinement reached 90%, which promoted the deep refinement of grain size. Affected by the maximum principal stress, the crystal orientation was segregated along with the stress distribution. The cooperative regulation law of deformation behavior and microstructure evolution for magnesium alloy during ABE was clarified, and the construction of the load theoretical model provided scientific guidance for the selection of deformation equipment and the formulation of research programs.

Vapor-liquid phase equilibrium of n-pentane in quartz nanopores by grand canonical Monte Carlo calculation

As the main basis for calculating other physical property data, the critical temperature and pressure of fluid are important parameters in the process of oil and gas field development. In unconventional reservoirs, crude oil fluid generally exists in nanopores. The interaction between fluid molecules and the pore wall leads to the deviation of fluid properties. Pore size is an important parameter affecting the phase state of reservoir fluid. The phase state laws of alkanes in different nanopore sizes are quite different. We studied the effect of the pore size of quartz nanopores on the vapor–liquid phase equilibrium using the grand canonical Monte Carlo method. The quantitative relationship between the nanopore size and the adsorption amount, density profile, and phase diagram of n-pentane was obtained, and its micromechanism was analyzed. The results showed that the critical temperature and critical pressure of n-pentane increased with an increase in the nanopore size. The critical temperature was consistent with the bulk phase after the pore size reached 10 nm, and the critical pressure could be treated with the bulk phase after the pore size reached 30 nm. The van der Waals force between the fluid and the pore wall was the main factor leading to the phase change of the system. These findings suggest that the aperture of nanopores was significant for alkane phase change, which might provide a reference for understanding the phase transformation law behavior of alkanes in nanopores of tight reservoirs.

Swift generator for three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic turbulence.

Magnetohydrodynamic turbulence is central to laboratory and astrophysical plasmas, and is invoked for interpreting many observed scalings. Verifying predicted scaling law behavior requires extreme-resolution direct numerical simulations (DNS), with needed computing resources excluding systematic parameter surveys. We here present an analytic generator of realistically looking turbulent magnetic fields, that computes three-dimensional (3D) O(1000^{3}) solenoidal vector fields in minutes to hours on desktop computers. Our model is inspired by recent developments in 3D incompressible fluid turbulence theory, where a Gaussian white noise vector subjected to a nonlinear transformation results in an intermittent, multifractal random field. Our B×C model has only few parameters that have clear geometric interpretations. We directly compare a (costly) DNS with a swiftly B×C-generated realization, in terms of its (1) characteristic sheetlike structures of current density, (2) volume-filling aspects across current intensity, (3) power-spectral behavior, (4) probability distribution functions of increments for magnetic field and current density, structure functions, and spectra of exponents, and (5) partial variance of increments. The model even allows to mimic time-evolving magnetic and current density distributions and can be used for synthetic observations on 3D turbulent data cubes.

The arrest and recession dynamics of a deflating hydraulic fracture in a permeable elastic medium in a state of plane strain

We investigate the deflation dynamics of a fluid-driven fracture in a permeable elastic medium in a state of plane strain after fluid injection has ceased. Depending on the leak-off characteristics of the porous medium and the volume of injected fluid retained in the fracture at the time of shut-in, the fracture may start to recede almost immediately or continue to propagate till it arrests when the stress intensity factor drops below the fracture toughness. While occupying the arrest footprint, the fracture continues to deflate while the stress intensity factor decreases due to fluid loss to the porous medium. When the stress intensity factor drops to zero, the fracture starts the process of recession, which continues until it finally collapses. To establish a rigorous numerical scheme to explore the deflation dynamics of plane strain hydraulic fractures, we use recently established vertex and multiscale tip asymptotes for arrested and receding hydraulic fractures (Peirce and Detournay, 2022), including the r-vertex linear tip aperture asymptote wˆ∼xˆ for a receding hydraulic fracture and the stationary g-vertex asymptote wˆ∼xˆ3/4. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the multiscale asymptotes are required in order to achieve solutions that remain smooth through the arrest–recession transition point. In contrast, numerical solutions, obtained by only using vertex solutions to model the arrest and recession, exhibit jump discontinuities through this transition point. However, once the transients from these jump discontinuities have decayed the numerical schemes that use vertex and multiscale asymptotes yield almost identical solutions. A scaling analysis shows the existence of asymptotic power law behaviour for various quantities, such as the arrest time, in terms of two new dimensionless parameters. Finally, numerical solutions explore the dependence on the two dimensionless parameters of the arrest time, the duration of the arrest period, and the duration of the recession phase and confirm their asymptotic power law behaviours.

Power Laws in altmetrics: An empirical analysis

Power Laws are a characteristic distribution found in both natural as well as in man-made systems. Previous studies have shown that citations to scientific articles follow a power law, i.e., the number of papers having a certain level of citation x are proportional to x raised to some negative power. However, the distributional character of altmetrics (such as reads, likes, mentions, etc.) has not been studied in much detail, particularly with respect to existence of power law behaviours. This article, therefore, attempts to do an empirical analysis of altmetric mention data of a large set of scholarly articles to see if they exhibit power law. The individual and the composite data series of ‘mentions’ on the various platforms are fit to a power law distribution, and the parameters and goodness of fit are determined, both using least squares regression as well as the Maximum Likelihood Estimate (MLE) approach. We also explore the fit of the mention data to other distribution families like the Log-normal and exponential distributions. Results obtained confirm the existence of power law behaviour in social media mentions to scholarly articles. The Log-normal distribution also looks plausible but is not found to be statistically significant, and the exponential distribution does not show a good fit. Major implications of power law in altmetrics are given and interesting research questions are posed in pursuit of enhancing the reliability of altmetrics for research evaluation purposes.

Religion and law: theoretical and methodological principles of the relationship

Both practical and theoretical issues of the connection between religion and law, especially in the context of a full-scale war in Ukraine, have a significant impact on the existence of the entire state mechanism.A comprehensive study of the interaction of institutions of law and religion, primarily determined by the fact that, despite the different purposes of their existence, religion and law act as value-normative systems in the process of regulating relations in society. Considering the law as a regulator, it should be recognized that its mission in society is to approve the regulatory framework, the regulatory legal impact on public relations. The law regulates social relations in interaction with other norms, an element of the system of social regulation. One of such elements is religion in relation to its values and regulations.At the same time, in conditions of war, it is the Christian religion, being a moral and normative system, influences the formation and implementation of secular legal norms. There is a kind of implementation of them in law, as a result, we use the law, in fact, resorting to the help of Christianity. It is impossible to completely separate seemingly purely religious norms from secular ones; for all their remoteness from worldly problems, they actually play a significant role in shaping lawful human behavior, producing a stable system of values that is not indifferent to law. These values can act as motives for socially positive behavior. However, today the basic Christian values (first of all such category as “don’t kill”), their embodiment in the current legislation of our state and practical application take place. We are convinced that a new concept of the relationship between the state and the church, law and religion awaits us in the near future, not only at the national but also at the international level.

Regulating the use of big data: Justifications, perspectives and the Chinese way forward

Big Data is the collection of data that is non-rivalrous in consumption. Since Big Data is not physically tangible like movable or immovable property and is not subject to restrictive clauses in property law such as the “idea-expression dichotomy” and “fair use and term of protection”, it is fundamentally inappropriate to regard Big Data as an object of real rights. The protection of Big Data requires a paradigm shift from a rights-based “empowerment” approach to that of “behavioural regulation”. Accordingly, the protection of Big Data should not be seen as pitting the approaches of “empowerment” against “behavioural regulation”; rather, it should be seen as achieving coordination between behavioural regulation laws. To effectively balance the interests of data enterprises and the public, this article argues that a competition-based behavioural regulation regime that prohibits unfair competition between data enterprises is more desirable than an intellectual property “rights” regime that protects enterprises’ big data through exclusive rights.

Overview of Memristor-Based Neural Network Design and Applications

Conventional von Newmann-based computers face severe challenges in the processing and storage of the large quantities of data being generated in the current era of “big data.” One of the most promising solutions to this issue is the development of an artificial neural network (ANN) that can process and store data in a manner similar to that of the human brain. To extend the limits of Moore’s law, memristors, whose electrical and optical behaviors closely match the biological response of the human brain, have been implemented for ANNs in place of the traditional complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) components. Based on their different operation modes, we classify the memristor family into electronic, photonic, and optoelectronic memristors, and review their respective physical principles and state-of-the-art technologies. Subsequently, we discuss the design strategies, performance superiorities, and technical drawbacks of various memristors in relation to ANN applications, as well as the updated versions of ANN, such as deep neutral networks (DNNs) and spike neural networks (SNNs). This paper concludes by envisioning the potential approaches for overcoming the physical limitations of memristor-based neural networks and the outlook of memristor applications on emerging neural networks.

Novelization of the provisions of the Criminal Code on circumstances that exclude a criminal offense under martial law

The article is devoted to the analysis of lawful behavior of civilians, who during and in order to protect Ukraine cause harm to the aggressor state. Relevant amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine (Articles 43-1 and 22 of the Final and Transitional Provisions), which were introduced during the large-scale war with Russia, have been studied. It has been established that both of these legal norms provide for a subjective right, but not a legal obligation, of an individual (not a combatant) to harm the lives of soldiers and government officials of the aggressor state, property interests of the aggressor state, etc. The basis for a person to exercise this subjective right has been determined. The signs that the lawful behavior of a person defending Ukraine from foreign aggression should correspond to are established. In particular, it is established that such conduct must be directed exclusively against the interests of the aggressor state and may not harm anyone else's interests. The lawful infliction of harm is possible at any time from the imposition of martial law to its termination. The purpose of the lawful establishment of the school is solely to protect Ukraine from foreign aggression. The limits of lawful infliction of harm to the aggressor are separately analyzed and it is concluded that the current criminal legislation of Ukraine allows the possibility of inflicting any kind and amount of harm to the aggressor. On this basis, it was concluded that it is impossible to exceed the limits of lawful harm to the aggressor, and hence – the impossibility of criminal liability for exceeding such limits. A number of recommendations for courts and pre-trial investigation bodies on the practical application of Art. 43-1 and paragraph 22 of the Final and Transitional Provisions of the Criminal Code. Separately formulated and substantiated proposals for amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine aimed at improving the analyzed norms.

Multi-stage hot deformation and dynamic recrystallization behavior of low-cost Ti–Al–V–Fe alloy via electron beam cold hearth melting

To explore the optimal thermomechanical processing parameters (TMP) of Ti–Al–V–Fe alloys with direct rolling potential after electron beam cold hearth melting (EBCHM) and the grain refinement mechanism during thermal deformation, the multi-pass hot deformation and dynamic recrystallization (DRX) behavior of Ti–4Al–2.5V–1.5Fe alloy ingot produced via EBCHM were investigated in this paper. The multi-pass compression tests were conducted on a Gleeble-3500 thermal simulation experimental machine with deformation temperatures of 850–1000 °C and strain rates of 0.01–1 s−1. The results showed that the flow stress and the microstructure of the alloy were both sensitive to the deformation temperature and strain rate. The as-cast Ti–4Al–2.5V–1.5Fe alloy had the highest fraction of DRX and the smallest average grain size at the deformation temperature of 950 °C and the strain rate of 0.01 s−1 suggest that the DRX mechanism had a significant grain refinement effect. The softening mechanism at higher deformation temperature or lower strain rate was dominated by dynamic recrystallization (DRX). In the continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) mechanism, sub-grain boundaries transformed LAGBs into HAGBs by continuously absorbing dislocations, which was more evident at low deformation temperatures compared to discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX). In this paper, the original coarse cast titanium alloy grains were refined to smaller sizes through multi-pass thermal deformation, the synergistic regulation laws of thermal deformation behavior and microstructure evolution under different deformation conditions, and the corresponding DRX behavior were elucidated, providing scientific guidance for the direct rolling of cast titanium alloys.

Tunneling Percolation Mechanism of Conductivity for PEDOT:PSS in Hydrophilic PDMS Composite for the Fabrication of Highly Sensitive Strain Sensors

AbstractConducting polymer of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) has interesting properties of tunable electrical conductivity and facile processability. Stretchable electronic materials and devices have become the focus of research and industrial communities with increasing demand of the Internet of Things (IOT)‐based wearable gadgets. Stretchable applications based on PEDOT:PSS demand its blending with a durable polymer matrix such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). In this research work, a homogeneous conductive ink comprising of hydrophilic PEDOT:PSS and hydrophobic PDMS is developed by using a bi‐functional (3‐glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxy silane (GPTMS) as coupling agent to form a cross‐link network through interphase interactions. Low percolation threshold of conductive ink is achieved at 0.236 wt% of solid PEDOT concentration. Power law of percolation behavior, from experimental results, reveals a nonuniversal critical component‐t value of 3.04, signifying the occurrence of a tunneling‐percolation conductivity mechanism. Iterative curve fitting based on an analytical model gives a good simulated conductive behavior with relation to geometrical parameters of conducting particles such that optimal thickness of interphase is found to be 2.86 nm. The developed strain sensor is highly sensitive with gauge factor (GF) of 148 and stretchable up to 50% strain with fast response time of 130 millisecond and shows good dynamic stability with minimal hysteresis loss. The strain sensor successfully captures real‐time finger and wrist motions.

Quantum dots as a probe of fundamental physics: deviation from exponential decay law

We explore a possibility of measuring deviation from the exponential decay law in pure quantum systems. The power law behavior at late times of decay time profile is predicted in quantum mechanics, and has been experimentally attempted to detect, but with failures except a claim in an open system. It is found that electron tunneling from resonance state confined in man-made atoms, quantum dots, has a good chance of detecting the deviation and testing theoretical predictions. How initial unstable state is prepared influences greatly the time profile of decay law, and this can be used to set the onset time of the power law at earlier times. Comparison with similar process of nuclear alpha decay to discover the deviation is discussed, to explain why there exists a difficulty in this case.

Automatic detection of small-scale EUV brightenings observed by the Solar Orbiter/EUI

Context. Accurate detections of frequent small-scale extreme ultraviolet (EUV) brightenings are essential to the investigation of the physical processes heating the corona. Aims. We detected small-scale brightenings, termed campfires, using their morphological and intensity structures as observed in coronal EUV imaging observations for statistical analysis. Methods. We applied a method based on Zernike moments and a support vector machine (SVM) classifier to automatically identify and track campfires observed by Solar Orbiter/Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) and Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA). Results. This method detected 8678 campfires (with length scales between 400 km and 4000 km) from a sequence of 50 High Resolution EUV telescope (HRIEUV) 174 Å images. From 21 near co-temporal AIA images covering the same field of view as EUI, we found 1131 campfires, 58% of which were also detected in HRIEUV images. In contrast, about 16% of campfires recognized in HRIEUV were detected by AIA. We obtain a campfire birthrate of 2 × 10−16 m−2 s−1. About 40% of campfires show a duration longer than 5 s, having been observed in at least two HRIEUV images. We find that 27% of campfires were found in coronal bright points and the remaining 73% have occurred out of coronal bright points. We detected 23 EUI campfires with a duration greater than 245 s. We found that about 80% of campfires are formed at supergranular boundaries, and the features with the highest total intensities are generated at network junctions and intense H I Lyman-α emission regions observed by EUI/HRILya. The probability distribution functions for the total intensity, peak intensity, and projected area of campfires follow a power law behavior with absolute indices between 2 and 3. This self-similar behavior is a possible signature of self-organization, or even self-organized criticality, in the campfire formation process.