Behaviour Of Business Entities Research Articles

Монетарна безпека національної економіки в умовах зростання невизначеності та ризиків недовіри

Introduction. The growing uncertainty of financial and economic dynamics leads to changes in the level of trust in subjects and institutions of the monetary sphere, which undermines the foundations of stability and provokes crises. This forces us to look for new approaches to ensuring the stability of the monetary unit and monetary security. Problem Statement. The main problem is the lack of scientific knowledge regarding the mechanisms of the impact of growing uncertainty and mistrust on the behavior of business entities, and the monetary sphere, which is especially sensitive to such changes, to find effective means of counteracting the negative impact of these processes and maintaining monetary security. Purpose. To identify a basic tool for ensuring confidence and monetary security, which could become the basis for building a safe monetary system in conditions of growing uncertainty and risks of increasing the level of mistrust associated with pandemics, crises, military actions and other destabilizing factors. Methods. The research is based on the application of the method of ascent from the abstract to the concrete, which combines logical operations, theoretical reproduction and ascent to find out directions of the practical implementation of the obtained theoretical results. Results. The relationship between trust and monetary stability and its features in conditions of growing uncertainty and risks are revealed. The internal structure of trust and its external manifestations in trust in subjects, institutions and objects are clarified. The approach to the interpretation of monetization is substantiated, which made it possible to distinguish between inclusive and segregative monetization. The use of the regime of targeting the stability of the monetary unit in conditions of growing uncertainty and risks is proposed and its content is disclosed. Conclusions. The growth of uncertainty significantly affects the dynamics of trust and its relationship with macroeconomic, monetary and fiscal parameters. An important role in maintaining the trust of the population and business entities in the conditions of increased risks and uncertainty of economic development is played by the actions of power structures, in particular, the monetary authority. Even the growing general disproportionality of the economy can be combined with the preservation of trust, if the economic parameters directly affecting people's lives remain relatively stable, and the authorities demonstrate to society the ability to control the situation. In order to ensure monetary stability and security, monetization, which must be inclusive and not segregative, is essential. An adequate basic tool for ensuring trust and monetary security in the conditions of growing uncertainty and monetary and fiscal risks is the unfolded targeting of the stability of the monetary unit, in which inflation (internal stability) is controlled in relation to the dynamics of the exchange rate (external stability).

General theoretical analysis of legal security of business activity

Effective legal means of regulating relations between business entities and preventing violations of the latter's rights and interests protected by law include compliance by the participants of business relations, including business entities, state authorities, etc., with the requirements of current legislation. That is, such a legal regime is desirable, within which the best way to protect the rights of business entities is to prevent violations of the rights of these entities and, as a result, the absence of the very need to renew rights.
 It is clear that such a preventive influence on the behavior of business entities is the result not only of the conscientious behavior of the participants in economic relations, but, most likely, the consequence of the regulatory influence on the behavior of these entities of the norms of current legislation, which contains binding, prohibitive and other legal prescriptions (requirements), the existence of which is aimed at preventing violations of the rights and legally protected interests of business entities and restoring these rights and interests in cases of their violation, non-recognition or dispute.
 The need to protect subjective rights and interests arises primarily in connection with illegal behavior. However, protection can also take place in the event of a threat of violation of the right in the future, which may not always be considered illegal behavior.
 The threat may arise due to the actions of the right holder himself, for example, in connection with the loss of the corresponding document. Defense is also allowed in case of violation of interest by non-illegal behavior. A person can apply to the court for protection in the event of a conflict between his interests and the interests of other participants in the legal relationship, and even when the behavior of each of them is lawful.
 The subject of research in the article is specific norms of constitutional, civil, economic and administrative law, which establish legal guarantees of ensuring and protecting entrepreneurial activity by the norms of national law.

Основные аспекты управления финансовыми рисками организации

The implementation of an entrepreneurial initiative is inevitably associated with the uncertainty of the conditions for its implementation. The market model of the economic system, which determines the conditions for the behavior of business entities, is characterized by a significant number of areas of such uncertainty. The risk, which is its measure, accompanies the activities of a commercial organization at all stages of its life cycle.

Theoretical and methodological fundamentals of brand management of regions

Methods. The main methods of research are: comparative analysis of existing business models of advertising, grouping data to evaluate them – in systematizing and summarizing research results, as well as informal (intuitive) forecasting methods – when forming a sample for observation and analysis of trends in the formation of business models of advertising. Results. The work is devoted to the study of modern tools for advertising works, goods, services through social networks. The purpose of the study is to determine the trends in the formation of business models for the advertising activities of legal entities in social networks. The main task is to study the tools for promoting goods / services in social networks, increasing loyalty through social networks. The article presents the results of the analysis of trends in the formation of business models of advertising activities of legal entities in social networks. It is shown how a change in the factors of the economy of sustainable development, in particular the age distribution of the population, affects the formation of the advertising policy of a business entity. The contradiction between the meaning of the concept of «social network» and the peculiarities of the organization of advertising activities of legal entities is determined. The role of modern IT technologies, such as the Metauniverse, chat-bot, automated sales funnels and the use of artificial intelligence systems to solve the indicated contradictions, is shown. An attempt was made to evaluate the economic efficiency of using modern tools to form consumer loyalty to the activities of legal entities through social networks by giving the latter the features of socially adapted market entities. Novelty. The paper stresses the necessity of studying modern definitions of «social network», «economic entity and its avatar in a social network». The next step in the development of scientific thought should be the understanding, scientific justification and study of the differences between an individual and his image in the Internet space. Practical value. In accordance with global trends in the institutional protection of consumer personal data on the internet, the expected changes in the behavior of business entities in social networks and the role of technology companies in this process are shown. The indicated trends will objectively influence both the organizational structure of a business entity and the formation of business models of B2C interaction. The results of the study are of interest both to representatives of medium and large businesses, and to the scientific community for the formation of a theoretical scientific basis for modern advertising processes.

Instruments of state stimulation of investments in the conditions of Industry 4.0 development

The article describes the methods of state stimulation of investments in the development of R&D and innovation. Based on the research of experts from the Big Four and reports of international organizations, an overview of current trends in the application of methods and measures of state support for investment in R & D and innovation in various countries, including those with a similar economic structure to Kazakhstan, is made. At the heart of modern innovative trends, the development of elements of Industry 4.0 and the digital transformation of industrial enterprises are of great importance for economic growth. In the context of a pandemic, there are crisis changes in the economy, in the behavior of business entities and people’s consciousness, which provide for a proactive role of the state in ensuring stability and forming a sustainable development trend in the post-pandemic period. Crises, as a rule, in addition to destructive consequences, create the need and opportunities for the introduction of innovations and the transition to a qualitatively new technological level of development. One of the main factors of successful investment decisions of enterprises at the present stage is the speed of application of new digital technologies, which are more effective in comparison with investments in the creation of new production capacities. In the conditions of uncertainty of return on investment, the author suggests using the fiscal measures adopted in international practice to stimulate investment in R & D, including for the development of Industry 4.0 in the basic industries of Kazakhstan. The considered structure of investment incentives can be used to increase the scale of investments by large private and national corporations in the MMC and NGS sector, which positively affects the financial flows of enterprises and state budget revenues in the medium term. The author’s conclusions may be of interest to state authorized bodies and company managers when financing digitalization projects of industrial enterprises.

COVID 19 - CHALLENGES, ECONOMIC PROBLEMS

The article is focused on problems in the Georgian economy caused by the new coronavirus epidemic. The current implementation of the state budget of Georgia for 2020 has been analyzed, attention has been drawn to the difficulties of both tax and total revenue performance. The main focus is on the effectiveness of business support measures and the transparency and legality of spending money. Measures have been taken on the operative elaboration and implementation of the relevant micro-fiscal policy, in response to the shocks in demand-supply. Coronavirus has caused many problems in the world economy. The world economy fell by 7.5% in the United States on March 9, which has not happened on Wall Street since 2008 global economic crisis. Of course, the influence of Coronavirus on the Georgia’s economy is severe, and the country is trying to deal with it in every possible way. If we analyze the current state budget execution this year, it can be seen that the current state budget for 2020 has been implemented in the first quarter. However, we should not expect the second quarter of the state budget for the same year, as this trend is already visible in April and May. The problems will be reflected in May, both in terms of tax revenues and total revenues as well, which is expected to double the state budget deficit of 2.5%, which means a complete failure of the two quarters. It can be said that the shock of the economy that accompanies coronavirus is quite strange and it affects to the supply and demand at the same time. We see negative risks on the supply side, which is reflected in the high cost of doing business, the demand will decrease as for increased uncertainty, tighter security measures and restrictions on free movement, as a result, the ability of consumers to spend their own money will be reduced. Experience has shown that 1/3 of the economic losses will be caused by direct losses: job cuts, quarantine and etc. 2/3 of economic losses will be indirect - which will be related to the decrease in consumer confidence, changes in the behavior of business entities, as well as the tightening of access to credit resources. It can be said that the global financial market is now more stable than it was before the 2008 crisis, but the main challenge in the current situation is still to manage uncertainty. In such a situation, it is inevitable that the funds from the budget will be prioritized for health care, so that the health care of the citizens not to be hindered. It seems inevitable for us to resolve the demand – to develop appropriate microfiscal policies in response to the shocks in supply. It is welcome that the European Investment Bank supports Georgia in the fight against the new coronavirus, which is to support Georgian business, support the health care system and accelerate the implementation of existing projects. The World Bank provided $ 15 billion quick and instant assistance to address the first challenges of COVID-19, this was mainly in the field of health and social care. The World Bank is currently working on three financial assistance packages: 1. To assist the government in responding to health and social protection challenges, 2. Substantiation will be provided to the state budget to reduce the expected deficit, 3. The World Bank intends to help small and medium-sized businesses to restore jobs and develop the economy, with a particular focus on affected sectors such as tourism, the first phase shall be completed by the end of April, which will be followed consistently. The World Bank has highlighted such an important circumstance as the inevitability of a zoological recession, which will be followed by a slowdown in economic growth, which in the case of Georgia will be 4% (which is significant to consider). According to the government›s decision, 2 billion GEL has been allocated for direct assistance to the economy, in order to provide emergency financial and material assistance to a number of different categories of affected citizens. Particular attention is paid to operative execution and control of measures envisaged in the concrete plan of economic stimulus and the anti-crisis plan of the government.

Digital transformation of enterprise business model

Nowadays, it is important to form an awareness of digital transformation as a motivation for positive changes in strategies and behavior of business entities. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to identify and present important implications of digital transformation for the business model of an enterprise. Research in the process of achieving the formed goal is aimed at diagnosing the current situation and the factors contributing to the transformation of the business model. To achieve these objectives dialectic and systemanalytical methods, structural and functional analysis were used. It was suggested to adapt the model to digital changes as a transformation into a new form of business that would be better suited and satisfy the conditions for functioning in the digital economy, building relationships with digital consumers and partners, as well as in connection with the growing use of digital assets. It was determined that the elements of the classical mainstream in the form of a “canvas” in the digital transformation had a weak connection with a small grouping in terms of organization, customer, sales and finance, and no special integration or relationship between the elements was envisaged. The key characteristics on digital transformation of elements of business model in comparison with classical mainstream in today’s conditions were allocated. Each new or updated strategy must include an approach to the digital transformation of business, so it is important to assess the business models of enterprises to ensure that they fit the new paradigm. Factors of change in business models are highlighted, such as the evolution of certain predeveloped concepts within the classical mainstream, mainly due to technological advances, achieving social and consumer acceptance of these concepts, generating economy of scale or snowball effect, as well as destructive and breakthrough innovations. The digital transformation of the business model of an enterprise provides a systematic view of its key domains, which are forming and can serve as a direction for further future-oriented research and are used as a starting point for managerial decisions on digital transformation. To facilitate assessment of digital maturity, the proposed business model domains can be used to diagnose the need to adopt new concepts of digital economy. Digital transformation of the business model can be adapted to the specifics of domestic business operation.

Sektor żywnościowy w czasach pandemii

Celem artykułu jest próba określenia wpływu pandemii wirusa SARS-CoV-2 na sektor żywnościowy. Na tle globalnych procesów gospodarczych (rynkówświatowych, giełd) analizowany jest przebieg zjawisk zachodzących na rynku surowców rolnych i żywności. Podstawowy zakres analizy odnosi się do polskiego sektora żywności, jego kondycji oraz bieżących zachowań podmiotów gospodarczych. Globalizacja procesów ekonomicznych sprawia, że w analizie każdego sektora krajowego konieczne staje się uwzględnianie implikacji międzynarodowych. Szczególnie, gdy przedmiotem analizy jest polski sektor żywnościowy szeroko powiązany z rynkiem globalnym. Analizie poddano zarówno stronę podażową sektora (zachowania podmiotów i rynków rolnych, dynamika cen), jak i popytową, czyli zachowania konsumentów.

Налоговая политика в области инвестиций как фактор экономического развития России

Цель: оценить действующие инструменты налоговой политики в области инвестиций и определить их приоритетные направления. Обсуждение: поскольку налоги составляют значительную долю общего дохода в экономике, следует предпринимать попытки использовать их как для перераспределения доходов, так и для влияния на темпы роста экономики. Все это может быть обеспечено при условии модернизации производственного потенциала. В основе этих преобразований ле­жит инвестиционная деятельность. Возродить реальный сектор экономики возможно только при условии наращивания инвестиций и совер­шенствования их структуры. Налоговая политика в области инвестиционной дея­тельности способна оказать существенное влияние на экономическое пове­дение хозяйствующих субъектов, воздействуя на принятие ими решений относительно направлений и величины инвестиций. Результаты: проанализированы особенности государственного регулирования налоговой политики в области инвестиций; выявлена роль отдельных налогов в государственном регулировании инвестиционной деятельности; даны рекомендации по совершенствованию отдельных элементов налоговой политики в качестве реального стимула к вовлечению компаний в осуществление инвестиционной деятельности.

Algorithms for countering economic crimes and assessing the level of threats to economic security in the context of strategic management

Crimes in the field of economic activity have become so common in society that crime in the economy has become the norm in the behavior of business entities. Economic crime in Russia at the present stage has reached such a scale that it really threatens the national security of the state. All this requires a detailed study of the individual elements of a crime in the sphere of economic activity and determination of methods for preventing economic crimes. Ensuring the economic rule of law is a guarantee of ensuring the economic security of the state in the future. Economic crimes committed at enterprises of various patterns of ownership are considered. The main type of economic crime is the misappropriation of assets (property), bribery and corruption are in second place, and finally, the third type of common economic crime in 2019 is procurement fraud. The amount of damage from economic crimes in large enterprises ranges from 100 thousand to 1 million US dollars. The main tools for detecting economic crimes in Russia are: the activities of the internal audit and economic security services; information technology protection and financial security of the enterprise; reporting suspicious transactions; the activities of the enterprise to manage the risks of losses from fraud. It is proposed to identify four levels of economic security of the enterprise: critical, low, medium and high. The optimality of the processes for managing economic and information security of PJSC VASO was assessed, which made it possible to single out the main functional components of the overall security of industrial enterprises. A comprehensive assessment of the level of economic threats of PJSC “VASO” as of 2019 was carried out.

Tržište Evropske unije sa aspekta konkurencije i osnovnih vrednosti rimskog prava

The rich treasury of Roman law requires a continuous scientific research. The values of Roman law in the process of globalization are achieving the notable results in the creation of a new ius commune. Today, the logistical aspect of the European legal systems takes place in the domain of Roman law, and some of its values are recognizable in the course of economic life on the market within the encounter of the national and European Union Law. The methodological and institutionalized framework of the competition law is used to achieve positive effects in the single market, paving the way for the even distribution of social wealth. The market cannot neutralize the behavior of business entities using the competition to achieve extra profits. So, detecting and placing all possible forms of embezzlement used by business entities under the legal framework is a difficult task dealt with by competition policy entities, largely using the legal institutes of Roman law.

АДАПТИВНЫЕ МЕТОДЫ ОПТИМАЛЬНОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ, АНАЛИЗ СЕБЕСТОИМОСТИ ПРОДУКЦИИ И ЗАВИСИМОСТЬ ЕЕ ОТ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА И РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ ПРОДУКЦИИ

The article includes the results of the authors' research on the optimal management of the activities of agricultural formations in the regions of Kyrgyzstan in the new economic conditions. The traditional approach to solving forecasting problems, based on identifying statistical patterns and dependences of agri-cultural production on production factors, in a market economy and especially in a transitional period cannot be considered sufficient, since it does not take into account the behavior of business entities adequately to the ongoing processes. Ensuring sustainable economic growth is one of the main tasks of the macroeconomic policy of any state

Євроінтеграційні орієнтири формування екологічної політики в Україні в контексті сталого розвитку регіонів

Досліджено та визначено євроінтеграційні орієнтири і напрямки формування екологічної політики в контексті сталого розвитку регіонів в Україні. Обґрунтовано, що в контексті децентралізації державного управління посилюється роль місцевого самоврядування в управлінні екологічною сферою, а отже, і формування регіональної екологічної політики. Виокремлено такі євроінтеграційні орієнтири формування екологічної політики в Україні в контексті сталого розвитку регіонів: адаптація і приведення національного екологічного законодавства до європейських стандартів; впровадження європейського досвіду застосування економічних механізмів реалізації екологічної політики, які засновані на принципі “забруднювач платить”; запровадження системи екологічного менеджменту, механізмами якого є екологічний моніторинг, екологічна оцінка, екологічний аудит, екологічне маркування; реалізація концепції екологічного урядування у сфері реалізації екологічної політики. Охарактеризовано євроінтеграційні орієнтири формування екологічної політики в Україні в контексті сталого розвитку регіонів.

БІЗНЕС-ОМБУДСМЕН ЯК ЗАСІБ НІВЕЛЮВАННЯ ЗЛОВЖИВАННЯ АДМІНІСТРАТИВНИМ ВПЛИВОМ ПОДАТКОВИМ ОРГАНОМ

This article investigates the problem of issues related to the position of business ombudsman and the role of this important institution from a practical point of view. In today's economic environment, the need to create adequate means to support entrepreneurship and eliminate the negative manifestations of abuse by the tax authorities is becoming increasingly apparent. Given the positive experience of the world's leading countries, the purpose of establishing an institution of business ombudsman in Ukraine is to promote the transparency of public authorities, including tax authorities, as well as business entities under their management, prevention of unfair (dishonest) behavior of business entities engaged in business in Ukraine. The article describes in detail the various activities and powers of this body, in particular in the field of protection of taxpayers' rights. In tax disputes, the business ombudsman has the opportunity to consider complaints from business entities against decisions, actions or omissions of tax authorities and their officials, as well as to participate in the consideration of tax authorities' complaints of taxpayers. The article states that the characteristic of the business ombudsman's activity is that complaints from private business are accepted only against illegal actions of state bodies. It is concluded that the most "popular" subjects of complaints from taxpayers to the business ombudsman are various types of tax issues, actions of law enforcement agencies, prosecutors, state regulators, customs, the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, local authorities and more. Additionally, the article stipulates the expediency of establishing a Business Ombudsman Council and describes the powers of this body.

The plurality of models of competitive behavior of business entities and their role in the development of exchange relationships

The plurality of models of competitive behavior of business entities and their role in the development of exchange relationships

Reform of the CAP after 2013 and its impacts on Slovak agriculture

The paper deals with the analysis of the proposals of the European Union Common Agricultural Policy reform (the EU CAP) after 2013 and modelling forecast of its impacts on Slovak agriculture. The behaviour of business entities in agriculture is significantly influenced by the current support scheme and the level of support within the EU CAP but also by market conditions. The impacts of the particular scenarios on the changes of production indicate that Slovak agriculture will approach just slowly the 2008 production level. This will be decisively influenced by the price development. Despite of this, it is evident that the most favourable result can be achieved under the Flat Rate Scenario while the absolute abolition of direct payments (Liberal Scenario) will bring very unfavourable economic consequences with impacts on agricultural production in Slovakia.  

Business Profits and the Quiet Life

Tiuis note discusscs some matters which arc relevant to the view that business men are more concerned with securing a quiet life than with the maximization of their profits. Before this, however, we summarize the background out of which the question arises. The question is an important one for economics. In order to come to grips with the organization of productive resources, the determination of price levels, etc., at the macro-level of the economy as a whole, economics needs a unifying postulate governing the behaviour of 'firms', the individual businesses which are the decisive agents. Abandon the profit-maximization assumption and general analysis seems impossible. That business will tend to act so as to maximize profits accordingly remains the basic assumption, not only of the text-books but also of the more advanced work of general theorists when they turn from the analysis of social aggregates to the underlying behaviour of business entities. Even in general text-books, however, there may often be noted signs of uneasiness about the validity of this universal presumption e.g. in discussions of 'oligopoly'. Uneasiness is much more evident in specialized discussions of the theory of the firm or the analysis of the behaviour of individual industries, where the question of the individual business necessarily holds a central position. Briefly, three factors involving interplay between theory and empirical knowledge account for contemporary uneasiness about the profit-maximization postulate. First, developments in oligopoly theory have led to apparent indeterminacy on the one hand, or on the other to a determinacy which would be achievable only by some sort of collusion. Indeterminate solutions tend to get rejected not only because they are abhorrent to the drives which make men economic theorists but also because the oligopolies of the real world typically behave in fairly stable regular ways. Yet, accepting collusion businesses do not appear to exploit the situation to anything like the extent of maximum profitability profits of supposedly collusive oligopolies do not differ sufficiently between themselves nor are they out of line with profits in other industries. Second, empirical researches into the details of business decisions have shown that business men often do not consciously look at, or even know, the marginal cost and revenue quantities which would come into any explicit calculations of maximum profits. Third, and under the