Beginning Of Century Research Articles

THE ORIGIN OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR IN THE CONTEXT OF DEVELOPMENTAL RISK FACTORS

Research on the complexity of human nature and crime has always captured the attention of the entire social community, constantly grappling with these challenges. Numerous scientific studies have dealt with the origins of criminal behavior and the explanation of crime. Since the beginning of the 19th century, broad scientific perspectives have ranged from considering crime as an inevitable derivative of general poverty, unemployment, and poor parenting and/or as a symptom of individual psychological deficits, to the standpoint that crime is attributed to social conditions. Today, the origins of criminal behavior are considered in the context of biological factors, learning and situational factors, and primarily developmental risk factors (risk factors of the social environment, risk factors associated with parents and family, psychological risk factors), which are the focus of this work. This paper aims to examine the implications of the complex interactions of these developmental factors and their role in the origin of criminal behavior.

Gandhian Perspective of Non-Violence

Gandhi's great achievement was to evolve and practice a non-violent method for conflict-resolution at the beginning of the twentieth century, which proved to be the most violent century in the annals of mankind. In the first half of the century, which almost synchronized with Gandhi's entire public life, there were two devastating world wars with a colossal loss of life. In the second half we were spared the catastrophe of a third world war, but the 'cold war' between two rival ideological-cum-military blocs brought the world to the verge of an atomic holocaust: only a 'balance of terror' between them kept the peace. so spoke Mahatma Gandhi, celebrating the need and nature of the principle of non-violence for mankind. All wise men down the ages have preached the doctrine, of love and non-violence. Zoroaster, Buddha, Mahavira, Christ, Nanak primarily emphasized a moral code that gave due status to non-violence. Non-violence is a philosophy of life, a modus operand which has been accepted as an article of faith in the East as well as the West. But what does the word ‘non-violence’ mean in simple terms? To what extent can and should non-violence be exercised in daily life? And is it not true that the world today is in dire need of nonviolence?

Evaluation of the response of historical structures fitted with seismic-isolation

The paper highlights the performance of the seismic isolation devices, installed on retrofitted buildings in reducing the seismic response when subjected to earthquakes. Two buildings from the beginning of the XX-th century in Bucharest are chosen from many more, monitored over the city area. We discuss the response of these base-seismic isolated structures, relying on good quality data acquired from the recent strong earthquake (03 November 2022, MW = 5.0). Elastic response spectra computed from recordings at two levels of each structure are used, placed under and right above the isolating layer. At one building the existence of previous recordings and the particularity of the sensors allow a comparison with other two relatively recent medium intensity earthquakes. The assessment is carried out in terms of maximum acceleration amax, measured at certain levels in each structure, spectral acceleration amplitude SAmax and spectral-peak corresponding period. We find that the base-isolation methodology is effective in reducing the response of the building right above the isolating layer, an observation valid for both structures, all components of the recordings, and spectral acceleration values. Moreover, the outcomes from the modal evaluation performed prior to rehabilitation and seismic isolation process are presented, by pointing out a higher newly acquired fundamental period of the isolated structures.

Monitoring and Genetic Characterization of Historical Grapevine Varieties (V. vinifera ssp.) from Styria in Slovenia

The aim of this research work was to find historical varieties that existed in this area before phylloxera and to identify them on the basis of historical written sources and genetic analyses. At the beginning of the 19th century, around 300 grape varieties were cultivated in Styria. Between 2020 and 2022, old vineyards were monitored at 115 locations in Styria (between the Mura and Sava rivers) in Slovenia. The directly collected samples (340 grapevine accessions) were determined by molecular analysis with 24 SSR markers. A total of 66 different genotypes were detected. After comparison with the available databases, 29 historical varieties and 37 unknown historical genotypes were identified. Several parameters were calculated to evaluate the usefulness of the selected loci in this work, and a dendrogram representing the genetic similarities between the origins was created using the neighbor-joining method to investigate possible ancestry relationships in the sample set. The most common historical varieties were ‘Belina’ (‘Heunisch weiss’), ‘Vrbovec’ (‘Tantovina Eihenblaetrige’), ‘Ranfol’ (‘Ranfol beli’), and ‘Pelesovna’ (‘Vulpea’). Varieties from the current variety list were also frequently found, such as ‘Frankinja’ (‘Blaufraenkisch’) and ‘Žametovka’ (‘Kavčina črna’). In a few locations, one of the most important red varieties from the beginning of the 20th century was also found in this area (alongside ‘Frankinja’ and ‘Žametovka’), i.e., ‘Vranek’ (‘Zimmettraube balu’). At that time, this variety was planted in multi-variety vineyards and was preserved, but its importance in single-variety vineyards quickly declined due to female flower. In addition, genetic analyses have shown that 37 unknown historical genotypes have been found in this area. These genotypes need to be described ampelographically and technologically evaluated in the future. Most of the vegetative offsprings of these genotypes have already been transferred to the Meranova gene bank, where they can be accurately described ampelographically under the same pedoclimatic conditions.

Systematic Review of English/Arabic Machine Translation Postediting: Implications for AI Application in Translation Research and Pedagogy

The twenty-first century has witnessed an extensive evolution in translation practice thanks to the accelerated progress in machine translation tools and software. With the increased scalability and availability of machine translation software empowered by artificial intelligence, translation students and practitioners have continued to show an unwavering reliance on automatic translation systems. Academically, there is little recognition of the need to develop machine translation skillsets amongst translation learners in English/Arabic translation programs. This study provides a systematic review of machine translation postediting with reference to English/Arabic machine translation. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, the paper reviewed 60 studies conducted since the beginning of the twenty-first century and classified them by different metrics to identify relevant trends and research gaps. The results showed that research on the topic has been primarily prescriptive, concentrating on evaluating and developing machine translation software while neglecting aspects related to translators’ skillsets and competencies. The paper highlights the significance of postediting as an important digital literacy to be developed among Arabic translation students and the need to bridge the existing research and pedagogic gap in MT education.

A study of secondary vocational school in the context of the realities of modernization changes in late imperial Russia. Review of the book: Magsumov T.A. Secondary vocational school of the Kazan educational district in the conditions of modernization of domestic education at the end of the XIX – beginning of the XX century. Kursk: Zakrytoe aktsionernoe obshchestvo «Universitetskaya kniga», 2022,

A review of the book by T.A. Magsumov: «Secondary vocational school of the Kazan educational district in the conditions of modernization of domestic education at the end of the XIX – beginning of the XX centuries». The authors concluded that this study is a worthy scientific contribution to the study of secondary vocational education of late imperial Russia. The relevance of the work is determined not only by the insufficient knowledge of a number of issues relating to the field of vocational education in the context of modernization changes, but also by the potential opportunity to use the educational experience accumulated in the Russian Empire at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries to solve currently existing problems in the field of vocational education. T.A. Magsumov consistently and thoroughly presents the development of secondary vocational education in the context of imperial modernization processes during the period under study.

Degree of development of poetic subjects in the creation of Rasul Rza

This article examines the poetic contributions of Rasul Rza, a prominent representative of Azerbaijani literature at the beginning of the 20th century. This study aims to investigate the degree of development of poetic themes in Rasul Rza's work through the analysis of his poetry. By examining the socio-political context of his time and the dominant themes in his works, this article aims to shed light on the deep influence of Rza's poetry on Azerbaijani literature.

Territorializing pragmatism

Using the notion of territorialization, the text traces connecting points between classical American pragmatism and contemporary Latin American philosophy as an effort to counter the usual criticism that states that because of its origins in the north of the continent pragmatism has nothing to offer to the construction of any sound philosophy in the south, while recognizing that its history, that of pragmatism, can be read in parallel of the history of the ways in which Latina American philosophies were built since the beginning of the 20th century.

TWO PULSES OF MAGMATIC ACTIVITY DURING THE EARLY RIPHEAN KUONAMKA IGNEOUS PROVINCE FORMATION: PALEOMAGNETIC SUBSTANTIATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS

By the beginning of the 20th century, at least ten different generations of intrusive mafic bodies 1800–900 Ma were distinguished on the territory of the Anabar massif. The first modern age estimates, however, indicate the formation of the bulk of these bodies in a relatively short period of time ~1480–1500 Ma. Based on geochronological and paleomagnetic data, intrusive bodies with this age were combined into the Kuonamka large igneous province (LIP). However, a complex of paleomagnetic studies indicated the probable existence of at least two pulses of magmatic activity during the formation of this province, differing in age, possibly by ~20 Ma. We performed a paleomagnetic study of subvolcanic bodies of the main composition of Permo-Triassic (dykes) and Mesoproterozoic (sills) age, emerging to the surface in the valley of the middle reaches of the Kotui River. As expected, the studied dikes contain an ancient magnetization, the direction of which is typical for Permo-Triassic magmatic bodies of the region and the Siberian platform as a whole, and the paleomagnetic directions of the sills are close to those previously determined in the age-related subvolcanic bodies of the Kuonamka igneous province (1501±3 Ma) of the Anabar massif. The data obtained allow us to test the previously proposed hypothesis about the existence of two magmatic pulses ~1480 and 1500 Ma ago during the formation of the Kuonamka igneous province. The results of the analysis of already known and new paleomagnetic data obtained by us do not support this hypothesis. A refined paleomagnetic pole was proposed for the Siberian platform ~1500 Ma ago with coordinates 22.6° S, 65.0° E and A95=4.3°.

Analysis of the Impact of Equity Incentives on Corporate Performance

Equity incentive is a long-term incentive mechanism implemented by enterprises to motivate and retain core talents, and is one of the most commonly used methods to motivate employees. Equity incentives have been developed from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present day to form a relatively complete and mature system, and their dynamic evolution and key role in corporate governance (employee loyalty), executive compensation, and investor decision-making make them of far-reaching research significance. Also, the equity incentives of enterprises play a crucial role in their development. The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively summarize and analyze the development and classification of these incentives. In addition, this paper focuses on the equity incentive policies of Tesla and Xiaomi and explores how and why incentivizing two target groups, namely executives and employees, affects corporate performance, as well as making a side-by-side comparison, and gives some suggestions for future equity incentives.

Exhibitions of Art Works from Private Collections of Kazan in the Second Half of 19th — Beginning of 20th Century

The article uses the example of Kazan to reveal the process of organizing and holding exhibitions of artworks from private collections in the Russian pre-revolutionary province. Addressing this topic, which has not been sufficiently studied in the history of Russian art, is relevant because it expands the understanding of the phenomenon of exhibition activity, which is one of the most important aspects of artistic life in Russia. The source base of the present study is the catalogues of four exhibitions of paintings from private collections held from 1873 to 1916, as well as publications in the Kazan press of this period. The peculiarities of the organizational process, selection and exposition of works, and the owners of the works are revealed. It is established that the exhibitions were of charitable nature: their proceeds were directed either in favour of the starving or poor, or in favour of Russian soldiers. The main collectors of art works in Kazan in the second half of the 19th century were predominantly landed gentry and university professors (who came from the families of personal nobles and officials). By the early 20th century, representatives of individual merchant families also had significant art collections. The exhibited works represented the whole variety of genres, but they were dominated by landscapes and portraits, primarily family portraits, suitable for decorating mansions. Catalogues allow us to conclude that local collectors of the second half of the 19th century were primarily interested in foreign art (masters of the Italian, Flemish, Dutch, Belgian, German and French schools, mainly of the 17—18 centuries), as well as (to a lesser extent) Russian academic painting (from V.L. Borovikovsky and D.G. Levitsky to D. Zakharov) and itinerant painters (I.I. Shishkin, N.A. Yaroshenko). By the end of the 19th century, the vector of collectors’ preferences shifted towards contemporary Russian art (works by Makovskys, I.E. Repin, etc. were collected), and collecting works by local artists (K.V. Bardou, L.D. Kryukov, R.A. Stupin, N.I. Zeblov, etc.) began to develop as a special direction.

Performance audit as an advanced form of public administration

Since the introduction of the principles of results-based budgeting into the global practice of public administration at the beginning of the twentieth century, the role of such an indicator as the effectiveness of the functioning of public institutions has increased every year, which led to the emergence and development of such a tool of public audit bodies as a performance audit. Having originated in the middle of the twentieth century in Western countries, performance audit has over time become one of the key tools of independent public audit bodies aimed not at finding violations, but at eliminating both fundamental and less global problems in the activities of executive authorities. At the same time, the principles on which the performance audit is based can be applied in their activities not only by state audit bodies, but also by representatives of the executive authorities of various states, such as financial control bodies, executive authorities and state organizations. The basis for the proper functioning of state institutions in the rapidly changing world of our time are public administration and control systems based on the principles of permanent search for shortcomings and improvement of processes at the state and municipal levels.

The Influence of K.S.Stanislavsky's Teaching on the Development of Chinese Theatre

At the beginning of the last century, the world's performance system was gradually formed and developed. The Stanislavsky performance system was established on the basis of absorbing the essence of various world plays: a combination of performance, directing, drama teaching and methods. The Stanislavsky system is a precious treasure of the world. It is of great significance to the theory and practice of Chinese watchmaking art. In China, "From the 1930s to the end of the 1970s, in the performing arts, it can be said that Stanislavsky was a god-like being. While accepting him, the Chinese theater scene in the 20th century also had experience in learning and researching the system. a complex process that reacts to the evaluation shows a trend of ups and downs. However, to this day, although Stanislavsky is long gone, his system remains focused on the relevance of concrete learning research.

Theater art of the Western Muslim communities of the end of the XX – beginning of the XXI century

Theater art of the Western Muslim communities of the end of the XX – beginning of the XXI century

A Critical Exploration to Godfrey Higgins's Apology from the Prophet Muhammad (SAW)

In the book, “An Apology for the Life and Character of the Celebrated Prophet of Arabia, Called Mohamed, or The Illustrious,” Godfrey Higgins (1772-1833) presents “Persian empire and the oriental part of the Roman empire at the beginning of the seventh century,” “the emergence of Islam,” “the Prophet Muhammad’s (Sallallahu Alayhi Wa Sallam [SAW]) character, and mission,” “there is no god but Allah,” and “Muhammad (SAW) is the messenger of Allah.” He also compared Christianity (Bible) and Islam (Quran) in detailed. Higgins noted that the object of the book is to abate the spirit of intolerance that existed between Christians and Muslims. The review emphasizes the book's contribution to fostering a rational understanding of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and Islam for researchers interested in Islamic history and those who are curious about the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and Islam.

What is Alzheimer's disease? An analysis of nosological perspectives from the 20th and 21st centuries.

Recent US proposals suggest defining Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on β-amyloidosis alone. This sparked debates that echoed historical ones about the significance of brain lesions and clinical phenotype. This review covers debates on AD nosology through three key periods: AD's discovery in German-speaking countries in the early 20th century, its redefinition in Anglo-Saxon countries in the 1960s-1980s, and current debates on the biological or clinicobiological definitions of AD. Key players' opinions are focused on. At the beginning of the 20th century, AD was defined as a clinicopathological entity. Debates arose around the pathological anchor, which included extended neurofibrillary tangles versus neuritic plaques (Alzheimer vs. Fischer) and its association with senile dementia (Kraepelin). In the 1960s-1980s, the debate shifted towards whether AD could be diagnosed using qualitative or quantitative neuropathological features and whether it was a unique process (Terry and Katzman) or had subtypes (Roth). The current definition proposed by the US Alzheimer's Association is based purely on biological β-amyloid abnormalities and represents a double break: from the historical clinicopathological definition of AD and from the historical emphasis on tau or combined tau and β-amyloid high levels of pathology. Conversely, the clinicobiological proposal of the International Working Group remains aligned with historical concepts of AD. This historical perspective illustrates the unresolved questions surrounding AD pathogenesis, role of lesions, and the clinical phenotype, especially for sporadic cases. The intense nosological debates throughout the history of AD also illustrate the diversity of theoretical frameworks for defining disease in medicine.

Everyday Life in the Tropics

Swedish emigration to the US during the second half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century is well documented by historians and statisticians, but this is not the case with Swedish emigration to Cuba, which is largely unknown. This article introduces the project Everyday Life in the Tropics: The “Forgotten” Swedish Immigrant Colony in Bayate, Cuba and the results of its initial fieldwork at the former colony of Bayate and its surroundings in November 2022. The objective of this work was to initiate documentation of the material remains of the Bayate colony, which flourished from 1905 to 1920 and was finally dissolved in the 1930s, through a survey of the remains of buildings and other structures and investigating the extent and nature of these for future research. It is stressed that the areas inside and outside the nucleus of the colony hold huge potential for further archaeological investigations/excavations, and for studying the social and material aspects of the everyday life of the colonists, through the combination of historical, archaeological, anthropological and botanical evidence. It is also possible to focus on the colonists’ construction of identities due to their cross-cultural interactions with Cuban society, and on how these eventually led to social and material continuity or change.

Public Buildings in the Architecture of Ukrainian Modernism

Among the avant-garde monuments preserved in Kharkiv and creating its unique architectural character, the buildings of workers’ clubs occupy a special place. The construction of buildings with such a function began in Kharkiv at the beginning of the 20th century, but after the October Revolution, workers’ clubs became almost the main symbol of the era, because they symbolized the desire for a new life and the creation of a new person. In the works of avant-garde architects, the club became a favorite design theme. During the architectural competitions of the early and mid-1920s, a typology of club buildings was compiled and original compositional and artistic solutions formed, which reflected a creative discussion about the development of Ukrainian architecture: the struggle against the revival of baroque trends ended with the victory of a new direction — Modernism. The architecture of Kharkiv workers’clubs in the 1920s and 1930s reflects the development trends of Ukrainian modernism, but it has its own characteristics related to both regional features and the individuality of the masters who took part in their design. Kharkiv’s clubs reflect the diversity of views of, and approaches to, form-giving by architects with different views and experience, whose buildings constitute a unique architectural heritage. The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristic features of Kharkiv workers’ clubs and determine their place in the general picture of Ukrainian modern architecture for the further development of a program for their preservation. The research uses the methods of historical-architectural, functional-structural and stylistic analysis, which includes traditional general scientific approaches. The material collected, analyzed and systematized in this article can be used for further scientific research in the field of the development of historic architecture, for the implementation of project proposals for the restoration and conservation of individual monuments, and in education.

Ideologists of Regionalism on the Territorial Status, Population and Development Prospects of Siberia (End of XIX - Beginning of XX centuries)

Ideologists of Regionalism on the Territorial Status, Population and Development Prospects of Siberia (End of XIX - Beginning of XX centuries)

Формирование института судебной власти в постсоветский России

The author’s position is presented, revealing the importance of modernization and digitalization of the Russian judicial system at the beginning of the XXI century. The prospects for the introduction of the institution of judicial conciliation, virtual and electronic justice, electronic document management are studied.