Beginning Of Century Research Articles

Feminism as a transatlantic bridge to modernity: María de Maeztu’s Residencia de Señoritas and the American International Institute for Girls in Spain (1917–1936)

ABSTRACT At the beginning of the twentieth century a globalization of women's associations, driven mostly by the United States, Great Britain, and France, was instrumental in the Western advancement of gender equality. Modernist feminist authors disseminated and promoted ideas about suffragism, the integration of women in higher education, pacifism, and gender equality along international networks. In this essay I study two women’s academic institutions that contributed to forming a solid transatlantic web of intellectual alliances between Spain and the United States of America: The International Institute for Girls in Spain (headquartered in Boston) and the Residencia de Señoritas (in Madrid). The two institutions exchanged university faculty through pensions, scholarships, and exchanges, modeling transatlantic intellectual alliance for students. This coalition exponentially grew the numbers of Spanish students in university desks and raised the percentages of Americans and Spaniards completing their higher educations in both countries. Under the visionary feminist leadership of María de Maeztu, several cohorts of students became a new, feminist intercontinental network serving as a motor of twentieth-century modernity.

Ramon Llull and the Communicating Vessels Between Catholicism and Occultism in Early Twentieth-Century France

In 1919, the Avant-garde poet Max Jacob translated Ramon Llull’s mystical work, the Llibre d’amic e amat (Book of the Lover and the Beloved). In 1921, another translation appeared, authored by the Hispanist and Catholic activist Marius André. The plural strands of modern literary reception of Llull have only been superficially addressed. At the beginning of the 20th century, both Catholic intellectuals and Occultist circles considered his mystical and evangelical endeavors to have extraordinary imaginative potential. Catholic and conservative spheres were prompted to justify the validity and orthodoxy of Lullian doctrines, and to define him as a model. Simultaneously, pseudo-Lullist sources praising his alchemical adventures and the fanciful plasticity of his symbology were noted by Jacob and the Parisian Surrealist circle.This article analyzes the context of two modern translations of the Llibre d’amic e amat (Book of the Lover and the Beloved), as well as the motivations of their translators, to assess the confluence of interests and themes within these traditions. It thus showcases the interdependency between Christian apologetics, often connected to the Catalan intellectuals who were publishing Llull’s works at the time, and an international current of eclectic pseudo-Lullism, spanning from at least the 17th century, that was still influential in the works of pansophists, alchemical authors and Surrealist writers, and that would inform present-day, creative reception of the philosopher.

Дамское отделение Нижегородского попечительного о тюрьмах комитета (конец 1911–1912 гг.): причины создания, функции, историческое значение

The article is devoted to the charitable activities of the «Ladies’ branch of the Nizhny Novgorod prison board», which in late 1911–1912 was headed by Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Khvostova, the wife of Nizhny Novgorod governor Alexei Nikolaevich Khvostov. During the entire existence of the Nizhny Novgorod prison committee (1846–1917) this was the first and only experience of the functioning of the Ladies’ department created under it. The novelty of this article lies in the formulation of the problem, the involvement of new historical sources. The chronological framework is determined by the time of operation of this charity. The main historical source was the Case of the Nizhny Novgorod provincial prison inspectorate “I” Office work. About the correspondence of the Nizhny Novgorod Ladies’ branch of the Society for the care of prisons in 1911. It is stored in the fund 386 Nizhny Novgorod prison inspectorate (1908–1918) of the Central archive of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Unpublished epistolary and clerical materials, reference materials, pre–revolutionary periodical press — the journal Prison bulletin were used. The author came to the conclusion that the main reason for the creation of the Ladies’ department of the Nizhny Novgorod prison committee was the fight against child crime, the need to open special educational and correctional institutions for detained children and juvenile delinquents, who were held mainly together with adult prisoners in prisons of the Russian empire at the beginning of the XX century. E. A. Khvostova was engaged in collecting charitable funds for the opening of a shelter located at the Second Nizhny Novgorod provincial prison, providing assistance to unhappy children. An important result of her work was the appearance of such a shelter with an elementary school, a children’s library, and craft workshops.

Financial Policy in Russia at the Beginning of the XX Century: Lessons of the Past (to the 110th Anniversary of V.N. Kokovtsov’s Honorable Retirement)

Financial Policy in Russia at the Beginning of the XX Century: Lessons of the Past (to the 110th Anniversary of V.N. Kokovtsov’s Honorable Retirement)

The Methodology of Mas’ud Samarkandi in Solving Jurisprudential Issues

This article discusses the scientific and theoretical sources and methods used by Mas'ud ibn Mahmud ibn Yusuf Samarkandi, who lived at the end of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th century, in writing his work "Saloti Mas'udi". The article provides a detailed analysis, supported with examples, of his approach to resolving jurisprudential issues.

2,4-dinitrophenol intoxication and its morphological findings as an indication of substance intake

Lethal intoxications can only very rarely be recognized during an external examination of corpses, as poisoning does not leave any characteristic findings on the deceased. The present study is a retrospective review on 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) intoxications in human subjects from the beginning of the 20th century until today, as well as a case report on a fatal intoxication of a 50-year old obese man in Rostock (Germany) and an introduction for toxicological analysis in post-mortem specimens of the substance ingested in these rare cases.Via selective literature search, the information on occurrence and localization of abnormal pathomorphological external and/or internal findings in cases of 2,4-DNP ingestion/ intoxication was gathered. By 2021, a total of 13 case reports with information on morphological findings due to 2,4-DNP ingestion/intoxication were found. The external findings were dominated by yellowing of the skin, followed by exanthemas/rashes and yellowing of the sclera. The internal findings included yellowing of the internal organs, yellow color of the stomach contents, yellowing of the mucous membranes and an intense yellow color of the urine. Yellowish discoloration of the skin, sclera, mucous membranes, internal organs, sweat and/or an intensive yellow discoloration of the urine are not observed in every 2,4-DNP intoxication. However, when they do occur, they are a characteristic indication of 2,4-DNP ingestion and, if localized to the skin, indicate prolonged consumption. A fatal case from Rostock in 2016 due to prolonged intake of 2,4-DNP for weight loss is exemplified. A simple, fast and cost-effective workup combined with HPLC-DAD for post-mortem toxicology ultimately delivers reliable analysis results.

Etymology, History and Development of the Semantics of Food Names in Ukrainian Chronicles of the End of the 17th and the Beginning of the 18th Century

The article examines the etymology, history and semantic development of food names found in late 17th- and early 18th-century Ukrainian chronicles, including those by Samovydetsia, S. Velichko, and H. Hrabianka. Taking a synchronic-diachronic approach, the author analyzes these food nominations within the lexical-semantic domains of generic food names and dish names, establishing semantic relationships such as polysemy, synonymy and variation. This analysis traces the evolution of the Ukrainian language’s lexical composition and reveals its nationally distinct characteristics. By following these food nominations from their earliest written attestations through the period depicted in the chronicles, the study clearly illustrates the semantic development of the given food terminology. The author notes that words of Proto-Slavic origin comprise a significant portion of the food terminology used in late 17th- and early 18th-century Ukrainian chronicles. Borrowings from various languages are also used, including Polish, Old Slavic, Turkic, Russian, and German (occasionally by way of Polish), as well as Italian via German. The presence of these loanwords is explained by key historical events in Ukraine across different periods that shaped the development of the language. Taken together, the linguistic evidence across these chronicles illustrates the codification of a fledgling Ukrainian literary tradition firmly rooted in popular verbal traditions.

No right of prescription. debt recovery for luxury goods in Moldova at the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century

Political elites in Moldavia have always had a fondness for luxury items. Even from the beginning of Moldavia’s political existence the merchants who passed through these territories conducted extensive trade-work in this area and among those targeted in such activities were also Moldavian boyars. Having large dominion lands, Moldavian boyars managed to achieve significant profits by selling the goods they had obtained on their fields. Often, the commercial activities were performed on the basis of credit and the goods were purchased under further obligations. The study examines such a case during the reign of Iancu Sasul when Lupul Stroici bought several luxury items from some Greek merchants. The payment for them would be claimed in a few decades from his sons by Bernardo Borisi. In the process will also be involved Moldavia’s incumbent Metropolitan bishop Anastasie Crimca, who would redeem and pay down debt villages for the Moldavian boyar.

The main aspects of the introduction of conscription in Russia at the beginning of the XVIII century

The main aspects of the introduction of conscription in Russia at the beginning of the XVIII century

Создание, продвижение и распространение знаний на основе научно-исследовательской деятельности в области международно-правовой науки (на примере международного трудового права)

The article is devoted to the analysis of the reflection of the provisions of Art. 5 of the 1998 World Declaration on Higher Education for the 21st Century on the need to advance knowledge through scientific research in the fields of natural sciences, humanities and the arts and disseminate their results using the example of the science of international labour law. The views of mainly domestic authors are examined in a historical perspective from the beginning of the 20th century to the present day on the place of international labour law in law, examples of scientific positions of representatives of the science of public international law, private international law, and labour law are given.

From Sucre to Santo Domingo (1972-1992)

This piece will deal with the History of the Church in Latin America from 1972 to 1992. This period covers twenty years that unite the XIV Assembly of the Consejo Episcopal Latinoamericano (CELAM) in Sucre (Bolivia) to the IV General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate in Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic).2 From 1968 to 1972, the Latin American Church was led by CELAM, which had undergone an enormous process of prophetic renewal. In Sucre, CELAM would change its path forward and, with this, begin a period of conflict that continues into the beginning of the twenty-first century.

The application of technical innovations in Bessarabia under tsarist rule

The study sums up a series of information regarding the application of technical innovations in Bessarabia under tsarist rule. On April 8, 1860, with the construction of the Odesa-Chisinau telegraph line, the Bender telegraph station began its activity, and on April 24, 1860 – the Chisinau telegraph station. In 1890, the Chisinau telephone exchange was put into use, being the first telephone exchange in Bessarabia. The implementation of the projects to create the telephone network in Bessarabia followed. Towards the end of the 19th century, another technical innovation began to be introduced in Bessarabia: electric lighting. At the beginning of the 20th century, in Bessarabia, bicycles and automobiles were used as means of transport.

The Intersection of Ableism, Domestic Colonialism and Statistics in Britain from Bentham to Galton

Statistics, ableism and domestic colonialism were inextricably intertwined in Britain over the long nineteenth century, based on both engineering people deemed to be “backward” and improving “waste” land, which together were used to justify farm colonies for the disabled, bookended by two key moments. The first is Sir John Sinclair's introduction of descriptive statistics into the English language in order to provide a foundation for domestic colonization which, as the founding president of the British Board of Agriculture and Internal Improvement, he promoted. He also enlisted Jeremy Bentham, who published his own domestic colonization plan (massive pauper panopticons on waste land) rooted in the statistics of his pauper population table. The second key moment occurs at the beginning of the twentieth century, when Sir Francis Galton develops key statistical arithmetic methods as the foundation for eugenics and his defense of compulsory segregation of the mentally disabled into domestic farm colonies.

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ И СИСТЕМА УПРАЖНЕНИЙ ПО ФОРМИРОВАНИЮ СОЦИОКУЛЬТУРНОЙ КОМПЕТЕНЦИИ РУССКОЯЗЫЧНЫХ ОБУЧАЮЩИХСЯ НА УРОКАХ КАЗАХСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

The article is devoted to the urgent problem of the formation of socio-cultural competence of students in the lessons of Russian as a non-native language, the key aspect of the study of which was the theoretical justification and practical development of a methodology for the formation of socio-cultural competence of students. The problem of the formation of socio-cultural competence became especially relevant at the beginning of the XXI century, which was due to significant social transformations in the modern world. Currently, it is socio-cultural competence that can become a moral and spiritual guideline for the development and strengthening of the integrity and diversity of the entire human community. Today, the main goal of studying the Kazakh language as a state language in a secondary school is to provide pedagogical conditions for a deeper and meaningful understanding of the world, its real, concrete historical essence, and the relationship between different peoples and cultures. That is why close attention is currently being paid to teaching Russian-speaking schoolchildren the Kazakh language as the state language of the Republic of Kazakhstan, providing intercultural communication, "dialogue of languages and cultures" The author analyzed the theoretical literature, models of scientists on the formation of socio-cultural competence are given. The article asserts the assumption that the use of new technologies, techniques, techniques, tools (collaborative learning, comparative analysis, role-playing games, the use of linguistic and cultural units, etc. They contribute to the successful formation of socio-cultural competence of students in the process of teaching the language as an official language of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Рецензия на монографию «Адамчевский П., Войтковяк Я., Мамулиа Г. Воспоминания Изма-эль-бека (Юзефа) Петруцина-Петрушевского как источник по истории февральской рево-люции и войны на Кавказе. 1917–1919 гг. – Варшава: Институт политических исследований польской академии наук, 2022. – 332 с. (на русском языке, перевод с польского)

The review examines the publication of “Memoirs” by Jozef Petrucina-Petrushevsky, who was in the Caucasus in 1917-1920 and became a participant and witness of many historical events in the region. The review acknowledges the good archeographic preparation of the publication and con-siders the text itself as an addition to the rich heritage of Polish narratives about the Caucasus. The extraordinary personality of the author gives the originality of the “Memories”. The Russian officer and Polish patriot became a devoted soldier of the Caucasus, sharing the fate of its peoples during the hard years of historical trials of the period of revolutions and civil war. The review draws attention to the key aspects of “Memoirs” related to the history of the Mountain Republic, the author’s military activities, and his meetings with Caucasian leaders at that time. The conclu-sion is substantiated that “Memoirs” are a valuable source of the history of the Caucasus at the beginning of the last century.

Feminist Movement in Turkey in the 1990s

According to a feminism worldview, women should have economic, social, civil, political, and cultural rights. For this, women need to go a long, controversial and interesting path. On the one hand, they are aware of their place in society, in the state, and on the other hand, they are trying to change the cultural norms that cause oppression. Turkey is the only country in which the majority of the population is Muslim, and at the same time, it is a candidate for EU membership. Turkey has managed to create a progress-oriented state. This is a well-planned and calculated path with predetermined steps, paved with the reforms of the founder of the republic, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938). The problem of feminism is one of the most lively topics in republican Turkey. The processes taking place in the Ottoman Empire at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century prepared a solid ground for further development of the feminist movement. On October 29, 1923, after Turkey was declared a republic, the feminist movement took a new direction. The feminist movement in Turkey went through three periods. The first period includes the processes of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and “Europeanization”, which led to the advancement of the women’s problems to the fore and the active struggle for the rights and place of educated Ottoman women in society. The second period was determined by the civil law on the participation of women in elections, adopted in republican Turkey in 1926. And the third one was the period of the 1990s, when the feminist movement became more widespread and active. Feminist policies have been founded and carried out, the role of women in government structures has increased; feminist organizations were created in Istanbul, Ankara and Antalya, etc. In the 1990s, the movement of Muslim feminists, Islamist women, known as “Islamic feminism”, became active in Turkey. After the creation of the republic in Turkey, religious associations came under the direct subordination and control of the state. There have been prepared various projects to solve women’s problems. Centers for the study of women’s issues have been opened at universities. For the first time, women spoke openly about sexual freedom, etc.

Sylwa of Aleksander Jastkowski, a Przemyśl land judge from the second half of the 17th century

Sylvias (from the Latin silva rerum, i.e. forest of things) belong to the category of domestic books manuscript books, created in Old Polish times (17th-18th century) mainly in the noble community gentry circles. They are considered a valued source for historical and literary research due to the historical and literary research due to the variety of materials they contain, collected by their authors without a specific plan according to their tastes possibilities and needs. The author of one of the largest works of this kind was Aleksander Jastkowski (c. 1625/30– c. 1691), a nobleman from the Przemyśl land Ruthenian Voivodeship, a judge of the Przemyśl lands. His sylva entitled. ‘Compendium omnis activitatis politici et rei economicae ex variis authoribus collectae’ (National Ossolineum Library in Wroclaw, manuscript no. 3554) should be considered a typical example of this type of writing. This sylva was created successively probably for more than half a century mainly by A. Jastkowski, and was completed after his death at the beginning of the 18th century by persons unknown to us. It numbers 594 pages and contains in copies numerous materials, mostly relating to public life at the time (approx. 45% of the total manuscript), such as journalistic writings, correspondence and speeches by dignitaries state dignitaries, the Diary of the Sejm of 1652, records of the Sejmik of the Ruskie Voivodeship in Sądowa and others. In addition, it contains notes by A. Jaskowski concerning his private matters, copies of his and his family’s estate documents, extracts from his and his family’s property documents, excerpts from books he had read, and notes on various fields of knowledge (cultivation of the soil, medicine, Polish and general history, legal and constitutional subjects, etc.), literary works, and notes on the history of Poland etc.), literary works, specimens and examples of occasional letters, materials concerning the private affairs of various individuals.

ПРОМЫСЛЫ У КАЗАХОВ СЕМИРЕЧЕНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ В КОНЦЕ XIX-НАЧАЛЕ XX ВВ.

The article examines various types of crafts practiced by the nomadic Kazakhs of the Semirechye region at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. The analysis is based on data from the statistical cadastral historical source "Materials on the Survey of Indigenous and Russian Settler Economy and Land Use..." (hereinafter referred to as MKZ). The author discusses agricultural, trade, handicraft, free, cottage, and other types of crafts in the districts of Jarkent, Lepsy, Verny, and Kopal. It is shown that between 3% to 15% of the nomadic population engaged in these crafts in the districts. Using statistics, it is demonstrated that a small number of adolescents and women participated in these crafts, with the number of adolescents significantly exceeding that of women. The study explains why and for what purpose the income from crafts is presented not only in rubles but also in livestock (sheep). Calculations of income from crafts per family and per member in the districts show that agricultural crafts (herders, laborers, unskilled workers, horsemen, plowmen, harvesters, mowers, drivers, etc.) were the main source of income, thus the author directly proves the livestock-oriented nature of the livelihoods of the region's inhabitants.

Языковое планирование в Японии с середины XIX до начала XXI века

The article examines language planning in Japan from the second half of the XIX century to the beginning of the XXI century. It analyzes changes in the linguistic situation, identifies the key actors of language planning, as well as legislative acts of the Japanese government that turned various elements of language planning into an organized system of state policy. Special attention is focused on the Meiji era and language reforms after World War II, when changes to the Japanese language were stimulated by powerful popular movements. At other times, as well as at present, language planning has been under strict control of the Japanese government and has been primarily limited to its language policy. Additionally, the article provides a brief overview of language planning and policy issues in Japan on occupied territories during World War II. It also highlights the key features of the contemporary linguistic situation and the current tasks of language policy and planning in Japan in the XXI century.

А. БАЙТҰРСЫНҰЛЫ ЖӘНЕ «ҚАЗАҚ» ГАЗЕТІНІҢ МАЗМҰНЫ ЖАЙЛЫ

This article examines the contribution of Akhmet Baitursynuly to the development of Kazakh journalism and the role of the «Қазақ» newspaper in the social and political life of Kazakhstan at the beginning of the 20th century. A. Baitursynuly actively used journalism to awaken the national self-awareness of the Kazakh people, modernize their culture and carry out social reforms. He intended to achieve these goals by creating and managing the Kazakh newspaper. The article analyzes the main topics raised in the «Қазақ» newspaper, in particular, issues of national identity, cultural revival, political awakening of the Kazakh people, social reforms. The newspaper's articles widely discuss current problems of Kazakh society, the social status and culture of the people. The editorial policy of A. Baitursynuly and his approach to journalism as a means of education and social mobilization are analyzed. The role of the «Қазақ» newspaper as a platform for expressing and strengthening Kazakh national identity, as well as its importance in educating and informing Kazakh society, is emphasized. The study shows the influence of the editorial activities of Akhmet Baitursynuly on the development of public opinion and political activity in Kazakhstan. The article examines in detail how Baitursynuly supervised the content of the newspaper and his contribution to the spiritual and cultural development of Kazakh society.