Beginning Of 20th Century Research Articles

Orthoepy, orthography and philology (An epigram by Daniel Gottlieb Messerschmidt In πραвα Russorum quod prava pronuntiant)

The article, dedicated to the memory of Lyudmila Verbitskaya, analyses Russian orthoepy at the beginning of 18th century. Daniel Gottlieb Messerschmidt (1685–1735) known for his scientific expeditions to Siberia, undertaken on the orders of Peter the Great, wrote an epigram based on his interpretation of Russian word [práva]: In πραвα Russorum quod Prava pronuntiant. Epigr<amma> subitan<eum>. Prava solet Russis data dextra fidesque sonare: Queis est prava, putes fallere posse viros: Promissam didicēre fidem servare Rutheni: Qui pravam jurat, non pejerare potest. The epigram, serving as material for the analysis, shows how he perceived the Russian word [práva] in speech, which testifies to the accentuated pronunciation of those with whom he communicated. Certain details in the text of the epigram reveal the influence of Martial’s poetry (e. g. Mart. IX 11), but at the same time it is possible to reconstruct some contexts from which Messerschmidt deduced probably the meaning of Rus. [práva] as antonym of the Latin prava. The epigram shows that he combined the meaning of three Russian homonyms: adj. f. sg. права(я), adv. право, and substantive право. That is possible only if the o : a non-distinction in the pronunciation (so called akanje) in that time was largely spread in Russia. As there are few records of Russian pronunciation during the period of Peter the Great, Messerchmidt’s epigram can be considered ‘field material'.

The COVID-19 Crisis and Social Responsibility of New Media Art

Abstract: Through a large number of data analysis, this paper analyzes the different influences of COVID-19 on the traditional art and the new media art in China. China’s industries of new media art have made a rapid development during the pandemic. The industrial growth of the new media art has enabled them to play an important role in safeguarding employments, and to assume greater social responsibility in fighting the epidemic. With the help of internet technology, new media art can quickly adjust to the broadcast plan, timely send excellent artistic content to the audience who stay at home through the network, and help them vent their fear and soothe their wounded hearts in face of the pandemic.

ЛІНГВОКУЛЬТУРЕМИ В РИТОРИЧНІЙ СХЕМІ ПРОМОВ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ АДВОКАТІВ ГАЛИЧИНИ ПОЧАТКУ ХХ СТОЛІТТЯ

The article is devoted to the analysis of functional mechanisms of persuasive speech formulas, namely, linguoculturemes (ethnic, cultural stereotypes, mythologemes, and precedent phenomena) in the defensive speeches of Ukrainian lawyers in Galicia in the beginning of 20th century. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the interaction between historical, political and sociocultural factors and strategies of linguoculturemes’ usage. The phenomenon of the rhetorical scheme is analyzed from the standpoint of extralinguistic context. The rhetorical scheme is considered as a set of rhetorical communicative instruments by which the speaker relays his own rhetorical picture of the world in order to influence the common socio-cultural communicative space. Linguoculturemes are described as essential media of historical, political, and cultural discourse in persuasive speeches. The main strategies of communicative formulas in defensive speeches of Ukrainian barristers of Galicia are analyzed. The strategy of selection of linguoculturemes was in keeping with the traditions of the Austro-Hungarian judiciary but also the desire to establish Ukrainian national identity. All precedent phenomena were used due to the imperial model of the world and achievements of the Polish people. However, at the beginning of the twentieth century, under the imperial regime, attempts to form a rhetorical scheme of defensive speeches focused on Ukrainian values and statehood can be noticed. The article considers the essence of defensive speech as an example of the official communication linked to social context in two ways: the extralinguistic conditions affect the speech structure, and the speaker, in turn, selects certain communicative formulas (linguoculturemes) to establish the linguocultural identity. The future tendencies of Ukrainian judicial rhetoric are the improvement of the communicative skills of the lawyers-rhetoricians, the rejection of Russian legal stamps, and the reactivation of traditional Ukrainian linguoculturemes.

Discovering the Empire: Julija Pranaitytė’s Guidebook to Europe and Asia

The significance of Iš kelionės po Europą ir Aziją (1914), the guidebook by Julija Pranaitytė, a Lithuanian intellectual from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, depended not just on the fact that the author was the first Lithuanian female traveller to comprehensively document the experiences of a modern tourist in the early 20th century, but that the book itself was the first guidebook to the Russian Empire to be published in Lithuanian. The guidebook is an attempt by member of the intelligentsia with strong Catholic views to provide practical information about a modernizing and increasingly mobile world. Thus, the intended target of Pranaitytė book is twofold. Firstly, it is more mobile yet still poorly educated working-class reader who is being constantly warned about possible threads of being fooled or cheated. The reader could find advice in guidebook about things worth having while travelling, how to communicate, and what to expect. The guidebook also provides historical information about places visited, cultural insights, similarities and differences to Western society in such a way the book could be interesting and useful for middle-calls traveler as well. There is also a more general problem relating to the author’s approach to the guidebook: what representations of different cultures and nations did early 20th-century Lithuanians share, and what did these representations mean in the religious, imperial and international contexts of the time? As is often the case in travel literature, history is presented here selectively, taking into account the dominant cultural monologue. It has a clear purpose in Pranaitytė’s guidebook: to spread a vision of the moral and religious superiority of Western and Christian culture. However, having in mind that growing number of workers and middle class were engage in Lithuanian national movement at the beginning of 20th century, this prejudges becomes paradoxical because Empire’s religious and cultural values are shown as cultural foundation for discovering new parts of late Russian Empire.

REPRESENTATION OF JAVANESE IDENTITIES IN WAYANG GEDHOG DEPICTING PANJI TALES

Wayang Gedhog is a genre of puppetry which once ever enjoyed its popularity in Java, particularly in Surakarta and Yogyakarta until the beginning of 20th century. Its Panji-themed lakon is always for all time identified with court traditions. It implicitly reflects the social order and paradigm of the members of this political institution from its court aristocrats to low-ranked officials. Wayang Gedhog is undergoing an era of change where the life of performing arts is rapidly developing. Using Homi Bhabha’s theory about Self Identification, this research aimed to reveal how far the lakon and artefacts of Wayang Gedhog represents today’s Javanese thoughts and manners and the factors that have influenced the matters. The data were collected from: 1) the information gathered especially from the courtiers, as seen from the social, cultural, religious and political aspects, 2) library research, and 3) puppets of Wayang Gedhog of Surakarta style. This research has found that Wayang Gedhog as a performing art does not only function as an entertainment or aesthetical presentation, but also record the efforts of the Javanese living in the courts to redefine their concepts of self identity.

The role of Ukrainian folk ornament in the Art Nouveau graphic: theoretical and applied aspects

The role of Ukrainian folk ornament in the Art Nouveau graphic: theoretical and applied aspects

Hoard of Artifacts of the Beginning of 13th Century from Zolotorevka Fortified Settlement and Mongol Invasion

Hoard of Artifacts of the Beginning of 13th Century from Zolotorevka Fortified Settlement and Mongol Invasion

Travels by the Czech teacher and school director František Slaměník in the footsteps of Comenius in Poland and the Netherlands as evidence of commitment to the comeniology

At the turn of the 20th century, the interest in John Amos Comenius’ legacy was on the rise. While various basic monographs and studies were published at the time, his biography still contained a lot of uncertainties and the list of his works was incomplete. In addition to histori-ans, some teachers who admired Comenius engaged in searching for new facts that would con-tribute to answering some issuable questions. One of them was František Slaměník, the founder of the oldest Comenius Museum. This paper focuses in detail on Slaměník’s reports from his private travels abroad to places linked to Comenius’ life. Slaměník’s texts are interesting evi-dence of comeniological discourse in the Czech lands at the last quater of 19th century with overlap to the beginning of 20th century.

The director in puppet theatre (Eastern European context)

In Poland, as well in the East European countries, puppet theatres of the second half of the 20th century, and it seems that also in that of the first quarter of the 21st century, the most important person is a director. Was it always so that puppet theatre equals the director? So, the objectives of this study is to determine this problem. It was only in the beginning of 20th century, in the period of the great reform of theatre, that the director was given unlimited competencies. In puppet theatre this process lasted much longer, because the classical style of theatre organization, derived from unaccompanied and private enterprises of particular creators, also endured for longer. Today, it is a director who rules supreme in a puppet theatre. In practice, Polish directors are still convinced today that theatre is intended to tell stories. is process limited puppetry as an independently existing art based primarily on the abilities of the craftsmen; on the miracle of animating a lifeless object, a puppet, whose magical life has so much to offer the spectators. On the contrary, axis of this process stand the artists who see the meaning of their theatrical expression in bring lifeless matter to life. This – when puppet theatre is, after all, a show; it is visual art in motion, not storytelling.

Становлення хімічних досліджень у Харківському практичному технологічному інституті (Харківському технологічному інституті імператора Олександра ІІІ) наприкінці ХІХ – на початку ХХ ст.

Становлення хімічних досліджень у Харківському практичному технологічному інституті (Харківському технологічному інституті імператора Олександра ІІІ) наприкінці ХІХ – на початку ХХ ст.

Decadencia e intentos de reforma de la música eclesiástica española en el siglo XIX

Este artículo se centra en la decadencia que experimentó la música eclesiástica española desde comienzos del siglo XIX coincidiendo con el estallido de la Guerra de la Independencia. Dicha decadencia se agravó a consecuencia de la aplicación de las sucesivas desamortizaciones por los distintos gobiernos liberales y de la firma del concordato de 1851. Para remediar tal situación se propusieron distintos proyectos de reforma e iniciativas por parte de autores como Eslava, Barbieri, Pedrell u Olmeda, con el objetivo final de revitalizar la música religiosa de España y las capillas musicales que la sustentaban: tales proyectos, que adquirieron notable impulso gracias al movimiento cecilianista, constituyen el prolegómeno de la promulgación del Motu Proprio por el Papa Pío X en 1903.

Türkiye-Polonya İlişkilerinin Tesisinde Başlıca Dış Dinamiklerin Fonksiyonu

Dünya tarihinin iki kadim milleti olan Polonyalılar/Lehler ve Türklerin ikili ilişkilerinde hem Osmanlı Devleti hem de Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kuruluş döneminde temel dış dinamiklerden biri Çarlık Rusya/Sovyet Rusya’nın izlediği dış politika olmuştur. 20. yy.’ın başında Türkiye ve Polonya iç politik ortamında köklü değişimler-dönüşümler yaşanmasına rağmen her iki devletin genel dış politika stratejilerinde ve birbirleriyle ilişkilerinde Rus/Sovyet realitesi varlığını korumaya devam etmiştir. Osmanlı’nın Polonya ile ilişkilerini temel dış tehdit unsuru olan Rusya’ya karşı denge stratejisi belirlerken, Milli Mücadele döneminde TBMM-Polonya ilişkilerinde baş müttefik Sovyet Rusya’nın muvafakati büyük oranda belirleyici olmuştur. Bu yönüyle Türkiye-Polonya ilişkilerinde aynı temel dış dinamiğin -olumlu ya da olumsuz-süreklilik arz etmesine yol açan etkenlerin, söz konusu zaman kesitinde uluslararası sistemin devamlılığı ve Polonya-Türkiye-Sovyet Rusya coğrafyasının da içinde bulunduğu bölgede algılanan dış tehdit unsurlarının sabit durumu olduğu söylenebilir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye-Polonya ilişkilerinin tesisine giden sürece dair ana kesitler incelenmiş, söz konusu evrede Sovyet Rusya-Polonya ve Türkiye-Sovyet Rusya arasında yaşanan gelişmelerin analiziyle bir dış dinamik olarak Sovyet Rusya’nın Türkiye-Polonya ilişkilerine etkisi değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır.

To the history of the integrity and paradigm methodology of natural and social coevolution

The regional phenomenon of the integrity methodology and natural-social coevolution, which took place in the scientific community of Lviv at the period of the end of 19th and the beginning of 20th century, was considered. The most prominent in creating this phenomenon were: V. Pol (preservation of cultural and natural heritage), V. Didushitsky (protection of certain species through environmental protection, natural motivation of self-identity), B. Dybovsky (taxonomy and continental biogeography), J. Pachoski (phytosociology and protection of nature), Y. Nusbaum-Gilarovich (philosophical and cognitive aspects of evolution), Y.G. Pavlikovski (nature and culture, theory and practice of nature conservation, the basics of tourist management). The emergence of this phenomenon led to the genesis of a number of scientific directions on the international level.

Calas críticas en la transmisión manuscrita del Cantar de mio Cid a partir de sus copias dieciochescas

In this paper, we revise the reception process and the transmission of the Cantar de mio Cid in 18th century. For this purpose, we compare the testimonies of the Cantar dated in this period (among these, the copies made by Sarmiento and Candido Maria Trigueros) with a copy from the beginning of 16th century and the Medieval codex unicus. We follow the critic method of the significant mistake to make the filiation of those testimonies. As a result, we propose the existence of archetypes in the manuscript transmission of the Cantar from Middle Ages to 18th century, and that could be decisive for the knowledge of the text in Spanish Enlightenment.

이스라엘 유대인사회의 종족성과 정체성 -‘예멘 유대인’의 사례를 중심으로

This article examines the formation of ethnic group and identities in Jewish Israeli society, drawing the case of Yemenite Jews in Rehovoth. Since the establishment of State of Israel in 1948, there have been mass immigrations from all over the world, particularly from Muslim countries. Faced with the task of integrating different groups into a new Israeli Jew, the Israeli government attempted to legitimize the Zionist ideal of Judaization and De-Arabization. In the course of nation-building project, early Jewish European settlers attempted to distinguish themselves from Jews from Muslim countries, labelling them as Mizrahim. Those immigrants from MENA confronted with social discrimination, especially in housing, education, and employment. While such ethnic discrimination initiated the consciousness of ethno-class among MENA Jews, Yemenite Jews have formed an ethnic identity as a counter-collective against the Israeli mainstream society. The immigration of Yemenite Jews began in the beginning of 20th century when they were recruited as manual labor for Zionist settlers. In Rehovoth Yemenites built their own society based on their residential neighborhoods. Although different Yemenites groups there have formed separated communities based on their place of origin in Yemen and their residential place over several decades, Yemenite identity as a homogenous group has formed in response to resist against the oppressive control of bureaucratic administration and racial discrimination. While political ethnicity has been used to negotiate rights and equality among the Yemenites, the Yemenite identity also has been shaped and reproduced through their everyday experiences in relation with wider society. Notably, the ethnic category is being reinforced in a new form of cultural ethnicity. Although the ‘Levant’ culture that Yemenite Jews brought with them was officially subject to be deleted from the Euro-centric and Zionist norms, Yemenite Jews utilize their cultural elements to reinforce their ethnic identity as ‘Yemenites’. Significantly, the identities of Israeli and Jewish nation are intersected with Yemenite ethnic identity.

„Moje siostrzyce po piórze”. Jane Austen wobec poprzedniczek

The paper, starting from the analysis of Northanger Abbey, suggests reflection on the attitude of Jane Austen to her predecessors, Ann Radcliffe, Fanny Burney and Maria Edgeworth etc., but also the other both fertile and popular authors of the end of 18th and the beginning of 19th century. Using the research of Dale Spender and Brian Corman, the author presents the novelist as a conscious heiress of a significant, though successfully marginalised in the Victorian period and overlooked even today, female literary tradition. Taken from Linda Hutcheon, the definition of parody allows to compare in the end Northanger Abbey to Strach w Zameczku of the first Polish novelist, who referred in a very similar way to her foreign predecessors, Anna Mostowska.

Pendant in the Jewelry Fashion of the Northern Renaissance and Mannerism

The main objective of the study is to highlight the role of pendants in the general context of the jewelry art of the Northern Renaissance and Mannerism, the reasons for the popularization of this type of jewelry and offer a version of their classification. The methodological basis of the study is the application of iconological method of art history analysis to characterize the array of jewelry in the general context of artistic culture of the Renaissance and Mannerism of the countries, located north of the Alps; the historical method — to characterize the jewelry works in a certain chronological sequence, mainly — created in the secondhalf of 16thand beginning of 17thcenturies; comparative method — to compare the stylistic features of jewelry of different countries of Europe and track their transformation over time. The scientific novelty of the study is in the fact that pendants of Northern Renaissance and Mannerism as the most popular type of personal jewelry have never been considered as an object of serious scientific interest, they were characterized previously in general context of arts and crafts of this period. Therefore, this essay attempts to show pendants as an independent phenomenon, a segment of jewelry fashion of the 16thand early 17th centuries in the Ukrainian science of art. The article makes an excursion into the European jewelry of the 16th century, outlines the types of jewelry in demand during this period, shows their main stylistic features. The materials and techniques preferred by the experts of Northern Europe in the 16th and early 17th centuries, the main subjects and ornamental motifs which existed in the decoration of jewelry, the reasons for their popularization are highlighted. A variant of the classification of pendants of this epoch is proposed, in which the dominant motif of the decor is chosen as the main criterion. The characteristics of individual pendants created during the Renaissance and Mannerism in Spain, the Netherlands, England, Germany, France. Data is collected from the collections of the State Hermitage in St. Petersburg, the Art Institute of Chicago, Victoria and Albert Museum and British Museum in London.

Популяризаційна діяльність Міжнародного сільськогосподарського інституту в Римі (на початку ХХ ст.)

Популяризаційна діяльність Міжнародного сільськогосподарського інституту в Римі (на початку ХХ ст.)

The Study of Russian-Chinese Problems of Border Delimitation in the Late 17th - Early 18th Centuries by the Head of the Academic Squad G.F. Miller

The article reviews the first attempts of combined approach to the study of cross-border problems that came to a head between Russia and China in the end of the 17th — beginning of 18th centuries by head of the academic detachment G.F. Miller. The relations of the two states in the designated period of time were quite complex and intense. Conditions for the development of normal political and economic ties, exchange of cultural and historical experience as such did not exist. The Chinese side traditionally considered its neighbors «uneducated barbarians» and did not seek to find good neighborly points of support. The Russian state did not have sufficient forces to fully integrate the eastern frontiers and implement active policies of integrating the south-eastern territories into its sphere of influence, still tried to expand into Transbaikalia, the Amur region and further on in the Far East. By founding new fortresses, barracks, and border posts in the 17th century Russia created the most important strategic base to move to the east, which China attempted to prevent in the strongest possible terms. This confrontation turned into a local-regional conflict with subsequent military confrontation and the emergence of a top-priority problem in the form of the Amur issue with mutual territorial claims. The head of the academic detachment GF Miller studied the nuances and tried to solve the regional problem theoretically. The researcher carefully examined a huge number of different sources and wrote a number of works. The conclusions he presented, however, were perceived by contemporaries ambiguously and in most cases did not find practical implementation. Nevertheless, G.F. Miller was the first scientist who consistently tried to understand the conflicts of the border armed conflict between the Russian and the Chinese state at the turn of the 17th — 18th centuries.

Spectroscopy investigations reveal unprecedented details in the corrosion of AISI 1012 UPN profiles installed in a modernist building of beginning of 20th century

Abstract In the present work, the corrosion affectation of an artistic and historical building, declared UNESCO World Heritage Site and constructed with AISI 1012 UPN profiles, was investigated. Micro-Raman and microscopy approaches highlight the complementarity and versatility of these techniques to evaluate the macroscopic and microscopic effect of the corrosion products in such reinforcing structures. The rust phases have been assessed by separating the oxide layers according to their environment placement and contaminants contact. The composition of iron oxides and oxyhydroxides in the metal surface depend not only on the oxygen concentration, but also on other elements that penetrated into the porous layers, as for example, chorine ions, sulfur ions, and microorganisms. Taking into account the scarce information on the indoor corrosion of AISI 1012 steel, results obtained in this work are expected to help for understanding the long-term impact of such oxides and oxyhydroxides on the material durability, as well as on its structural maintenances.