Beginning Of 20th Century Research Articles

The Artistic Characteristics of Feminism in Edith Wharton's Novels

Edith Wharton, as one of the representative writers in the American realistic literature school at the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century, described the life of aristocratic women with delicate psychological descriptions and precise language, and explored the fate and status of upper-class women from a unique perspective. Through the study of the artistic characteristics of feminism in Edith Wharton's novels, it is clear how Wharton reflects real life and expresses ideas by shaping characters, telling stories and describing the environment. Through "The Age of Innocence", the female consciousness is explored from many angles. Through "The Reef", this paper studies the conflict between traditional ideas and personal desires revealed by tragedy. Through "Etan Frome", the strong naturalistic is studied. Through "The Summer", "The Letters" and "The Excuses", this paper studies the narrative method of epiphany.

Fundamental and applied aspects of geopolitical studies in USA and their influence on contemporary practice of international relations

Paper is devoted to methodology and content of geopolitical studies realizing in United States of America. In their complex are analyzing historical and political studies of theoretical and practical type oriented to analysis of forms and directions of expansion and governance of different territories by state power institutions. In quality of examples having from point of contemporary development of international relations evident actuality in paper are selected monographs and articles devoted to external policy of Russian Empire in period of second half of 19th and beginning of 20th century. In content of these historiographical sources were precisely presented basic and partially stereotype forms of attraction by American authors of tendencies of development of other countries with mobilizational type of transformation and traditional for studies of these authors strategies forecasting of political and in large meaning social evolution of these countries. In quality of fundamental aspects diversified in these scientific and partly journalistic works in paper are presented points about global backwardness, forced and in this occasion temporary overcoming of existing evolutionary problems and final impossibility of successful concurrence of Russia and other countries with catching type of development with United States of America, Great Britain and mostly industrially developing states of continental Europe. To applied aspects of geopolitical studies realizing in USA in paper were referred interpretations of concrete historical events projected and presented in them and also their choice and systematization. This definition of studying object is conditioned by methodological connection between scientific analysis of facts and from one part by development of international relations and from other part by realizing by many authors decision of task of explaining external political strategy of state on base of ideologically determined historiographical discourse caused from one part by development of international relations and from other part by specific features of expert social mind.

УСТНЫЕ СВЕДЕНИЯ О ЛОКАЛЬНЫХ ДОРОГАХ В ПРИТОМЬЕ И ИХ ОТРАЖЕНИЕ В ПИСЬМЕННЫХ ИСТОЧНИКАХ

In the beginning of 18th century when Russian old-timers settled the Middle Tom area, simultaneously with the villages, a system of communication routes between them is formed. Roads leading to hunting sites arise, and in the middle of the 19th century to gold mining sites on the right bank of the Tom between Kuznetsk Alatau and the river. Tom. The author compares verbal stories about these roads with cartographic materials and written sources, and raises the question of the time of the appearance of roads

Korespondencja Ludwika Czarkowskiego z Janem Karłowiczem ze zbiorów Archiwum Historycznego w Wilnie

The article includes five letters that Ludwik Czarkowski sent to Jan Karłowicz in 1890 and 1894. Czarkowski was a physician, combining his professional work with his ethnographic and bibliophilic interests. He actively participated in various organizations and scientific societies. He also collaborated with the Journal “Wisła”, whose editor was Jan Karłowicz. In the letters addressed to him, Czarkowsky deals primarily with ethnographic issues. He writes about the various dialect materials ha had collected, such as vocabulary, songs, proverbs and fairy tales. He also provides editorial comments on the articles published in “Wisła”. The letters are an important testimony documenting the 19th-century beginnings of ethnographic research.

«ИСКУССТВЕННАЯ ПРИНЦЕССА» РОНАЛЬДА ФИРБЕНКА КАК СТИЛИЗАЦИЯ «ПОД ХОЛМОМ» ОБРИ БЁРДСЛИ

The article is devoted to the analysis of stylization of Aubrey Beardsley’s “Under the Hill” presented in the Ronald Firbenk’s novel “The Artificial Princess”. Research methodology is a combination of literary historical, intertextual, intermedial approaches with biographical one. Beardsley’s style is recognized and reproduced by Firbenk through the scent motif, the hair motif, the costume motif, and the pastiche principle. The details of the biography, related to dandyism, creative manner, specifics of fragmentation and incompleteness, as well as genre similarities of the works allow Firbenk both to express Beardsley’s style, and his own attitude towards it. Beardsley’s style is an embodiment of the aestheticism of the period (the end of 19th- the beginning of 20th centuries). Firbank attempted to reanimate and revive Beardsley’s style to be attuned to modernism. The scent motif is a vivid manifestation of Beardsley’s synthetic style. Firbank sharpens, exaggerates and concentrates the scent motif in the plot of the “The Artificial Princess”. It is typical for pastiche. The hair motif in Beardsley’s novel is the key to creation of an intermedial image of Venus, with an emphasis on her beauty and grandeur. Hairstyle of Firbenk’s heroines (Princess and Grand Duchess) is a paradoxical combination of everyday details and implication of philosophical category of time. The costume motif is most vividly represented in the plot of Venus’s dress. It forms her visual image, reminiscent of the plots of Italian and French paintings of the 17th–18th centuries (A. Carracci, F. Boucher). Firbenk also combines these reminiscences with the elements of decadence and the angular imagery of modernism. Beardsley’s style is based on a system of motifs and images characteristic of Art Nouveau and aestheticism of the late 19th century. In the decade leading up to 1925 Firbenk stylizes these motifs in a modernistic way, sharpening, protruding, and exaggerating them.

Development of the public movement of physical culture and sports orientation in the Romanian lands: "Tourist Society of Romania" (beginning of the 20th century)"

In the article by "Development of the public movement of physical culture and sports orientation in the Romanian lands: "Tourist Society of Romania" (beginning of the 20th century)" the peculiarities of the formation of the public movement of physical culture and sports orientation in the Romanian lands of the beginning of 20th century The role of the "Tourist Society of Romania" in popularizing and spreading hiking tourism among all segments of the population is highlighted. The society's achievements in attracting school youth to systematic physical education, tourism, local history, etc. have been identified. The authors of the article proved that the slogan of the club "Through tourism to knowledge and love for Romania" synthesized the ideas of the predecessors regarding the educational and educational potential of tourism. The article analyzes the features of the tourist work of that time, one of the most striking ones is the formation of the theory and methodology of tourist activity: the appearance of recommendations for the organization of trips of various levels, for example, the identification of the principles "from a simple to a complex route", "from a short to a long-term movement", as well as an understanding of importance careful preparation - planning, using the results of "working on mistakes" made after the previous event. The activities of the thematic magazines published in the Romanian lands during the research period are analyzed, the main topics and issues relevant for that time are highlighted. According to the authors, the "Tourist Society of Romania" published 13 issues of its yearbook - "Anuarul S.T.R.", which, according to modern researchers, was a valuable guide for those who wanted to participate in mountain trips, as well as a source for researching the activities of this society now. After all, the final part of each edition presented a list of members of the headquarters and sections, quantitative changes in members, as well as the names and titles of organizations or enterprises that provided assistance to the society. It was concluded that historically formed traditions and favorable geographical conditions on the one hand, and traditional to begin with 20th century a developed social movement and a clear understanding of the educational and educational potential of tourism, in particular for school youth, on the other hand, caused the development of its methodological basis and practical implementation on the territory of Romania.

Climate of the Pokuttia and Bukovyna Carpathians and foreland in the second half of the 19th – at the beginning of 20th centuries

Climate reconstruction of the Pokuttia and Bukovyna Carpathians, its foreland and adjacent mountain and foothill areas in the 19th century is performed due to a dense network of meteorological observations, starting from the 60s of the 19th century in the Bukovyna and Galychyna provinces within the Austrian Monarchy and several paleoclimatic reconstructions, mainly dendroclimatic, carried out on the basis of data collected in the Eastern Carpathians. Spatial interpolations using universal kriging has been performed based on in-situ homogenized data of weather stations of the second half of the 19th century – the first half of the 20th century. The longest series of observations in the city of Chernivtsi since 1852 has enabled to track multidecadal changes in average annual and monthly air temperatures and atmospheric precipitation. The centennial course of these climatic indicators corresponds to the general patterns characteristic of all the Eastern Carpathians with the most pronounced continentality among the rest of the Carpathian regions. Cold decades in the second half of the 19th century in Chernivtsi are considered the continuation of the coldest period of 1720–1850 in the Eastern Carpathians in the last 600 years. The spatial distribution peculiarities of average monthly temperatures in the second half of the 19th – at the beginning of 20th centuries in the region are manifested in a pronounced orographic steplike isotherm pattern. In the second half of the 19th century – the first half of the 20th century, the average long-term temperatures ranged from +3.5 to +4 °C in the southwest to +8 °C in the north and northeast in accordance to the orientation of the mountains. Inversion features of the valleys and internal lowlands are revealed in the spatial distribution of average temperatures, especially in the summer months. These features are also distinguished by a lower amount of atmospheric precipitation in the dry months of spring and autumn. Spatial distribution of temperature and precipitation in the second half of the 19th century – at the beginning of 20th century is also distinctive in the the inner mountain ridges of the adjacent Hryniava and Chornyi Dil mountains. These mountains are founded to be the coldest, often with a lack of meteorological summer and a maximum of precipitation in the spring and autumn months. A comparative analysis of the spatio-temporal distribution of average multi-year air temperatures and precipitation at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries was performed. In general, similar distribution of air temperatures and precipitation is revealed. The differences are more noticeable in the monthly context, especially in summer and in the mountainous parts of the region. Comparing the turns of 19th and 20th centuries, the average July monthly temperature in the southernmost mountain massifs of the region has increased by 1 °C, while in the foothills the increase does not exceed 0.5 °C. In the annual context, changes are less noticeable. The range of air temperature changes from north to south is the same at the turn of both the 19th and 20th centuries. The city of Chernivtsi is founded to become a bit warmer (by 0.5 °C), but interannual fluctuations of annual air temperatures within 2 °C are typical throughout all the centuries. Alongside, high annual temperatures (+9 °C and higher) have been observed more often. While in the last century such temperatures were recorded once per 5–10 years, in the first decade of this century, annual temperature above +9 °C is recorded every second year. Short-term fluctuations (5–10 years) of annual precipitation amounts have been characteristic of the whole period since the 19th century. The interpretation of local climatic differences involves further devolopment of accurate interpolation techniques and downscaling, especially for the construction of precipitation field given lack of high-mountain weather stations in the earlier centuries. The latter corresponds to the future studies of the author.

Origins and Prerequisites of Ukrainian Theatre Institutionalisation (end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century)

The purpose of the article is to outline the important ideological interaction of the institutionalisation factors of the Ukrainian theatre development during the end of 19th – beginning of 20th centuries. The research methodology consists in the use of the following methods: analysis of terminology and the relationship of concepts, comparative-analytical, periodisation and classification, visual-analytical, and abstraction. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the application of the institutional approach to the evolution of the Ukrainian theater in a certain historical period, that is, at the turn of the epochs (the border between two centuries). Conclusions. The institutionalisation of the Ukrainian theater took place under the conditions when, at the end of the 19th century, the government of the Russian Empire, allowing the performance of Ukrainian plays under the control of local authorities, prohibited the very idea of a monolingual and separate Ukrainian theater. One of the most famous troupes of the Ukrainian theater was the troupe of M. Starytskyi, which was formed from actors of the younger generation. The most important achievement of this troupe was M. Starytskyi's affirmation of directing as the main factor in the creation of a performance; the magnum opus of Ukrainian drama in the 1880s and 1890s is considered to be I. Karpenko-Kary's drama, devoid of folklore and ethnographic illustrativeness but marked by features of deep psychologism. At the same time, P. Saksagansky was a congenial director who applied new principles of stage interpretation of the playwright's plays, new means of mise-en-scène, detailed elaboration of each role. During the period of restriction of Ukrainian printing and art, prohibition of Ukrainian education and science, it was the theater that undertook the mission of propagating the native language, song, and dance among wide circles of the public, although it did not have direct access to the Ukrainian countryside.
 Key words: theatre, performing arts, history, institutionalisation, institutions, XIX and XX centuries.

Optimization of Network paths in congested SDN using Genetic Algorithm

Computer network and Communication over such networks become integral part of human life from the very beginning of twenty first century. From the very first radio communication in the beginning of 19th Century to the latest wireless and Software Defined Network (SDN) communication over the satellite and local allied computer networks, caused increase in more and more traffic over the computer network. Internet was not only provided over the copper, fiber optics cables, but rather it becomes a commercial service sector over the low earth orbit satellites across the globe. Majority of the contents flowing over such networks are either academic, research, corporate data bases like banking, finance, IT services, social media, and also specially of the entertainment industry. Every small to large organization in corporate and research and development organization faced problems of computer network congestion over the time. As the demand for more data access is required hence the congestion over the network started to increase. Every nation and individual organization have their own policy to control domestic network traffic as bandwidth is limited and commercial aspects are involved. Various algorithms have focused to regulate network, but very few algorithms exist which focuses on providing alternative paths for better network traffic management. This paper focuses on using modern Genetic Algorithms like Ants colony optimization to first identify congestions over the network and then using such insights to find alternative paths through mutation and cross over. The proposed solution was executed, and generated result comparatively proved that use of Genetic Algorithm has helped to find alternative paths more effectively over the SDN.

Professional and teaching staff of the Women’s Medical Institute in the fight against epidemics at the beginning of 20th century

The article is devoted to the consideration of the question of how the staff of the St. Petersburg (Petrograd) Women’s Medical Institute participated in the fight against epidemics from the beginning of the century to the 1920s. The use of the Institute’s laboratories and the participation of the staff in the fight against cholera epidemics are considered. The contribution of professors D. K. Zabolotny and S. I. Zlatogorov to the fight against epidemics was noted.

What We Have and Have Not Done in Transportation: The Story of Our Major Cities in Last Hundred Years

Farklı yönetimler, rejimler ve durmaksızın değişmekte olan bir dünya ortamını kapsayan yüz yıllık bir sürenin tümünün bir yazı çerçevesinde incelenmesi fazla iddialı gelebilir. Hele konu, bazen birkaç yılda bir değişen büyük şehirlerimizin ulaşım politikaları olursa… Bu nedenle yazı, İstanbul’un Aksaray semtinin ulaşım tarihine odaklanarak başlamakta, ilk olarak 20. Yüzyılın başlarından 1970’lere kadarki gelişmeler özetlenmektedir. Bu çerçeve içinde, Tarihi Yarımada’da çoğu bilinçsizce hayata geçirilen yol projelerinin yıkıcı sonuçları da göz önüne serilmektedir. Bu yıllardan itibaren dünyada ulaşım politikalarında ortaya çıkan çağdaş anlayışların kısa bir özetinin ardından, Ankara ve İzmir de dahil, Türkiye’nin üç büyük kentinde yürütülen ulaşım politikaları incelenmektedir. Bu dönemde birkaç yerel çağdaş uygulama dışında, büyük kentlerde eski anlayışın sürdüğü görülmektedir. Devamında, bu şehirlerde 1990’lardan günümüze kadar uygulanmış olan ulaşım proje ve önlemlerinin, dünyada kabul görmüş genel ölçütler çerçevesinde değerlendirmesi yapılmaktadır. Makale, pandemi koşulları sona erdiğinde, çağdaş ulaşım politikalarını oluşturan nedenlerin hala geçerliğini sürdüreceğini ve bunlara her zamankinden daha fazla ihtiyaç duyulacağı görüşü ile sona ermektedir.

The History of Development of Inland Transport Infrastructure: Technology and Economic Aspects. Part 1

The article, consisting of two parts, studies historical and economic aspects, physical infrastructure and technological basis of emergence, formation, and evolutionary development of inland transport infrastructure. In contrast to water and air transport, land transport, due to its linkage to a certain territory, developed in a very restrained and nonlinear manner. Its infrastructure, represented by the simplest paths and roads, of course, played a certain economic role, but until 18th–19th centuries was not considered as the basis for regular advance and exchange of goods. In different parts of the world, the infrastructure of land transport developed differently which was largely due to the prevailing socio-economic institutions. For many centuries, the technical condition of the inland transport infrastructure and its economic importance have not undergone any significant changes. Therefore, the end of the medieval era and a significant breakthrough in development of land transport are interdependent processes. The emergence of an era of economic growth, including development of international trade and an increase in social welfare, would not have been possible without a wellfunctioning land transport system. Nevertheless, land transport until the beginning of 19th century was not associated with a reliable, fast, and regular medium of exchange and travel. Only with the advent of railways the situation changed radically. Paved roads were also developing. From this moment land transport and its infrastructure has become the basis of the dynamic economic activity of society.

The Polish Village in the Face of Political, Social and Economic Changes From 1772-1815: A Study of Western Lesser Poland (Małopolska)

The article examines the impact of social, economic and political changes of the second half of 18th century and the beginning of 19th century on the functioning of rural society of Lesser Poland province. The study considers the situation of peasants, nobles and the clergy. The first part of the article presents the state of research on the problem and the available sources. The second part is devoted to the presentation of selected examples of social relations observed in contemporary Lesser Poland rural society. Conflicts between landowners and lease owners over abused peasant labour, debates over tithes, abuses of state officials and peasant resistance (i.e. peasant desertions, court cases) are discussed.

Felix Movchanovsky (1853–1921) and his innovative approach to education of deaf children in the beginning of 20th century

The article describes the history of a unique educational institution for deaf children established at the beginning of the 20th century in Aleksandrovsk (the Russian Empire at the time, today Zaporozhye, Ukraine) by the Polish nobleman Felix Movchanovsky. The author characterizes his figure, reveals the role and his contribution to the development of Aleksandrovsk, especially his activity for the sake of deaf children. In 1903 he was initiator and co-organizer of a unique educational institution – school-farm for deaf children. The institution was known all over the world because it was an autonomous town with its own urban infrastructure and the teaching of deaf language and crafts was carried out at a high level and on a large scale. At that time, no similar institution in the Russian Empire had such achievements.

Как лечили в женских институтах Российской империи: XVIII – начало XIX в.

Results This study looks at inception and development of medical departments in girls’ schools of the Russian Empire during the second half of the 18th and beginning of 19th century, the first of which was founded in 1764. Materials and methods. The problems of the article, based on a wide range of sources, both archival and published, studied using the principles of objectivity and historicism, still remain unexplored. Results. Empress Catherine II and her associates’ ideas, based on innovative principles in the physical education of children, which were being developed by European Enlightenment thinkers of the 18th century, had to be implemented in a practical way in both boys’ and girls’ state-established schools of the Russian Empire. With emphasis on preventive healthcare, the organization of necessary medical procedure in a boarding school with 200–300 pupils was an uncharted territory. Discussion. Gradual establishment of medical matters throughout the early period of history of girls’ schools progressed tracing general development in medical science and practice. The experience of scientific organization of medical assistance was systematically gained in privileged state-run schools: initial examination of new students, routine health checks, universal smallpox vaccinations, organization of strict quarantine in the instance of infectious disease outbreak, establishment of modern infirmaries with relevant equipment, development of diagnostics, medicine preparation in own pharmacies, referrals to various specialists.

N. N. Zeddeler and A. P. Somova-Zeddeler: the forgotten names of early 20th century Russian art. Japonism in Russian printmaking at the beginning of 20th century

The term japonism refers to a movement within 20th-century Russian art that has so far been insufficiently explored. In the meantime, its popularity at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries coincided with the extraordinary blossoming of Russian color printmaking. N. N. Zeddeler and A. P. Somova were among those artists, who, along such revered masters like A. P. Ostroumova-Lebedeva and V. D. Falileeva, made a substantial contribution to the development of this art style. To date, their work has not received close attention from researchers. Likewise, there is no literature that would provide a systematic analysis of their legacy, save for brief mentions in the periodic press of that period or publications dedicated to exhibitions of 1900-1910s, in which the artists took part. N. N. Zeddeler and A. P. Somova-Zeddeler were well-known in the Russian and European artistic circles at the beginning of the century. Having acquired their education in Munich and Paris, they produced an oeuvre that fit perfectly into the context of early 20th century art and added essential touches to the aesthetic vision of the world emerging at that time. However, the work of these masters was not met with the appreciation it deserved and was eventually forgotten. It is worth noting that the task of mapping out the full biography of both artists appears to be extremely challenging due to a variety of reasons: their departure from artistic practice after the outbreak of the First World War, fragmentary and meager archival material, a small number of works that have survived till our time, the tragic and difficult fate of N. N. Zeddeler and A. P. Somova-Zeddeler… Thus, the purpose of the article is to fill in one of the gaps in the Russian history of art of the 20th century. The author examines the engravings by N. N. Zeddeler and A. P. Somova-Zeddeler from the collection of the Pushkin Museum created between 1900 and 1910, which were previously not studied by researchers.

Privilégiá mesta Krupina – K problematike nejstarších privilégií hostí Krupiny spred mongolského vpádu

The town of Krupina and its privileges : On the issue of the oldest privileges of guests of Krupina before the Mongol invasion The author deals with the issue of privileges granted to Krupina, one of the oldest towns in Slovakia. The town’s privileges were renewed in 1244, whereas the first privileges ever mentioned were granted before the Mongol invasion (March 1241). With reference to the only document – preserved from 1238 –, some authors indirectly came to the conclusion that the first written privileges were given to German guests as early as in 1238. The author of the paper presents the possibility of privileges being granted before 1241. The first German guests probably settled in the town of Krupina at the end of 12th or beginning of 13th century and in this market town they were apparently given the right to hold markets, which were originally held by the Slovak residents. The German settlers probably also got the right to choose their own mayors and rectors (priests) so that they could be understood. This fact is attested by documents originating in places in the near vicinity (Sebechleby, Hontianske Nemce) or in more distant locations (Trnava, Blatný Potok) where residents of German descent were living. Moreover, the guests coming to the town of Krupina had the right to do business either in neighbouring or remote regions as pointed out in the document from 1238; apparently they were also given the right to harvest wood and break stone for the construction of churches and houses. Along with their rights, the German residents also had to fulfil their duties. In particular, they were committed to paying taxes to the king or the count as the local authority representing the king. Furthermore, they paid the church tithe, this being one of the oldest feudal annuities within Christian communities and the Kingdom of Hungary.

The importance of teaching english as a second language in Uzbekistan

English language started to gain its popularity from the beginning of 18th century. More and more people over the world are learning English. English is considered to be the third largest language by number of native speakers (after Mandarin and Spanish). However, it is the most commonly spoken language in the world combining native and non-native speakers. English language is not official only in Great Britain but also in many other countries. It is the second language in the most countries of the world. The Republic of Uzbekistan can be a clear proof to it.

Peasant Resettlement in Siberia at Beginning of 20th Century (Materials of Siberian Questions Journal)

Based on the analysis of the published materials of the journal “Siberian Questions”, the article reconstructs the image of migrants heading beyond the Urals in the course of implementing the state policy that was carried out in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. The main facets of this image are determined, including the composition of the settlers, their property status, sources of information and the degree of awareness of the new place of residence. Particular attention is paid to such aspects as incentives for resettlement, the perception of difficulties and the nature of the economic development of the territory, relations with old-timers and interaction with officials. It is considered to what extent the identified features are reflected in other sources, remain topical throughout the entire period of publication. The relevance of the study is due to the ongoing discussion about the assessment of resettlement policy, as well as the largescale changes that followed it. The author gives a holistic description of the image of the settlers, draws a conclusion about its ambiguity and offers his own explanation for this. The main sources of work were the materials of the journal “Siberian Questions”, as well as documents from the funds of the Tyumen Museum-Education Organization, some of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

НЕИЗВЕСТНЫЕ СТРАНИЦЫБИОГРАФИИ ГАЛИЦКОГО БОЯРИНА BOЛOДИСЛАВА КОРМИЛЬЧИЧА (1210–1232 гг.)

In the paper is presented one of person of the Hungarian — Galichian connections at the beginning of 13th century, Volodislav Kormilchich. In the historiography he mentioned as one of the Galichian boyars and his stay in Hungary between 1214-1232. In the most of cases there is to read in the literature Volodislav Kormilchich died in the Hungarian prison. The author- based on two diplomas -discusses this popular meaning about it. Volodislav had a private property in Hungary (Pagran village), that'way author supposes Volodislav belonged to the Hungarian nobilities of a middle range.