Basic Substances Research Articles

Selectivity and efficiency of electromembrane extraction of polar bases with different liquid membranes—Link to analyte properties

In the present fundamental study, selectivity and efficiency of electromembrane extraction of 50 polar basic substances (-6.7<log P<+1.0) was systematically studied for ten different supported liquid membranes. For each model substance, 23 molecular descriptors were collected and these were investigated as potential parameters for understanding of extraction efficiency and selectivity by means of partial least squares regression. Overall, a highly aromatic deep eutectic solvent composed of coumarin and thymol with addition of 2% ionic carrier (di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate) provided the highest extraction efficiency with an average extraction yield of 69% from pure water samples, 55% from plasma, and 62% from urine. With this solvent system, ionic, cation-π, and π-π interactions between the supported liquid membrane and analytes were dominant. Supported liquid membranes without aromaticity, however, operated primarily based on hydrogen-bonding interactions. This is the first time the relationship between analyte properties, solvent composition, and extraction yield has systematically been studied for polar bases in electromembrane extraction. This new knowledge represents a first step toward enabling future development and optimization of electromembrane extraction systems for polar bases based on rational design, rather than trial-and-error approaches.

Developing a corrective diet for schoolchildren with zinc deficiency

An important condition for creating a full-fledged school feeding program is an individual correction of rations based on a survey of the actual nutrition of children and the indicators of their metabolism established by clinical laboratory methods, as well as the provision of basic nutrients. This paper analyzes a typical cyclical school menu for the zinc provision and compliance of its nutritional and energy value with the declared standards. The calculation of an afternoon snack and dinner values for schoolchildren of 7–11 years old, providing the daily requirements for basic substances, has been carried out. The corrective diet was aimed at meeting the daily requirement of the pupil's body for zinc. Such a diet is aimed at preventing functional disorders of the immune system, chronic diseases of the lungs and bronchi, and developmental delays in children. English version of the article on pp. 480-484 is available at URL: https://panor.ru/articles/development-of-a-corrective-diet-for-school-children-with-zinc-deficiency/66219.html

Assessment of Conjugate Complexes of Chitosan and Urtica dioica or Equisetum arvense Extracts for the Control of Grapevine Trunk Pathogens

In the work presented herein, we analyze the efficacy of three basic substances that comply with European Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009, namely chitosan, horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) and nettle (Urtica dioica L.), for the control of grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) in organic farming. The E. arvense and U. dioica aqueous extracts, prepared according to SANCO/12386/2013 and SANTE/11809/2016, have been studied by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), identifying their main active constituents. The three basic substances, either alone or in combination (forming conjugate complexes), have been tested in vitro against eight Botryosphaeriaceae species, and in vivo, in grafted plants artificially inoculated with Neofusicoccum parvum and Diplodia seriata. A clear synergistic behavior between chitosan and the two plant extracts has been observed in the mycelial growth inhibition tests (resulting in EC90 values as low as 208 μg·mL−1 for some of the isolates), and statistically significant differences have been found in terms of vascular necroses lengths between treated and non-treated plants, providing further evidence of aforementioned synergism in the case of D. seriata. The reported data supports the possibility of extending the applications of these three basic substances in Viticulture beyond the treatment of mildew.

First evaluation of genotoxicity of strong bases and zwitterions in treated household effluents

Various genotoxic substances in household effluents have not been sufficiently studied. The purpose of this study is to evaluate them using the umu test after dividing them based on the acid-base properties of their functional groups by solid-phase extraction cartridges. The results of the samples concentrated with reverse-phase cartridges showed that the substances with acid functional groups had stronger genotoxicity as 4.1–12.1 ng-4-NQO/mL without S9 enzyme and 17.4–51.8 ng-2-AA/mL with S9 enzyme, while the basic substances also showed a certain degree of toxicity. The results of dividing the effluents by acid-base properties using ion-exchange cartridges showed that chemical substances with strong acid functional groups did not demonstrate genotoxicity. It was found that the genotoxicity of chemicals with functional groups of weak acids was half of that of the total amount. The genotoxicity of the neutral substance was not strong, and the genotoxicity of the weak basic substances was negligible. The zwitterions and substances with strong basic functional groups showed about half the total genotoxicity. This is the first report that has investigated the genotoxicity of zwitterions in effluents.

Factors influencing depression in primary caregivers of patients with dementia in China: A cross-sectional study

This study aims to estimate the prevalence and factors of depression in primary caregivers of people with dementia in China, based on a biopsychosocial medical model. A sample of 285 caregiver-patient dyads was recruited from a tertiary psychiatric hospital in Nanjing, between December 2018 and November 2019. The prevalence of depression among primary caregivers of people with dementia was 42.8%. Binary logistic regression analyses revealed that caregivers’ gender (OR=4.692), social support (OR=0.131), health condition (OR=12.994), extraversion (OR=0.102) and neuroticism (OR=2.978) were predictive of depression in those caregivers. Of the above, health condition was the major factor associated with caregiver's depression. The Box-Tidwell method was used to show a linear relationship between continuous independent variables and dependent variable logit conversion values (p = 0.0045). Suggestions are provided to develop support service programs and interventions tailored to caregivers, to help meet their basic substance and mental health needs. (147 words).

Outcome of the consultation with Member States and EFSA on the basic substance application for approval of Urtica spp. for the extension of use in plant protection as a fungicide on common bean, cucurbits, strawberry, all salads, carrot and potato, as an insecticide in carrot, all salads, strawberry, ornamentals, asparagus and potato, as well as plant strengthener in asparagus

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked by the European Commission to provide scientific assistance with respect to the evaluation of applications received by the European Commission concerning basic substances. In this context, EFSA's scientific views on the specific points raised during the commenting phase conducted with Member States and EFSA on the basic substance application for extension of use for Urtica spp. are presented. The context of the evaluation was that required by the European Commission in accordance with Article 23 of Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 following the submission of an application for approval of Urtica spp. as a basic substance for an extension of usein plant protection as a fungicide on common bean, cucurbits, strawberry, all salads, carrot and potato, as an insecticide in carrot, all salads, strawberry, ornamentals, asparagus and potato, as well as plant strengthener in asparagus. The current report summarises the outcome of the consultation process organised by EFSA and presents EFSA's scientific views on the individual comments received.

Application of High-Frequency Defrosting, Superheated Steam, and Quick-Freezing Treatments to Improve the Quality of Seafood Home Meal Replacement Products Consisting of the Adductor Muscle of Pen Shells and Common Squid Meat

We developed a new seafood home meal replacement (HMR) product containing the adductor muscle of the pen shell (AMPS) and common squid meat (CSM) via high-frequency defrosting (HFD), superheated steam, and quick freezing. Test HMR products were produced by mixing defrosted and roasted AMPS, CSM, and sauce in ratios of 27.5, 27.5, and 45.0% (w/w), respectively, followed by quick freezing at −35 °C in a polypropylene plastic bowl covered with a plastic film. The chemical characteristics, nutritional quality, microbial and sensory properties, and shelf life of the product were examined. The response surface methodology identified the optimal temperature and heating time of the superheated steam for AMPS (220 °C, 1 min) and CSM (300 °C, 1.5 min). Chemical characteristics showed low levels of volatile basic nitrogen (9.45 mg%) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (1.13 mg Malondialdehyde [MDA]/kg). No significant changes (p &lt; 0.05) were observed in microbial, color, flavor, taste, texture, and overall acceptance at −23 °C for 90 days. After reheating, the sensory scores varied from “like moderately” to “like very much.” The shelf life of the HMR product was estimated to be 24 months. In conclusion, HFD, superheated steam, and quick freezing successfully improved product quality, with little loss of nutrition and texture.

An electrochemical sensor for high sensitive determination of lysozyme based on the aptamer competition approach

Abstract Protein is a kind of basic substance that constitutes a life body. The determination of protein is very important for the research of biology, medicine, and other fields. Lysozyme is relatively small and simple in structure among all kinds of proteins, so it is often used as a standard target detector in the study of aptamer sensor for protein detection. In this paper, a lysozyme electrochemical sensor based on aptamer competition mechanism is proposed. We have successfully prepared a signal weakening electrochemical sensor based on the lysozyme aptamer competition mechanism. The carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were modified on the glassy carbon electrode, and the complementary aptamer DNA with amino group was connected to MWCNTs. Because of the complementary DNA of daunomycin into the electrode, the electrochemical signal is generated. When there is a target, the aptamer binds to lysozyme with higher binding power, and the original complementary chain breaks down, resulting in the loss of daunomycin inserted into the double chain and the weakening of electrochemical signal. Differential pulse voltammetry was used to determine lysozyme, the response range was 1–500 nM, the correlation coefficient was 0.9995, and the detection limit was 0.5 nM. In addition, the proposed sensor has good selectivity and anti-interference.

Unamuno on making oneself indispensable and having the strength to long for immortality

Unamuno believes that longing for immortality is what motivates nearly all of human behavior. Unfortunately, in a world in which many people despair of ever achieving true personal immortality, we increasingly turn to what he calls mere “shadows of immortality” for comforting ideas about how our names, energy, or basic material substance will carry on in our absence. Unamuno advocates fighting against such despair, staying out of the shadows, and longing for personal immortality even when it seems impossible. Unamuno’s approach to this issue resembles, in a few significant ways, Kierkegaard’s struggle for the cultivation of subjective selfhood. At the same time, it also runs afoul of Nietzsche’s derisive claims about immortality-seekers. Whereas Nietzsche sees longing for immortality as a sign of being too weak to make the most of mortal life, the more Kierkegaardian Unamuno counters that it is a sign of strong appreciation for life to demand, without surrender, that there be more of it. Given the proper understanding of Nietzsche’s claims about the eternal recurrence, I think he and Unamuno might not be quite as far apart as it initially seems. However, exploring the latter’s critique of the former suggests an intriguing way of seeing the contemporary analytic debate about the desirability of immortality. Building on Unamuno’s position, one could argue that pessimism about the value of immortality is actually indicative of a flawed character and an impoverished relationship with life.

Some aspects of creating functional coatings on dairy products

This article discusses the elements of working out the technological principles for creating coatings containing functional ingredients on model substrates. As such ingredients, tree bark extracts are used, as well as those containing bioflavonoids: pines, willows, cassias. For potential leveling of the specific intense smell of the substances and their solutions used, their micro-droplet application is proposed and scientifically justified. under certain conditions, it can contribute to the formation of microcapsules and nanocapsules with a basic film-forming substance, which in this study is agar-agar, which is a mixture of agarose and agaropectin polysaccharides obtained by extraction from red algae. A laboratory stand was created, and a series of experiments was carried out that showed the feasibility of joint nozzle spraying of a film-forming substance with a solution of a functional ingredient.

Clinical Course In Upper Gastrointestinal Patients With Connective Tissue Dysplasia Syndrome

Connective tissue dysplasias (CTDs) are genetically determined conditions characterised by defects in fibrous structures and connective tissue basic substance, leading to organ and system malformations, having a progressive course, defining features of associated pathology, as well as pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs.

Chromatographic study of electron acceptor–donor properties of 4-(trans-4’-n-alkylcyclohexyl) benzoates

A new approach of characterizing the specific properties of 4-(trans-4’-n-alkylcyclohexyl) benzoates, based on the interaction of the acidic and basic testing substances, for their form Crystalline, Smectic B and Nematic have been proposed. The testing substances selected for our study have been considered in the light of the results obtained in the previous research and the data available in the literature for other liquid crystals with different structures. The DN values denoting the electron donor number in the Gutmann scale and the AN* values indicating the acceptor number in the Riddle-Fowkes scale have been chosen in the estimation of the electron acceptor parameter KA and electron donor parameter KD values. The temperature-dependent quotients of KA to KD are employed for the assessment of the electron donor-acceptor properties of 4-(trans-4’-n-alkylcyclohexyl) benzoates. The 4-(trans-4’-n-alkyl cyclohexyl) benzoates tested have the affinity to act as a donor of electrons concerning electron acceptor of the testing substance. The sizes and shapes effects of the testing substances (or penetrants) and the LCs tested (or solvents while in mesophases) are taken into account. The inverse gas chromatography tests were supported by the Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship modelling technique to determine which part (or group) of liquid crystals tested was dominant in the interaction with the testing substances.

Outcome of the consultation with Member States and EFSA on the basic substance application for approval of caffeine to be used in plant protection as insecticide in cabbage, potatoes and buxus and as molluscicide in all edible and non‐edible crops

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked by the European Commission to provide scientific assistance with respect to the evaluation of applications received by the European Commission concerning basic substances. In this context, EFSA's scientific views on the specific points raised during the commenting phase conducted with Member States and EFSA on the basic substance application for caffeineare presented. The context of the evaluation was that required by the European Commission in accordance with Article 23 of Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 following the submission of an application for approval of caffeine as a basic substanceto be used in plant protection as insecticide in cabbage, potatoes and buxus and as molluscicide in all edible and non-edible crops. The current report summarises the outcome of the consultation process organised by EFSA and presents EFSA's scientific views on the individual comments received.

The effect of alloying additives on the magnetic permeability and permittivity of ferrite spinel

Coatings made of the materials that effectively absorb radiation, e.g., ferrite materials, are used to reduce the level of electromagnetic radiation in rooms containing household or industrial equipment. It is known that significant dissipation of the radiation energy is provided by the thickness of the shielding coating which should be comparable to the length of the electromagnetic wave in the material which, in turn, significantly decreases at high values of the magnetic permeability and permittivity of the radio-absorbing material. Ferrite radio-absorbing coatings are characterized by the high heat resistance, low flammability and small (10 – 20 mm) thickness. However, at frequencies less than 40 MHz, plates with a thickness of more than 30 mm are to be used to provide the effective absorption, and the weight and cost of the coatings increase significantly. The results of studying the effect of the sintering temperature and micro-additives of titanium, calcium and bismuth oxides on the dielectric constant of Ni- and Mn-Zn radio-absorbing ferrites are presented. Reactively pure starting oxide components with a basic substance content of more than 99.6 % wt. were used to synthesize samples using traditional oxide technology. It is shown that alloying with bismuth and titanium oxides is rather effective for obtaining radio-absorbing ferrites with a combination of high values of the magnetic permeability and dielectric permittivity. The obtained results can be used in production of ferrite radio- absorbing materials operating in the megahertz range.

Basic substances – an effective supplement to crop protection methods

W pracy przeglądowej przedstawiono zatwierdzone już substancje podstawowe, które wykazują potencjał ochronny i są cennym uzupełnieniem wachlarza środków i metod ochrony przeznaczonych do stosowania, zwłaszcza w rolnictwie ekologicznym. Podano informacje na temat obowiązujących podstaw prawnych stosowania substancji podstawowych. Opisano zakresy stosowania substancji już zakwalifikowanych w ochronie, wraz z krótką informacją o sposobie stosowania. Przytoczono przegląd kilku prac naukowych potwierdzających przydatność w ochronie roślin wybranych substancji. The review includes already approved basic substances that have a protective potential and are a valuable addition to the range of measures and protection methods intended for use, especially in organic farming. Information is provided on the applicable legal basis for the use of basic substances. The scope of application of substances already approved was described, along with brief information on the method of use. A review of some scientific papers confirming the suitability of selected substances for plant protection is presented.

Radiothermal radiation method for aqueous solutions

For the first time, an ultra-high-sensitivity method for measuring radio-thermal radiation was developed and used in practice in order to establish the difference in the physical properties of aqueous solutions of substances in the millimeter region of the spectrum. The method is used to study the dynamics of the dielectric properties of aqueous solutions depending on the composition of the base substance and its concentration. The dynamics of dielectric properties establishes a one-to-one correspondence between the number and concentration of ions of the dissolved basic substance contained in water and the number of water molecules involved in cooperative interaction, which gives a consistent microscopic picture of ion-water cooperative interactions in the studied aqueous solutions of K2SO4 and Cs2SO4. The density of water molecules perturbed by the ions of the base substance contained in the hydration shell at normal concentrations is proportional to the number of ions, while the transition to weaker solutions leads to the creation of multilayer hydration shells. This means that the number of perturbed water molecules, depending on the number of ions, increases according to a law different from linear. In accordance with the experimental data, the values of the absorption coefficients of aqueous solutions were determined in a wide range of concentrations for alkali metal sulfates. It is noted that alkali metal sulfates have physical properties that generalize the dynamics of dielectric constants depending on the concentration of the base substance. A monotonic increase in the values of the absorption coefficients of solutions with a decrease in the concentration of basic substances in the region of high dilutions was established with individual dynamics for each basic substance, reflecting the total hydration changes in salt solutions. Research has shown that the proposed method for measuring radio-thermal radiation fixes a significant difference in the values of the dielectric constants of aqueous solutions at high dilutions from their values for water.

A crystal engineering design to enhance the solubility, dissolution, stability and micrometric properties of omeprazole via Co-crystallization techniques

Introduction: Omeprazole, a proton-pump inhibitor used in peptic ulcers, gastro-oesophageal-reflux disorder, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and in H.pylori infections. The omeprazole is unstable at acidic pH, undergoes degradation in stomach. To prevent the degradation in stomach, dosage forms are supplied as enteric-coated tablets or granules encapsulated in gelatin capsules. The efficiency of such dosage forms depends upon the extent of coating, solubility of coating material, type of dosage forms; in addition this it is insoluble in water, having poor bioavailability. To overcome these major drawbacks of omeprazole, an novel technique: co-crystallization was attempted, to produce a stable, enhancement in solubility and improved micromeritic properties of omeprazole. Co-crystals consists of API and a stoichiometric amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable co-crystal former. Pharmaceutical Co-crystals are non-ionic supramolecular complexes and can be used to address physical property issues such as solubility, stability and bioavailability in pharmaceutical development without changing the chemical composition of the API. Co-crystal is a crystalline entity formed by two different or more molecular entities where the intermolecular interactions are weak forces like hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking. Materials and methods: As omeprazole is unstable in acidic pH, very hygroscopic character, photosensitive and thermolebility in nature, Anti solvent addition method was used for preparation of crystals. Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone is taken as co-former, magnesium chloride and sodium bicarbonate as basic substances. Further prepared crystals were characterized by Powder X-ray Diffractometer (PXRD), Differential scanning colorimeter (DSC), Fourier Transformation Infra-red Spectroscopy (FTIR).Moreover they were studied for melting point determination, flow property studies (micromeritic properties), dissolution studies, solubility test and stability tests. Results and discussion: FTIR revealed that there is no formation of hydrogen bonding between drug and co-former; hence it states that co-crystals are not formed, but XRD and DSC states that there is a formation of some physical interaction, partial crystalline and amorphous form which is a new crystal lattice. Conclusion: Formed crystals produce moderate improvement in micromeritic properties, solubility, stability and dissolution behaviour of drug. Thus physicochemical properties of omeprazole were improved via crystal engineering technique-co-crystallization.

The combined impact of food antistaling agents and super-chilling on chicken breast meat by physicochemical and dynamic rheological properties

ABSTRACT For shelf-life prolongation, the effect of super-chilling (SC, −1.5 °C) combined with food antistaling agents (FAAs) on the chemical and microbiological proprieties of chicken breast were investigated. The results showed a significant difference (P < .05) in protein solubility in the chicken breast stored under SC plus FAA for 8 and 16 days compared with 4 °C storage; dynamic rheological analysis revealed that they had better gel characteristics than those under SC or 4 °C storage. Moreover, SC with FAA significantly decreased the chicken breast pH, total viable count, total volatile basic nitrogen and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance contents, and electrical conductivity (P < .01), and significantly increased the water-holding capacity (P < .01). Conclusively, SC plus FAA storage is recommended for meat and meat products because of its effectiveness at preserving the quality of fresh chicken meat, providing longer shelf lives than chicken under SC or 4 °C storage.

Physical properties of water solutions at high dilutions of basic substances

Physical properties of water solutions at high dilutions of basic substances

Modulation of Autophagy: A Novel "Rejuvenation" Strategy for the Aging Liver.

Aging is a natural life process which leads to a gradual decline of essential physiological processes. For the liver, it leads to alterations in histomorphology (steatosis and fibrosis) and function (protein synthesis and energy generation) and affects central hepatocellular processes (autophagy, mitochondrial respiration, and hepatocyte proliferation). These alterations do not only impair the metabolic capacity of the liver but also represent important factors in the pathogenesis of malignant liver disease. Autophagy is a recycling process for eukaryotic cells to degrade dysfunctional intracellular components and to reuse the basic substances. It plays a crucial role in maintaining cell homeostasis and in resisting environmental stress. Emerging evidence shows that modulating autophagy seems to be effective in improving the age-related alterations of the liver. However, autophagy is a double-edged sword for the aged liver. Upregulating autophagy alleviates hepatic steatosis and ROS-induced cellular stress and promotes hepatocyte proliferation but may aggravate hepatic fibrosis. Therefore, a well-balanced autophagy modulation strategy might be suitable to alleviate age-related liver dysfunction. Conclusion. Modulation of autophagy is a promising strategy for “rejuvenation” of the aged liver. Detailed knowledge regarding the most devastating processes in the individual patient is needed to effectively counteract aging of the liver without causing obvious harm.