Basic Source Research Articles

IMPLEMENTATION OF USHUL FIQH AS A LEGAL BASIS FOR SOLVING SHARIA-BASED ECONOMIC PROBLEMS

The purpose of this study is how models of the application of Usul Fiqh are used as a basic source for solving Sharia-based economic problems. Where Usul Fiqh has always been considered an essential discipline for Muslims, it lies in its position that it can easily understand modern economic laws that are not covered by other sciences. In addition, the science of Fiqh Ushul is considered to help understand and solve problems surrounding furu'iyah or fiqhiyyah that continue to develop from time to time and from various uncertain situations and conditions. The method used in this study is qualitative, with a normative approach and analytical content. The primary source of this research is text documents related to this theme. The results of the study concluded that Ushul Fiqh is considered to be a solution to legitimize and provide support for the law regarding every economic activity in every field of the transaction (muamalah), as long as it adheres to the basic principles of law, namely not violating the text and maqhasid al-Sharia.

International Legal Outer Space Policy of the United States of America

The new outer space natural resources policy of the United States, outlined between 2015 and 2020 by national legislation (including the U.S. Space Resource Exploration and Exploitation Act of 2015 and the U.S. Executive Order of April 6, 2020) and in 2020 also by the U.S.-initiated separate international Artemis Aсcords, is meant to be consistent with the universal Outer Space Treaty of 1967, the basic source of international space law. This policy, which opens access for private investors to natural resources of celestial bodies under the American legislation has commanded a wide international attention not only because of the exhilarating data on the high density of deposits of precious metals and other highlydemanded natural resources on some asteroids, but also because of the question raised during the workings of the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space: does this policy violate the US obligations under international law according to which the use of outer space, including celestial bodies, constitutes "the province of all mankind"? Or is it more rational for other states to create a similar international format of selective cooperation in order to be among the first to exploit the wealth of nearby celestial bodies without devoting political efforts to collectively establish international offense committed by the United States? Can a national legal and international legal response of Russia, China and other states, which are not subordinated to the United States, supported by their technological and industrial outer space infrastructure applicable to the outer space natural resources activities, become an effective incentive to negotiate a universal special international legal regime? It appears to be feasible since it is necessary to ensure conflict-free and, consequently, economically stable outer space natural resources activities corresponding to the national interests of the majority of states even with different international legal positions.

Optimization of Forest and Grass Vegetation Distribution in the Aksu River Basin by Water Resources Carrying Capacity

In arid areas, vegetation is the basis for maintaining the virtuous cycle of ecosystems, while water resources are the key factor restricting the survival of vegetation communities. The balance between water resources and vegetation is related to the sustainable development of ecological benefits and economic benefits in arid areas. Although research on the carrying potential of vegetation in arid areas has been emphasized, there is still a lack of spatial analysis of different vegetation types over large areas. Therefore, this study takes precipitation as the basic source of water resources, calculates the amount of available water resources in the basin from the available effective precipitation and available irrigation water, and it analyzes the spatial distribution of forest and grass vegetation types under the water resources constraint, combined with the ecological water demand of different vegetation types and based on the principle of “Water to determine the Vegetation”. The results showed that the ecological water demand of each vegetation type was as follows: Forest > Shrub Vegetation > Grassland Vegetation > Desert Vegetation. The range of comprehensive available water resources of vegetation was from 0 to 221.71 mm, which decreased with the altitude gradient. Then, the spatial distribution pattern of vegetation types constrained by the water resources in the Aksu River Basin showed a striped distribution from north to south, with shrub vegetation in the high-altitude mountainous area, grassland vegetation in the low-altitude area, and desert vegetation in the desert plain area, respectively, accounting for 29.05%, 10.74%, and 53.45% of the total basin. This research approach provides a scientific basis for the planning of forest and grass vegetation construction in arid regions.

Rural and Urban Transitions with Biogas and Biomethane in Brazil: a Water Energy-Food Nexus Analysis

Brazil has historical concerns about renewable sources of energy, mainly because it is the largest tropical country in the world, receiving intense solar radiation, which is the basis of biomass production. In addition, the country has exceptional soil and climate conditions and great biodiversity. Agriculture and livestock activities are very representative in the Brazilian economy and produce usable biomass, which entail renewable sources of energy and the need for residue management. In this context, biogas represents a basic energy source; it is generated via planned treatment of animal, human and industrial wastes. This has two main results: a) the generation of electric, thermal, and vehicular (biomethane) energy; and b) the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and resultant mitigation of global warming. This paper assesses agricultural biogas projects being developed by Itaipu Binational, the second largest hydroelectric power generation company in the world, which has diversified its energy production from hydropower into other renewable sources such as biogas. In addition to promoting environmental and economic benefits, it promotes local social development, since the process for biogas production constitutes and sustains a relatively complex supply chain, requiring local skilled labor, technical and scientific support, and environmental awareness in the population. We conclude with implications of the Itaipu biogas case example for a range of other contexts.

Evaluation of Peer Bullying in Cartoons: The Case of Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir

Our research aimed to determine in a multiperspective way how peer bullying is addressed in animated cartoons. The basic data source of the research was 51 episodes of the <em>Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir </em>cartoon. We used the Bullying Checklist in the document analysis design of the research. We analyzed the research data by determining the repetition of the items involved in the control list within the episodes. Our findings indicated that bullying was included in all of the cartoon’s episodes. The results of our research in the episodes investigated showed that bullying was mostly indirect, followed by emotional bullying. In terms of gender, most bullies were female, followed by males. Those who were exposed to bullying were also mostly females, followed by males. In addition, victims usually used the strategy of ignoring or doing nothing to get rid of the bullying, the victims often did not share their bullying experiences with anybody, and the bystanders often preferred to keep silent regarding the bullying experiences. Thus, children are exposed to bullying through these cartoons and can be affected by it.

Analysis of security parameters specific to coal mines

Coal continues to remain a basic energy source for industry, but the impact on the environment and underground security resulting from its extraction and use must be given ever-increasing attention. Ecological impact analysis is currently the most powerful tool for preventing pollution and environmental degradation, respectively for underground security, in any project related to coal mining. The current trend of restricting mining activity in more productive perimeters, but far from the main connections with the surface, implies a substantial increase in the demand for ventilation systems due to underground pollutants and implicitly the continuously increasing risk factors. The particularly complex conditions and with major implications in the security levels of mining operations require the objectification of control by monitoring security parameters, through systems, installations, devices and modern automatic programs in parallel with the manual control system with modern portable devices. The paper analyzes the possibility of monitoring security parameters related to the environment, mine fires and degassing installations specific to mining operations in the Valea Jiului coal basin, in order to remove several risk factors that endanger underground mining. The main safety parameters analyzed refer to the underground environment, endogenous fires and degassing of coal seams. The parameters that are followed in order to assess the efficiency of the degassing networks are: the depression in the degassing network, the methane concentration of the captured gas and the methane flow from the network.

НАЛОГОВЫЕ ЛЬГОТЫ КАК ИНСТРУМЕНТ НАЛОГОВОГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The article is devoted to the essence of the concept of tax benefits, it proposes a classification of this optional element of taxation, as well as an analysis of various theoretical approaches to the definition of the term. In the course of the work, the importance of such a tool of state regulation as tax incentives is revealed, it is considered as an incentive for entrepreneurial activity and as one of the basic sources of economic growth.

Gentiana macrophylla Pall.: a review of the basic source, traditional use, chemical components, pharmacological activities and quality control

Gentiana macrophylla Pall.: a review of the basic source, traditional use, chemical components, pharmacological activities and quality control

Развитие высшего образования в России: парадигма фундаментальности

The subject of the study is the fundamental problems of the development of higher education in Russia, due to the need to neutralize the destructive reforms implemented in the 1990s, ensuring a return to the basic principles of fundamental, rather than competence–based education. The purpose of the work is to identify the needs for a reverse transition from competencies to fundamental education with the deployment of personnel planning at the macroeconomic level of management of the Russian state. The research methodology consists of comparative institutional analysis, conceptual approaches to assessing the impact of higher education on economic development. It is concluded that the application of the Bologna education system has caused the undermining of the competitiveness of Russian universities, reducing the effectiveness of training highly qualified specialists. There was an effect of emasculating the procedures for training highly qualified personnel, and dysfunction in the activities of higher education in Russia increased. This was facilitated by the lack of planning at the federal level for the training of personnel for the national economy. The result of the analysis boils down to the fact that in relation to Russia, the doctrine of socialization of higher education should be implemented in full accordance with the Constitution as the basic source of the Russian legal system, where Russia is called a social state. This means equal and free access to higher education, which ensures the reproduction of national personnel (and not the provision of services), regardless of the level of personal income. Thus, in the strategic dimension, it is necessary to strengthen public higher education, which provides for the elimination of private forms of organization of this activity that have shown their inefficiency, and the establishment of a common vector for the de-elitization of higher education. It is concluded that the main emphasis in personnel training should be placed on increasing the knowledge intensity and research component of higher education in various specialties. It requires the training of a significant layer of specialists in each field with the strengthening of their general fundamental training. It is useful to recreate the system of employment of specialists in the public and private sectors of the economy.

The SASA dictionary and its sources: Statistical method of analysis and its application in the presentation of lexical corpus material

The sources of the Dictionary of Serbo-Croatian Literary and Vernacular Language, vol. 1-21 (the SASA Dictionary or Dictionary of the Serbian Academy) are analyzed applying the method of statistical analysis. Its main aim was to provide a clear idea of the frequency of relevant and particularly relevant sources in the text of the dictionary as a whole (while also pointing to the problems and hindrances that occur in the digital search of sources). This type of analysis was conducted using the volumes 2, 10 and 17 (released in 1962, 1978, and 2006, respectively). The analysis and total ratio of frequency in the volumes under examination demonstrates that the sources can be divided into: a. The basic circle (top 10 dictionary sources); b. Broader circle (top 100 sources); c. The broadest circle (top 500 sources). The analysis also yielded the fact that basic sources comprise more important dictionaries as well as collections of vernacular words, so that the circle of sources spreads further including some other more relevant collections of words, prominent authors, significant periodicals, and so on. The analysis as projection basically identified the sources upon which the SASA Dictionary is actually based. Beyond this varied and broad circle lie sources that more rarely, or hardly ever occur, as a testimony to the existence or usage of certain lexical items in the corpus material of the Dictionary of the Serbian Academy. The said indicators point the way to the further process of digitization of the SASA Dictionary and its corpus material.

ГЕНЕРАЛ-ГУБЕРНАТОР К. П. ФОН КАУФМАН О РЕФОРМЕ ТРАДИЦИОННЫХ СУДОВ ТУРКЕСТАНА В КОНТЕКСТЕ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ СТРУКТУРЫ РЕГИОНА

The article is devoted to the projects of reforms of the traditional court system of the Turkestan Region offered by Governor-General K. P. von Kaufman in the 1870s and to the problems of their realization. The court reforms are analyzed as a direction of the frontier modernization policy of Russia’s Central Asia, whilst the transformations themselves were both a way and an objective of modernization actions. The specific situation in the region as well as an ambiguous position of central and regional authorities towards the Kaufman’s proposals gave rise to the special approach to the reforms which could be characterized as an acculturation. The author considers the problems Kaufman and his subordinates confronted during the reformation process and evaluations of its results by an initiator and his opponents. It is concluded that due to different reasons K. P. von Kaufman was not successful in his court reform, but some his proposals would be taken into account during the further transformations in Turkestan. The basic sources of the research are the documents of Kaufman himself as well as materials of Russian imperial authorities of different level reflected their position towards his reforms.

Mustafa Demirci, Siyah Öfke: Ortaçağ İslâm Dünyasında Zenci Kölelerin İsyanı (869-883), Çizgi Kitabevi Yayınları, 3. Baskı, Konya 2021, 318 s. ISBN: 978-605-196-027-2*

During the Abbasîd period, Prof. Dr. Mustafa Demirci's monograph on the 'black rebellion' that took place between 869-883 A.D. and was led by the Shiite leader Ali b. Muhammad, titled "Black Rage: The Rebellion of Negro Slaves in the Medieval Islamic World (869-883)" by Prof. Dr. Mustafa Demirci is one of the most important studies both in terms of its subject matter and the author's approach and perspective on the subject. The study, which was prepared with a rich academic literature using basic sources and modern research on the subject, deals with issues such as the geography of the event, the causes and spread of the rebellion, the wars and warfare techniques to suppress the rebellion, the short and long-term effects of the damage left behind by the rebellion from an academic perspective in chronological order. The Negro rebellion started in the marshes of Basra in 869 as a result of Ali b. Muhammad (d. 883), who was originally white and claimed to be a descendant of the Prophet Ali (d. 883), organizing black slaves working under difficult conditions in the large farms in and around Basra, and the rebellion grew and spread in a short time. Muwaffak Billāh (843-891), the brother of the Abbasid Caliph Mu’temid Alallah’ın (843-892), who was assigned to suppress the rebellion, was victorious against the rebels after tough struggles, and the rebellion ended with the killing of the leader of the rebellion, Ali b. Muhammad, in 883.

2000–2020年珠三角30m空间分辨率植被覆盖度时空变化数据集

With the rapid growth of social economy and the expansion of cities and towns, coupled with increasing population density in the Pearl River Delta, vegetation habitats in some areas have been continuously reduced. Therefore, it is crucial to accurately estimate vegetation coverage and dynamically monitor the distribution patterns and temporal-spatial changes in vegetation in the Pearl River Delta for the sake of its ecological security. In this study, we utilized the Landsat dataset through Google Earth Engine to acquire high-quality cloud-free images in the study area. By means of median image synthesis, we synthesized the images of the Pearl River Delta in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020, respectively. To ensure the scientific rationality of the basic data source of FVC inversion, we selected the pixel dichotomy method based on NDVI to estimate the FVC in the five periods of the Pearl River Delta, and used the variation coefficient to analyze the fluctuation of FVC change in the five periods of the Pearl River Delta. Moreover, and we adopted the Slope trend analysis to explore the spatial-temporal characteristics of FVC changes. The Hurst index was employed to predict the future development trends of vegetation coverage in the study area, offering a comprehensive representation of the temporal and spatial changes of vegetation coverage in the Pearl River Delta region. The precision of this dataset was validated against high-resolution images with an accuracy of 0.90, which can provide fundamental data support for the research on the distribution patterns and spatio-temporal changes of vegetation coverage in the Pearl River Delta.

Multidimensional Relations Between Sultan ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd II and Pope Leo XIII and the Reflections of These Relations in the Ottoman Empire and Rome

The last quarter of the 19th century was a period of good relations between Rome and Istanbul, with the Ottoman Sultan ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd II (1876-1909) on the one side and the Roman Pope Leo XIII (1878-1903) on the other. The many Catholics living in the Ottoman Empire were an important factor in their cooperation. The correspondence between the Pope and the Sultan intensified during this period. The two parties were not indifferent to each other’s important days and provided mutual gifts. This study predominantly references the Ottoman Archive Documents and news from Istanbul and the European press at that time in addition to basic sources. Methodologically, descriptive and comparative approaches are extensively used.

عصرحاضرکےجدت پسند سکالرجاویداحمدغامدی کےفقہی اُصول اوربعض آراءکاجائزہ

God has endowed Sharia with the adaptability required for deduction of solutions for the evolving issues according to the changing circumstances. The Basic sources, unanimously acknowledged by the major Sunni schools of thought, include the Qurān, Ḥadīth (Prophet's sayings), consensus of the Muslim community (Ijmā), and analogical reasoning (Qiyās), serving as the basis for deriving legal rulings in Sharia. Nevertheless, in contemporary times, some scholars have engaged in discussions on jurisprudential matters based on self-invented principles that deviate from the established consensus of the Muslim community. Javed Aḥmad Ghāmidī is among the scholars who have introduced four principles: Fitrah (natural disposition), the Sunnah of Prophet Ibraḥīm (Abraham), pre-Islamic scriptures and the Qurān as the final source. This article endeavors to explore these four principles, elucidating their concepts and details in a descriptive manner. The significance of this exploration is underscored by the influence Ghamidī holds, particularly among the majority of young Muslims who articulate his arguments. Consequently, it is deemed imperative to undertake this in-depth Study.

Is death a living being?

The death process begins with the loss of function of one or more of the three classic vital organs: the heart, the brain, and/or the lungs. Failure to resuscitate the function of the affected primary organ leads to the cessation of the function of other organs. The cell carries death factors or elements such as caspases and some mitochondrial secretions - At the same time the mitochondria represent the basic source of energy and life in the cell. Death occurs only when activating the molecules and factors of cell annihilation. Apoptosis is a type of cell death mechanism, controlled by interactions between several molecules - and is responsible for removing unwanted cells from the body. Apoptosis can be induced by signals from inside the cell or by death signals coming from outside the cell via cosmic energy waves. Caspases are cysteine aspartate-specific proteases that are essential for the initiation and execution of apoptosis. As one of the initiator and executor caspases, caspase-2 is the most evolutionally conserved caspase, exerting both apoptotic and non-apoptotic functions. Caspases also have a role in inflammation, whereby they directly process proinflammatory cytokines such as pro-IL1β. These are signaling molecules that allow recruitment of immune cells to an infected cell or tissue. In addition to apoptosis, caspases play a role in necroptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy, which are non-apoptotic cell death processes. Mitochondria coordinate cell stress responses, such as autophagy, and control nonapoptotic cell death routines, such as regulated necrosis. Mitochondrial permeabilization leads to release of these proteins, which then interfere with the IAP-inhibition of caspases, resulting in potentiation of cell death. Initiators of mitochondrial-driven inflammation include the release of mitochondrial dsRNA and mt DNA thereby initiating type I interferons. It is concluded that mitochondria not only power the metabolic cell activities with energy but also power the cell death with both energy and signaling molecules denoting that cell death is an active living being.

Kết quả tự chủ tài chính khối bệnh viện tại trung tâm Y tế thành phố Vĩnh Yên giai đoạn 2019-2021

Analysis of results of financial autonomy of the hospital sector at Vinh Yen Medical Center in the period of 2019-2021. Quantitative study design Retrospective of data from the situation of revenue-expenditure sources, use quarterly financial disclosure reports for each year and financial performance summary reports;report on professional activities of medical examination and treatment and human resources at Vinh Yen Medical Center in the period of 2019-2021. The main source of career income from health insurance examination and treatment (74.2%-81%), is the basic source of revenue of Vinh Yen Medical Center; next year's career revenue decreased more than the previous year (2020 decreased by 2.49% compared to 2019, in 2021 decreased by 7.98% compared to 2020). In the period 2019-2021, the revenue-expenditure gap decreased, especially the fund appropriation was negligible due to the large revenue deficit due to the COVID-19 epidemic. The level of autonomy in recurrent expenditure of the medical examination and treatment sector decreased markedly, in 2019 the level of autonomy reached 128%; in 2020 it reached 118% and in 2021 it only reached 103%.

Statutory Regulation on Financial Management in the Self-Government of Attorneys-At-Law in Poland

The self-government of attorneys-at-law is a self-government associating persons exercising a profession of public trust. The Constitution of the Republic of Poland provides for the permissibility of the establishment of such self-governments and at the same time assigns functions to them. These functions are performed by means of tasks defined by law, including those of a public nature, in the performance of which the self-government of attorneys-at-law is independent. The essence of any normatively defined self-government is independence, including financial independence. The legal regulations on the financial management of attorneys-at-law are not extensive, but at the same time they are diverse. These regulations refer to several levels of financial management of such a self-government and concern: the basic sources of financing their activities, the competence of the self-government bodies to adopt internally binding normative acts, the adoption of budgets of the self-government of attorneys-at-law and the competence of the self-government bodies to carry out financial management in the broad sense, including its control. Financial management is carried out by the self-government of attorneys-at-law on the basis of regulations contained in the Act on Legal Attorneys-at-Law, which are not complete. They are supplemented by intra-authority legal acts issued, on the basis of statutory authorisations, by the self-government bodies operating at the national level. Bodies at the nationwide level are empowered in this respect, which has a unifying value.

Polish system of business insurance in agriculture and related areas during the accession processes and EU membership. Selected aspects. Part II: The period of Poland’s EU membership

The preparation period for Poland’s membership in the European Union, which lasted nearly 15 years and involved both the transposition of EU legislation, including insurance legislation, and the structuring of the national insurance system for the broadly defined agriculture and rural areas, failed (despite the adoption of the European model) to effect changes that would sufficiently help the agricultural insurance system recover from the long-lasting crisis it had faced since 1990. The opportunities offered by the Community policy, related i.a. to the expansion of the insurance portfolio to include modern types of insurance covering various types of risks, as well as the traditional form of risk transfer well-known from earlier periods in the history of Polish insurance, such as insurance mutuality, were not fully utilised either. In the post-accession period, it has been accompanied by a significant expansion of the group of structural tools for agricultural risk management, which extend beyond the area of insurance. The reasons for the structural crisis of business insurance in agriculture and related areas (in the years 1990–2004) lay both in statutory reasons (abolishment of the statutory agricultural insurance system) and mistakes in the implementation of the market insurance model in Poland. The latter were particularly manifested in the dogmatic and selective approach to the underlying principle of systemic freedom of contract in agricultural insurance, with a simultaneous approval of the legal and economic obligation to conclude such contracts in other types of insurance cover. The subject of the issues included in the present study (Parts I and II)2 is the analysis of the establishment and implementation of the insurance model of the indicated sectors against the background of legislation and practice in the unified agricultural insurance market during the implementation of processes preparing Poland’s accession to the European Union (EU) – Part I of the study, and then the implementation of the new insurance system in the market model – Part II of the study. The authors’ analysis of the legal and organisational regulations of the agricultural insurance system in force in the years 2004–2022, taking into account the regulations and other instruments of influence offered/implemented by the EU authorities and institutions, proves and confirms the claim that the negative effects of political and market transformations of the early period of market economy have been evident throughout the entire period of Poland’s membership in the EU to date. These were further aggravated by external natural and social phenomena and a range of internal causes3. The latter, related to the conclusion and execution of insurance contracts, are marked by a profound commercialisation of the contractual relationship and imbalance between the parties to the contracts under civil law (in favour of the supply side), which is characteristic of the liberal economy system. By analysing selected legal acts, available reports and scholarly literature on the subject, as well as drawing on their own experience as participants in the business insurance market in Poland, the authors of the study point first and foremost to systemic and, consequently, organisational solutions as one of the basic sources of the crisis of the business insurance system in Polish agriculture and related areas. In view of the above, the aim of Part II of the study is, therefore, first of all to identify the symptoms of irregularities causing increasing exposure to risk, and located in insurance legal relationships established in the agricultural insurance sector after Poland’s accession to the EU. They invariably demonstrate the need for a continuous modernisation of the system, taking into account both the benefits and the problems associated with common agricultural policy and agricultural risk management in the single European market. Key words: insurance crises, Polish agricultural insurance system, agricultural insurance system in the EU, agricultural insurance, risk management in agriculture.

The Investigation of Soccer Fans’ Social Media Using Motivations

Social media has become an indispensable part of the daily lives of most people who have come into contact with technology, and is one of the basic sources of communication and free expression. The popularity and number of social media users, which shape people’s behavior and enable online socialization, is increasing day by day. This increase can be largely attributed to the increasing number of computers, tablets, and especially smartphones, as well as the decreasing age of users. From this point of view, the aim of this study is to determine the motives of fans of the teams of the Turkish Football Super League for using social media. In this framework, a total of 460 people who were selected from the population according to the principle of random sampling constitute the sample of the study. In the study, the “Personal Information Form” prepared by the researcher was used to determine the demographic characteristics of the participants, and the “Motivations of Fans to Follow Their Teams on Social Media Scale” was used to investigate the fans’ motives for using social media. The descriptive statistics of the variables were conducted in the form of percentages (%), frequency, mean, and standard deviation using SPSS 25 package program for the analysis of the research. On the other hand, the t-test for independent samples and analysis of variance, which are parametric tests, were used to test the relationships between the variables. The result is that in the study of the motivations of fans to follow the accounts of the teams they support in social media, the gathering of information, sharing of information and the perception of being a fan are the most important. Therefore, it is recommended that clubs get to know their fan base and enrich the content of strongly preferred social media accounts according to the identified motivations to ensure the active participation of fans in this process.