Basic Problems Research Articles

Random Walk Regression Problem in One and Two Dimensions

This paper examines the previous discoveries and research on the random walk problem, considers the practical application of random walk. This paper starts from the basic questions and conducts a more detailed study of the basic regression problem with one-dimensional and two-dimensional situations. Markov chains and Markov property are introduced, and then the method and important properties of series convergence are properly explained and demonstrated. Through the introduction of Brownian motion, the key part of the article is introduced, and the explanation and proof of Stirling's formula are carried out, then the proof of one-dimensional cases is entered, and the regression is proved by the above knowledge and deduction, and then the same idea is extended to the two-dimensional case for proof. Through the research and proof of this paper, the basic problem of random walk will be solved and well interpreted, laying the foundation for further research and development.

The United Nations (UN) at Crossroads in 2022: An Assessment of ‘Geopolitical Tensions’ in International Relations (IR)

Purpose: This paper is an alarming assessment of the keynote address and remarks at the opening of the 77th General Assembly of the United Nations Organization (UN) by the Secretary-General to world leaders. The alarm is that the world, from small to big, powerful to the less powerful are “gridlocked in colossal global dysfunction,” and are not ready or willing to tackle the challenges that threaten humanity’s future – and the planet’s. “Our world is in peril – and paralyzed,” the Secretary-General Antonio Gutiérrez laments. Do these remarks collaborate with the daily multiplying effects of the Russia-Ukrainian war; the climate emergencies and devastating weather conditions around the world; the dire financial situation amidst poverty in developing countries and the setbacks in the UN Sustainable goals for 2030? Methodology: The basic problem facing research today and to anyone who tries to understand contemporary world politics is that there is so much material to look at; such as, which things matter and which do not. For instance, where on earth would you start if you wanted to explain the most important political processes: How, for example, would you explain the recent failure of climate change negotiations at the UN, amidst Africa’s position? How will one theorize ‘Brexit’ from the EU or the ‘gridlock in ‘colossal global dysfunction’, where nations meeting at the United Nations cannot agree on challenges threatening humanity’s future? This research employs a qualitative approach involving the collection and analysing of primary and secondary documents; as well as non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences of plenaries of the UN; particularly, why this particular one - (the 77th Session) was alarming. Findings: For the first time in UN’s history, the international communities are undermining the work of the UN Security Council; of international law, peoples trust in democratic institutions, and most forms of international cooperation. There is ample evidence from the research findings that there is “a divergence between developed and developing countries; between North and South; between the privileged and that, the world becoming more dangerous by the day. In short, the world “is at the root of geopolitical tensions and the increasing lack of trust among countries, which is poisoning every area of global cooperation from vaccines to rid communicable diseases; sanctions to stop wars around the world; measures to reduce global temperature, and the need to reduce trade barriers for the benefit of particularly, developing countries in Africa. Unique contribution to theory, policy and practice: In IR theory, all nations work to increase their own power and not their opponents’. The nations that are able to manage and horde power most efficiently thrive; as they can easily eclipse the achievements of less powerful nations. In policy and practice, the UN is torn apart by gridlock within the plenary of the UN, as well as the Security Council, international institutions with powers to resolve international conflicts and misunderstandings are either paralyzed by division or have become undemocratic. The UN must therefore reform or be paralyzed by these colossal dysfunctions.

Школа Д.Б.Эльконина—В.В.Давыдова: от истории к перспективам

<p>The article is an introdution to the project “A Model of a Modern School Based on the System of Developmental Education of D.B.Elkonin<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">—–</span>V.V.Davydov”. It was presented to the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Education in 2013. Based on more than half a century experience in the development and implementation of a developmental learning system in the practice of experimental Moscow school 91, the authors prove the relevance of the project in solving the basic problems of modern education. The orientation of the developmental learning system on the principles of activity theory provides an opportunity to achieve high meta-subject results. A retrospective analysis of the stages of the formation of the developmental learning system allows not only to confirm the importance of its fundamental theoretical provisions, but also to identify points of growth,to determine the prospects for further development. The article presents a list of problems, which must be solved in order to achieve an effective implementation of developmental learning in modern educational practice. There is a detailed list of practical content (textbooks, manuals, methodological recommendations, workbooks) created by the authors of educational programs for students of different ages and for teachers.</p>

Roadmap for Recommended Guidelines of Leak Detection of Subsea Pipelines

The leak of hydrocarbon-carrying pipelines represents a serious incident, and if it is in a gas line, the economic exposure would be significant due to the high cost of lost or deferred hydrocarbon production. In addition, the leakage of hydrocarbon could pose risks to human life, have an impact on the environment, and could cause an image loss for the operating company. Pipelines are designed to operate at full capacity under steady-state flow conditions. Normal operations may involve day-to-day transients such as the operations of pumps, valves, and changes in production/delivery rates. The basic leak detection problem is to distinguish between the normal operational transients and the occurrence of non-typical process conditions that would indicate a leak. To date, the industry has concentrated on a single-phase flow, primarily of oil, gas, and ethylene. The application of a leak-monitoring system to a particular pipeline system depends on environmental issues, regulatory imperatives, loss prevention of the operating company, and safety policy rather than pipe size and configuration. This paper provides a review of the recommended guidance for leak detection of subsea pipelines in the context of pipeline integrity management. The paper also presents a review of the capability and application of various leak detection techniques that can be used to offer a roadmap to potential users of the leak detection systems.

Asynchronous Multi-Information Source Bayesian Optimization

Abstract Resource management in engineering design seeks to optimally allocate while maximizing the performance metrics of the final design. Bayesian optimization (BO) is an efficient design framework that judiciously allocates resources through heuristic-based searches, aiming to identify the optimal design region with minimal experiments. Upon recommending a series of experiments or tasks, the framework anticipates their completion to augment its knowledge repository, subsequently guiding its decisions toward the most favorable next steps. However, when confronted with time constraints or other resource challenges, bottlenecks can hinder the traditional BO’s ability to assimilate knowledge and allocate resources with efficiency. In this work, we introduce an asynchronous learning framework designed to utilize idle periods between experiments. This model adeptly allocates resources, capitalizing on lower fidelity experiments to gather comprehensive insights about the target objective function. Such an approach ensures that the system progresses uninhibited by the outcomes of prior experiments, as it provisionally relies on anticipated results as stand-ins for actual outcomes. We initiate our exploration by addressing a basic problem, contrasting the efficacy of asynchronous learning against traditional synchronous multi-fidelity BO. We then employ this method to a practical challenge: optimizing a specific mechanical characteristic of a dual-phase steel.

Economic Supply Chain Management System of Farm Products Industry Based on the Belt and Road Under the Background of Big Data

Under the strategic background of "One Belt, One Road", the future farm products industry will also become part of the country's core competitiveness. Promoting the transformation of enterprises in the supply chain is conducive to cultivating the country's core competitiveness and creating good output conditions for my country's manufacturing industry. Under the national strategy of "One Belt, One Road", the agricultural product industry is facing new development opportunities. This paper analyzes the background, significance and existing basic problems of the "One Belt, One Road". Starting from the economic development of the national agricultural product industry, it uses the cluster analysis algorithm to analyze the current overall economic situation of the agricultural product industry, points out the current problems in the industry, and believes that the future farm The product industry is facing greater pressure for transformation and upgrading. Finally, combined with the strategic background of "One Belt One Road", from the perspectives of society, government and enterprises, analyze its supply chain process, extract relevant problems, and put forward relevant countermeasures and suggestions from the perspective of intra-chain, extra-chain and their interactive integration .

Art Works of Youth Aesthetic Psychology Education Based on the Integration of Environmental Perception and Sensing

Youth aesthetic psychology is mainly a branch of psychology that studies the psychological mechanism of people in painting, sculpture, photography, architecture and other art activities, and the psychological activities and laws of people in the creation or appreciation of these art works. Psychologists in the Soviet Union believed that the most basic problem of Youth aesthetic psychology was to study the psychological mechanism of the reaction to beauty when feeling art works. Therefore, we can also regard the appreciation of art works as an aesthetic activity. We can appreciate art works by studying the application and role of Youth aesthetic psychology, so that art appreciators can master aesthetic methods and improve aesthetic standards to a certain extent, and also can deeply resonate with the creator in spirit. This paper carries out the research of Youth aesthetic psychology art works with the perspective of environmental perception and sensor fusion, and combined with experiments to illustrate the effectiveness and superiority of this method.

Consistent Treatment of Quantum Systems with a Time-Dependent Hilbert Space.

We consider some basic problems associated with quantum mechanics of systems having a time-dependent Hilbert space. We provide a consistent treatment of these systems and address the possibility of describing them in terms of a time-independent Hilbert space. We show that in general the Hamiltonian operator does not represent an observable of the system even if it is a self-adjoint operator. This is related to a hidden geometric aspect of quantum mechanics arising from the presence of an operator-valued gauge potential. We also offer a careful treatment of quantum systems whose Hilbert space is obtained by endowing a time-independent vector space with a time-dependent inner product.

Women's Rights and Gender Equality: Analysis of Issues and Achievements

Purpose: Every day, people are constantly facing unfair situations, conflicts, aggression, etc. For this reason, the desire for a humane solution to acute problems, i.e., peace and an ethical attitude towards others, should become a mutual goal for the entire world population. The issue of gender equality becomes especially relevant today, as it is clear that everyone should have equal rights, the right to self-realization and self-affirmation, and the right to protection. The study aims to describe the issues and achievements on the way to gender equality and fulfillment of women's rights. Research methods: theoretical (analysis, synthesis, and generalization), empirical (sociological survey and description), and generalization. Theoretical framework: The study focuses on the crucial issues of the gender system, its development, and the fulfillment of women's rights in different world countries, including Europe. The authors analyzed the basic problems and achievements in this area. Particular attention is paid to Ukraine as a country that is a candidate for accession to the European Union. Ukraine has committed to meeting generally accepted European and international standards of democracy and humanity. Thus, the sociological survey revealed Ukrainians' attitude to the phenomenon of gender equality and women's rights, their knowledge of the features of the concept, and the legislative basis for its development. It was found that gender policy in Ukraine is formed under the influence and support of Europe. Research findings prove that there should be a unified global system of gender influence. It will ensure the effectiveness of achieving equality between the sexes and facilitate daily life for other marginalized groups faster. Conclusions: The article demonstrates that it is not enough to adopt a legislative framework and be included in various international programs to address the issue of gender equality. The population needs to understand the importance of gender changes. They need to be motivated and ready for these changes. Also, the collection and processing of statistical information on gender issues must be more efficient.

Potential method in the coupled theory of thermoelastic triple-porosity nanomaterials

In this paper, the coupled linear theory of thermoelasticity for nanomaterials with triple porosity is considered in which the combination of Darcy’s law and the volume fraction concept for three levels of pores (macro-, meso- and micropores) is provided. The 3D basic boundary value problems (BVPs) of steady vibrations of this theory are formulated and these BVPs are investigated using the potential method (boundary integral equation method) and the theory of singular integral equations. Namely, the formula of integral representation of regular vectors is obtained. The surface (single-layer and double-layer) and volume potentials are introduced and their basic properties are given. Some useful singular integral operators are defined for which Noether’s theorems are valid. The symbolic determinants and indexes of these operators are calculated. The BVPs of steady vibrations are reduced to the equivalent singular integral equations. Finally, with the help of the potential method, we prove the existence theorems for classical solutions of the aforementioned BVPs.

DB-ACO: A Deadline-Budget Constrained Ant Colony Optimization for Workflow Scheduling in Clouds

With the development of cloud computing, a growing number of workflows are deployed in cloud platform that can dynamically provide cloud resources on demand for users. In clouds, one basic problem is how to schedule workflow under the deadline constraint and minimize the execution cost. As the capability of cloud resources getting higher, the required cost is also rising. Capability of some resources exceeds the need of users, which leads to higher cost, and the budget of users should be considered. In this paper, a novel scheduling algorithm, named DB-ACO, is proposed to minimize the execution cost for the workflow with deadline and budget constraints. DB-ACO is verified on four typical scientific workflows, and the experiments results show it outperforms four state-of-the-art methods, especially for CyberShake. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Note to Practitioners</i> —Budget and deadline are important requirements for users in cloud computing, which are used as constraints. Extensive works have been devoted to minimize the cost of workflows execution with different scheduling strategies. However, most of them only consider one single constraint and assume the constraint is simple and loose, which is impractical in actual scenarios due to higher requirement of users. This paper investigates a novel scheduling algorithm DB-ACO to optimize cost under budget and deadline. DB-ACO combines heuristic and meta-heuristic, it uses ant colony optimization to optimize the execution cost under the deadline and budget constraints: each ant sorts tasks on the basis of the combination of the pheromone trail and heuristic information, the deadline and budget are distributed fairly to each task by a novel distribution method, then the service selection rules are introduced to build solution.

Global impact of urbanization on ecosystems: A comprehensive bibliometric analysis

This paper demonstrates a comprehensive assessment of bibliometric analysis of published research on the global impact of urbanization on environmental consequences. Scopus database was used to collect data on the global impact of urbanization on ecosystem research from 2000 to 2023 and scrutinizes the progression of publications, keyword analysis, co-citation of authors, citation of documents, co-authorship of authors, and most efficient and influential authors, countries, and institutions. A total of 4322 research papers (journals) were published during the period (2000–2023). This bibliometric study was carried out with the Vos Viewer software. The study's findings demonstrate that the number of publications has continuously increased between 2000 and 2023. In 2020 and 2022, there were 396 and 635 publications, respectively. The top three influential journals in terms of citations are Remote Sensing of Environment (2415 citations), Ecological Economics (1456 citations), and PLoS (1410). From 2000 to 2023, the most often appearing terms were urbanization (3028), urban area (1111), people (853), land use (769), environmental monitoring (594), environmental effect (570), sustainable development (567), and climate change (534). We created a time series with four periods (2000–2005, 2006–2011, 2012–2017, and 2018–2023) based on the periodic changes, which also shows the trend. In more specific terms, this study demonstrates not just a logical structure but also the development of keywords throughout time. The empirical evidence also shows that while this field initially focused on a few themes, it has since broadened to include the many aspects of urban sustainability. This analysis also identifies the most efficient and influential authors, institutions, and nations in terms of total publishing (TP), proportion of cited publications (PCP), total citation (TC), h-index, and g-index. Yang K is the most prominent author, China and the United States are the most efficient nations, and the Chinese Academy of Science is the most powerful organization. The top two nations by co-authorship are China (40 ​695 citations and 1527 publications) and the United States (41 ​119 citations and 833 publications). Additionally, it is noted that while environmental concerns continue to dominate, basic socioeconomic problems like equality, justice, and public participation are underrepresented. Sustainable development indicators, energy, ecologically friendly infrastructure, water, the use of land, and urban planning are prominent subject topics, with the first three exerting a larger influence in shaping the field's growth. This research may be utilized as a resource for people intrigued in learning more about the evaluation of urban sustainability and its advancement.

Metrological problems in the study of weapon systems

The article presents a summary of knowledge on the research and metrological problems related to the assessment of features and parameters of weapon systems. The basic metrological problem of research laboratories evaluating weapon systems is related to the constant search for new solutions, building unique test stands and seeking metrological equipment with higher accuracy classes than the equipment of military weapon systems which is subject to assessment. This is very difficult for the military technology to perform, even impossible in many cases. Significant research problems raised in the article also concern the study of descriptive and functional features which are not addressed by metrology. The article is an introduction to the commencement of works on the extension of metrology related to measurements and evaluation of the results obtained in research laboratories during the implementation of procedures related to the testing of descriptive and functional indicators. The information included in the article may be a source of knowledge for both the personnel of military laboratories and the personnel of civilian laboratories.

The Existence of Art and Ritual in Hindu Social Religious Life

Art as part of human society can give the beauty in this life. This will then give rise to debates in Hindu religious social life that art for some people only as complementary. Alone Basic problem discussed in this paper is how do the art universally and how do relevance art and ritualistic in Hindu religious life. Methods used by qualitative analysis and theory used is dramaturgy (Goffman ) and the sacred reality (Eliade). His innovation is a man is basically it can adjust his forward with change there. Art as part of the breath of life that cannot be separated from human culture. In addition, the existence of art and ritual into something complementary because in the the gandharwa vedas also taught about the vedas is the sort of art and performances were sent to the natyasastra which in this basic emotions in art to bring up appreciation values in practice the religion.

Protective structures as a device of ensuring the safety of victims in a war situation

Interest in protective structures is steadily increasing as the armed conflict in Ukraine unfolds. Experience shows that shelters and hiding places are the most effective form of protection for civilians from conventional and unconventional war threats. Meanwhile, there are no guidelines and rules for the construction of public and private shelters in Poland. The problem is a big one, especially in view of the war that is taking place in the close vicinity of Poland. The purpose of the article is to review Polish and foreign legal and organizational solutions in the field of protective constructions and to indicate the technical requirements necessary to meet in a situation of war danger, with particular emphasis on the use of nuclear weapons. The authors put forward the thesis that in the face of military and non-military threats, the effective way to protect and defend the life and health of the population are properly maintained and managed protective structures, including shelters and hiding places and places of temporary shelter. However, the basic problem remains the question of legal regulation in this regard and the responsibility for their financing and maintenance, which involves the issue of ownership (private and public shelters). In Poland, the experience of other countries that have adopted a variety of solutions should be a guideline for forward-looking activities in the area of protective structures. &#x0D;

Обобщённая математическая модель основных задач теории упругости для анизотропных тел

Introduction. The assessment of the strength of underground structures is a complex task that requires a comprehensive approach. In many cases empirical methods based on experience are not sufficient. For effective application of analytical methods, it is necessary to use mathematical modelling. This allows to simplify the problem considerably, to consider different variants, to identify cases to obtain a solution in a closed form. Materials and methods. The model is based on a system of singular integral equations with a shift and complex conjugate terms. The solution of the system is the complex elastic potential. Systems of singular equations with a Carleman shift are considered on the space of random functions converging in the mean square to expand the possibility of practical use of the work results. Results. The results of the study are: a mathematical model formulation, the development of an algorithm for reducing a system of singular equations to a system of known Fredholm integral equations of the second kind, a method for determining the solvability conditions and the number of solutions. Discussion. As a result of the study: (1) a general algorithm for finding a solution to a mathematical model is obtained; (2) the methodology for determining the number of solutions and the type of solvability conditions is given; (3) The solution algorithm is extended for the stochastic case; (4) The possibility of wider application of the mathematical apparatus of functions of complex variable for research of strength properties of rocks is proved. Conclusion. The proposed comprehensive approach to assessing the strength characteristics of underground structures, combining a set of analytical methods in conjunction with mathematical modelling, expands the variability of calculation and allows to simplify the problem significantly and obtain a solution in closed form. Resume. The paper develops a mathematical model of the stress state of an elastic body, which allows solving the basic problems of elasticity theory for a variety of media. Suggestions for practical applications and directions for future research. The results of the study make it possible to improve the efficiency of analytical methods in the study of the strength of underground structures. The obtained results are applicable for predicting the strength and safety of underground structures.

Analysis of Exchange Rates and Food Security of Small Fisher Households (Case Study of Medang Island, Sumbawa Regency)

The basic problem faced by fishing households, especially small fishing households, is the uncertain level of income to meet household needs, both food and non-food. Therefore, the level of income and expenditure of small fishing households influences the fishermen's exchange rate, food consumption patterns and the level of food security of fishing households. The research objectives are 1) to analyze the income and expenditure of small-scale fishing households, 2) to analyze the Fisherman's Exchange Rate (FER), and 3) to analyze the level of food security of small-scale fishing households on Medang Island. Data collection uses survey techniques and uses case studies. 40 small fishing households were selected using Quota Sampling. Next, the determination of respondents was carried out using Simple Random Sampling. The household income of fishermen on Medang Island is IDR 73,643,157 per year, sourced from on-fishing, IDR 65,952,248, non-fishing, IDR 7,090,910, and other sources IDR 600,000 per year. Fisherman household expenditure on Medang Island is IDR 43,270,909 including food expenditure IDR 17,044,364 and non-food IDR 26,226,545 per year. An FER of 1.7 means that small fishing households have a level of welfare sufficient to meet primary needs and can potentially meet non-primary needs or save. In general, small fishing households on Medang Island are categorized as "food secure" households, but if disaggregated by household, 75% are food secure and 25% are food insecure (food insecure).

A Benders decomposition algorithm for resource allocation with multi-resource operations

This paper addresses a real life scheduling problem characterised by multi-resource operations whose completion simultaneously requires more than one (renewable) resource of different types. Such problems arise in various companies not only in manufacturing but also in services. Solving such a problem needs to address two interconnected subproblems: a sequencing subproblem and a resource-allocation subproblem if more than one resource is available in some types. The resource-allocation subproblem consists of allocating to each operation the resources it requires while the sequencing subproblem consists of determining the order in which each resource performs the operations assigned to it. This paper focuses on the resource-allocation subproblem. It generalises the basic scheduling problems which consist of determining the operations' starting or completion times for a given processing sequence for every resource. We consider a cost function taking into account the makespan, the cost of resource utilisation, and the load imbalance among the resources of the same type. We first formulate the problem into a mixed-integer linear program (MILP). To efficiently solve it, even in practical-sized instances, an exact algorithm called BD (Benders decomposition with enhancing cuts) is developed where the master problem only considers integer variables. We prove that the slave problem can be transformed into finding the longest paths in a digraph and therefore can be solved with the Bellman–Ford algorithm. To enhance the efficiency of the method, equivalent solutions are limited in the master problem. The performance of the approach is evaluated by comparing it against CPLEX, a state-of-the-art commonplace MILP solver, used to directly solve the initial MILP. The computational results demonstrate that BD provides competitive solutions in all upper and lower bounds. In particular, it improves, compared with CPLEX, the upper and lower bounds by 5.07% and 4.63%, respectively, in solving practical-sized instances. The experiment also shows that considering load balancing can make more rational use of resources and avoid adverse effects caused by excessive workload of staff and imbalanced use of equipment, which is very important in real-world production.

Homonym Detection Using WordNet and Modified Lesk Approach for English Language

Word sense disambiguation (WSD) is a basic and persistent problem that has existed since its inception in the natural language processing (NLP) area. The process of determining the accurate meaning of a word within a specific context is referred to as word sense disambiguation, commonly known as WSD. In NLP, a single word can have two or more meanings, with each meaning being distinguished by its context. This is known as word polysemy. Its applications span a wide range of fields, such as question answering systems, machine translation, information retrieval (IR) etc. Ontology and NLP are still struggling with ambiguity. Homonyms, which are ubiquitous in most languages, are words that have the same spelling but a different meaning. This method's fundamental premise is to select the appropriate sense by comparing a word's context in a sentence to contexts generated from WordNet. The primary goal of this study is to employ WordNet and the Lesk algorithm for WSD. After the algorithm was put into practice and tested on a collection of sentences that included ambiguous words, the synset was able to determine the proper interpretation for most of the sentences. The Lesk algorithm relies on finding the highest number of shared words (maximum overlap) between a word’s context, prepositions and the definitions for its different meanings(glosses). This approach helps in identifying the most accurate interpretation for a given word within a specific context. According to experimental findings, the suggested strategy considerably boosts performance while identifying homonyms.

Problematyczne orzecznictwo Sądu Konstytucyjnego Republiki Czeskiej w sprawie charakteru prawnego chodnika – odrębna nieruchomość czy część składowa gruntu? Glosa do wyroku Sądu Konstytucyjnego z dnia 25 czerwca 2019 r. (III. ÚS 2280/18)

The legal nature of construction is a popular topic in Czech case law practice and legal literature. The basic problem of the whole concept of determining what is and is not a building is the prevalence of private law thinking and the disregard of building as a public concept, especially in the light of construction law. The legal nature of pavements has been highly debated. The legal nature of the pavement has already been the subject of some debate in the past, and it is not possible to decide whether it can be regarded as an immovable property under Czech law without knowing specific facts. According to the judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of the Czech Republic of 24 January 2018 (no. 6 As 333/2017), the character of a pavement is determined by the factual situation on the ground. The Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic also raised the question of the legal nature of the pavement in the context of the dispute over ownership. The commentary rejects the legal opinion adopted in the commented judgment, according to which the pavement constitutes a separate thing, not a part of another thing, in this case, the land.