Ontological Basis Research Articles

SELF-OTHER DIALECTIC, HEGEL, AND THE CONTEMPORARY THEORY OF 'THE POLITICS OF RECOGNITION'

This paper approached concepts of self-other dialectic and the politics of from aspect of Hegel's self-consciousness chapter in Phenomenology of Spirit. Various authors attribute Hegel as a source and inspiration for current theories of identity politics. This article is, therefore, focused on examining implication of Hegel's idea of 'recognition' and 'self-consciousness' on contemporary debates of identity politics. Hegel has an enormous contribution to current debate on identity politics. This article shows that with specific reference to the Phenomenology of Spirit, Hegel's understanding of 'recognition' in terms of dialectic of consciousness is vital to see contemporary theory of politics of recognition in a broader epistemological and ontological basis. When it comes to more practical and empirical political situation of these days, his idea of freedom and recognition has many important insights that support constitutional liberal system to handle 'needs' and 'demands' of recognition raised in identity politics. As Hegel has emphasised in many of his works, in progress of human history, state (including established institutions) is Absolute Spirit that actualises reciprocal freedom and mutual recognition of individuals in a broader political space. Based on these Hegelian insights, study concluded that education, deliberative democracy, and institutions are substantial to handle competing 'needs' and 'demands' of recognition in identity politics without granting group rights and interests a constitutional recognition.

The Growing Block and What was Once Present

According to the growing block ontology of time, there (tenselessly and unrestrictedly) exist past and present objects and events, but no future objects or events. The growing block is made attractive not just because of the attractiveness of its ontological basis for past-tensed truths, the past’s fixity, and future’s openness, but by underlying principles about the right way to fill in this sort of ontology. I shall argue that given these underlying views about the connection between truth and ontology, growing blockers incur an ontological commitment to an infinite number of temporal dimensions (“hypertime”). This commitment to hypertime generates a vicious explanatory regress. It also undermines the idea that the reality of the past is sufficient to explain why truths about the past are fixed. Both of these implications are highly unattractive; growing blockers would do well to clarify what other motivations they can offer for their view and how they can avoid these consequences.

Источники автономии субъекта социальных отношений

The paper explicates the ontological aspects of the Genesis of individuality in the social space, explains the nature of social activity in accordance with the degree of individualization of social construction. The author aims to explain the possibilities of individual social reflection and design of social participation, contributing to the strengthening of society, the disclosure of their freedom through the knowledge of their own being as part of the universal being. The paper uses the concept of the subject of social relations in a new way. The ontological basis of subjectivity is derived from the self-disclosure of all the properties of being in a particular phenomenon, in a particular case, in the disclosure of the generic qualities of a person through reproducing and transforming activity. The study shows that self-knowledge and life in accordance with the constructed “I-image” as dialectics of knowledge about real and potentially sophisticated properties requires approbation in social creativity. The Genesis of individuality cannot be reduced only to the synthesis of social approval of “significant others” or the discovery of original ways of inclusion in the social space. The basis of individualization is the possibility of creative improvement of the life world on the basis of Autonomous decision-making, the discovery of significance for society and the world person himself as a being subject.

The Ontological Basis and Justification of Law

This paper responds to the linchpin and central problem of jurisprudence in all its variants (legal schools) which is the task of establishing the meaning, nature and validity of law. The notion of validity and obligation is not only crucial to the concept of law, but also essentially inalienable. In the naturalist perception of law as well as in the positivist explication of law, the notion of validity is given fundamental attention. However, the point of disagreement or conflict, between legal naturalism and legal positivism (which are the two most outstanding and contending legal thoughts) revolves around the question: Where exactly does or from where does the law acquire its obligatory or binding or legal force? Differently put, in what does the validity of the law subsists? What invests a legal stamp or seal on a piece of legislation? Or what confers legality on legal norms that justifies and commands their obedience? While the naturalist appeal to some extra-legal, moral and metaphysical elements as the foundation of the binding force and validity of law (the oughts), the legal positivist took a formal and empirical approach to the explanation of the obligation and validity of law (law as it is, without recourse to metaphysical or moral oughts, is valid and commands unconditional obedience). Consequently, as an attempt towards establishing the ontological nature and justification of law, this paper defends the naturalist jurisprudence. The paper argues that to properly configure the true nature of positive laws otherwise called the jurisprudential laws in relation to law per se, the philosopher transcend the formalistic and materialistic study of law (empirical and descriptive) to the transcendental (prescriptive) examination of law not just in its ontological descriptive dimension, but most essentially in relation to its normative or prescriptive form. In lieu, the paper further argue that consequent upon the prescriptive nature of the law of nature, and the concomitant rational nature of man, positive laws cannot but inexorably be morally biased. The methods adopted by the research include the expository analytic and prescriptive methods.

Event portfolio management: An emerging transdisciplinary field of theory and praxis.

The phenomenon of event portfolio has gradually received acceptance and recognition as host destinations are steadily moving towards assembling multiple events across the calendar to serve multiple policy purposes. This paper reviews all the pertinent literature providing a common ground for studying event portfolios and their management exigencies. It traces the origins of the event portfolio concept and outlines its evolution to date. It thus, maps out event portfolio management as a complex emergent field, establishing its ontological base through convergence of underlying disciplines, theories and concepts. We argue that the integrative nature of event portfolio provides a malleable ground, one across and beyond its parent disciplines that shape it as a transdisciplinary field. This theoretical underpinning is indispensable for the effective treatment and sustainable development of the field.

“No gray middle folk did he see”: Constructions of Race inSuttree

AbstractCriticism of race in Suttree has focused on its intersection with class and on its lack of historical context; however, it overlooks the machinations of race at the symbolic and narrative levels. My article argues that the recurrent use of racial language in the text merits a symbolic examination of race. By using Toni Morrison's Africanist perspective to examine blackness and Richard Dyer's theoretical approach to analyze whiteness, I question the intentionality and purpose of racial representations in the text. Drawing also from Luce, Watson, McCoy, and Prather, my article will demonstrate how narrative techniques such as metonymic displacement, metaphysical condensation, fetishization, and repetition make not only blackness, but also whiteness strange. Ultimately, I argue McCarthy's racial caricatures undermine the black and white binary and deconstruct the ontological basis of race in American literature.

Freedom Made Manifest: Rahner's Fundamental Option and Theological Aesthetics, Peter JosephFritz, The Catholic University of America Press, 2019 (ISBN 978‐0‐8132‐3119‐8), xx + 278 pp., hb $65

Freedom Made Manifest: Rahner's Fundamental Option and Theological Aesthetics, Peter JosephFritz, The Catholic University of America Press, 2019 (ISBN 978‐0‐8132‐3119‐8), xx + 278 pp., hb $65

Closed sequential pattern mining for sitemap generation

A sitemap represents an explicit specification of the design concept and knowledge organization of a website and is therefore considered as the website’s basic ontology. It not only presents the main usage flows for users, but also hierarchically organizes concepts of the website. Typically, sitemaps are defined by webmasters in the very early stages of the website design. However, during their life websites significantly change their structure, their content and their possible navigation paths. Even if this is not the case, webmasters can fail to either define sitemaps that reflect the actual website content or, vice versa, to define the actual organization of pages and links which do not reflect the intended organization of the content coded in the sitemaps. In this paper we propose an approach which automatically generates sitemaps. Contrary to other approaches proposed in the literature, which mainly generate sitemaps from the textual content of the pages, in this work sitemaps are generated by analyzing the Web graph of a website. This allows us to: i) automatically generate a sitemap on the basis of possible navigation paths, ii) compare the generated sitemaps with either the sitemap provided by the Web designer or with the intended sitemap of the website and, consequently, iii) plan possible website re-organization. The solution we propose is based on closed frequent sequence extraction and only concentrates on hyperlinks organized in “Web lists”, which are logical lists embedded in the pages. These “Web lists” are typically used for supporting users in Web site navigation and they include menus, navbars and content tables. Experiments performed on three real datasets show that the extracted sitemaps are much more similar to those defined by website curators than those obtained by competitor algorithms.

Построение концептуальной конфайнмент-модели базы знаний технической диагностики зданий и сооружений

Своевременная техническая диагностика конструкций зданий и сооружений является важным условием обеспе­чения их безопасности. Объективность и достоверность информации, предоставляемой экспертами о техническом состоянии строительного объекта, в большой степени зависят от опыта эксперта, то есть от человеческого фактора.
 Внедрение интеллектуальных технологий в экспертную деятельность инженера-строителя мотивировано необходи­мостью передачи знаний опытных экспертов специалистам разной квалификации для расширения и укрепления их профессиональных возможностей. Логика рассуждений человека-эксперта в интеллектуальной системе должна легко поддаваться машинной обработке. Для этого её необходимо структурировать в виде концептуальной схемы системы знаний.
 Представлен эффективный метод конфайнмент-моделирования на примере создания концептуальной структуры базы знаний (БЗ) технической диагностики конструкций зданий и сооружений, который позволяет унифицировать процесс разработки онтологических баз знаний, помогает от­сеивать неважные факторы и сосредоточиться на тех, которые действительно влияют на результат. Разработанная структура является основой для реализации следующего этапа - по­строения интегрированной базы знаний интеллектуальной системы диагностики технического состояния строительных объектов разных конструктивных форм и назначения, вы­полненных из разных материалов, которая должна также включать: методы цифровой обработки результатов лазерного сканирования повреждений конструкций; методы оценки ри­сков и определения остаточного ресурса конструкций зданий и сооружений с использованием теории нечётких множеств и нечёткой логики; оценку экономического эффекта от ме­роприятий по обеспечению конструкционной безопасности.

O conceito freudiano de pulsão e o estatuto epistemológico da psicanálise: o olhar de Heidegger e de Ricoeur

Com esse artigo pretendemos examinar duas posições distintas em relação ao conceito metapsicológico de pulsão e à identidade epistemológica da psicanálise. Ao investigar as bases ontológicas da metapsicologia, o filósofo Martin Heidegger encaixa a psicanálise freudiana no rol das ciências da natureza. Para Heidegger, ao usar o conceito de pulsão para descrever as nossas urgências e ímpetos, Freud estaria usando um constructo teórico carregado de uma objetividade não-humana. Ricoeur, por sua vez, advoga que o conceito de pulsão teria o poder de sintetizar os elementos de força e de sentido presentes na teoria freudiana. Apesar de funcionar como uma força que faz o aparelho psíquico trabalhar, essa força pulsional nunca seria “nua”, desprovida de uma representação psíquica que lhe conferiria sentido. Por isso, o conceito de pulsão afinaria a psicanálise com a hermenêutica. Nosso objetivo consiste em analisar os fundamentos que guiam tais posições.

Finding Misstatement Accounts in Financial Statements through Ontology Reasoning

Finding misstatement accounts in financial statements, is a key problem of fraud detection. Potential applications include external audit, internal controls, investment decision and securities market regulation. However, most existing intelligent methods just detect financial statements fraud at the company level, while little research can detect financial statements fraud at the account level. For this, to achieve intelligent fraud detection at the accounts level, an ontology-based fraud detection framework was proposed. To be specific, the proposed framework mainly combines the articulation between different accounts and periods, and 30 financial indicators (ratios) as the knowledge basis of ontology. Notably, with OWL (Ontology Web Language), SWRL (Semantic Web Rule Language) and Protege ontology editor, the case study not only completed the fraud detection in a fast and timely manner, but also provided logical explanation and risk warning at the accounts level. This fully shows the great advantages and applicability of the proposed framework in the detection of misstatements accounts. Moreover, the proposed framework is of great significance for timely detection, prevention and response of financial statements fraud. More importantly, the proposed framework opens-up a new direction of using ontology reasoning techniques to find misstatement accounts in financial statements, which provides an interpretable and fine-grained way for fraud detection.

ONTOLOGICAL BASIS OF SCIENCE CLASSIFICATION (Study on the Philosophy of Islamic Education)

This paper aims to analyze the nature of science through scientific specifications. The focus of the discussion is the ontological basis of the classification of science in terms of studies in Islamic education philosophy. This research uses a qualitative approach with a literature study method. Scientific reference materials become the primary source in analyzing and testing the validity of research data. The results of this study indicate that the belief in the existence of an ontological status or the existence of objects of knowledge is what will become the ontological basis of the epistemology to be built. Which ontological basis is chosen will greatly influence and even determine the epistemological pattern it builds. For example, the distrust of some great Western scientists to the existence or ontological status of metaphysical entities, causing them to limit the subject matter of science (science) only to the empirical physical field which they call the positive world. Thus they also create a classification of science and scientific methods that match their ontological views. On the other hand, many Muslim scientists and philosophers (Al-Farabi, Al-Ghazali, and Ibn Khaldun) believe that what is real, is not only physical objects, but also non-physical entities (meta physical). In their view, metaphysical (immaterial) entities have an ontological status that is as strong or stronger as physical entities.

Paradigm of Legal Thought: Legal Prophetic Perspective

Objective: This article aims to discuss ‘criticism of legal prophetic paradigm against legal positivism paradigmMethodology: This research conducted a normative method used by legal positivists. This research is based on a philosophical approach as it is intended to explore the basic assumptions of the legal prophetic paradigm on the lack of the basic assumptions of the legal positivism paradigm.Findings: This paper will discuss the 'criticism of legal prophetic paradigm against legal positivism paradigm' using a philosophical approach as it is intended to explore the basic assumptions of the epistemology basis of the school of thought in legal science through comparison between the school of thoughts in legal science. The legal prophetic paradigm places moral as the main basis as its basic assumption. The verses of Allah and the Hadith of the Prophet regarding justice are the ontological basis of the Paradigm.Application of the Study: The object of legal science is human relations contained within (governed by) legal norms. Law science attempts to understand its object in a "legal" manner, which is from the legal perspective. Understanding something legally means understanding it as law, that is, as legal norms or as the content of legal norms or understanding something as determined by legal norms.Novelty/Originality: The prophetic paradigm can be approached through a Religion Science-based approach. The importance of this approach/religion science in understanding phenomenological law is none other but the occurrence of void or the broken links due to legal positivism thinking that is unable to play a functional role in presenting comprehensive legal justice. Keywords: Legal Positivism Paradigm, Legal Prophetic Paradigm, Basic Assumptions

Identification of key pathways and genes responsible for aggressive behavior

Aggression is a complex behavior, underpinned by cross talk between several biomolecules. To date a composite molecular network of the behavioral disorder has not been constructed. The present study aims to develop the same from the system network analyses recruiting genes with empirical evidence demonstrating their role in the incidence and progression of aggression. In short, 327 genes were recruited in the study after extensive literature survey and subsequent shortlisting by sieving out the comorbidities like cancer and other pathological and physiological ailments, other languages and repeated citations. Subsequent String network analysis coalesces 275 genes in a network with 2223 edges. The developed network was then subjected to delineate modules using MCODE which via gene clustering on the basis of gene ontology segregate all genes into 14 modules. Of these, as expected top 5 modules involved entailing of neuronal signaling pathways with redundant repetitions. Finally, 10 genes (known) were picked randomly, accounting average module size, and subjected to the network analysis with 100,000 bootstrap replicates. This results in the detection of certain novel genes that lacks empirical evidence for their association with the aggression. Amongst those, most notable are genes involved in protein turnover regulation like UBC, UBA, mitogenic proteins such as Rho and Myc, transcription factors like Tp53. The findings in turn fill caveats in the molecular resolution of cross talk that underscore the development of aggressive behavior and may then be exploited as screening biomarker and/or therapeutic intervention for aggression.

Languages/languaging as world-making: the ontological bases of language

This article makes a case for an engagement with language ontologies. Rather than asking what we know about language, theorising with ontologies prompts us to engage with what language is – or, might be. This focus has potential to broaden our work from examining different perspectives on, or ideological approaches to, a single assumed phenomenon (Language), to potentially seeing multiple, different phenomena. To develop our argument theoretically, we draw primarily on research stemming from the ontological turn in anthropology (Blaser, 2009, 2013; Holbraad, 2009; Holbraad and Pedersen, 2017; Viveiros de Castro, 2013 among others), as well as linguistic anthropology (Chernela, 2018; Seargeant, 2010). We dialogue across fields and disciplines—with philosophy, science and technology studies (Latour, 1993; Law, 2015), decolonial studies (Escobar, 2016) and language studies (García and Li, 2014; Li, 2018; Makoni and Pennycook, 2006; Pennycook, 2017, among others)—to situate language ontologies as worlded through linguistic practices. To contextualise the discussion, the paper explores three ontologies of language: language as object, language as practice, and language as assemblage.

A review of research into animal ethics in tourism: Launching the annals of tourism research curated collection on animal ethics in tourism

A review of research on animal ethics and tourism, based on a sample of 74 articles in ten tourism journals is presented. A range of ethics positions was identified including rights, ecofeminist, ecocentric, welfare, utilitarian, and instrumental. Some studies challenge the ontological bases, and therefore the moral considerability of animals used in tourism: speciesism, native/introduced, a wild-captive continuum and domestic animals. Other themes include the harm caused to animals, and an ‘animal gaze’ which commodifies animals as objects. The ethical positions of the tourism industry, regulatory groups and tourists were also identified. Overall, the articles challenge the use of animals for entertainment, and confirm the imperative for a developing body of research in the field of animal ethics.

The Functional Success of Intelligent Automata

Based on the standpoint close to that of philosophical functionalism, the paper addresses the history and present state of scientific research on artificial reconstruction of some of the rational thinking functions, and acquisition of valid knowledge of phenomenally given (f)actuality, by way of engineering artificial intelligent automata. Thereby, the author examines the settings of emergence of an attendant basic ontology, and the place of logic in the process of knowing, by intelligent automata and humans, accordingly. Analysis and collations are made by proceeding from the phenomenalistic logic and ontology presupposition in the theory of experience and knowing, as previously detailed by the author. Under this presupposition, the (f)actual is considered temporally ordered (hence, ontologically rooted) facts with attached significance used to order them logically, in reciprocally defining them logical relations as a result of phenomenal statements on their identification and re-identification as such (recognition by significance).The paper offers an overview of primary logical and ontological foundations for operation of intelligent automata classed as “expert systems” in their collation with a correspondent model of functionally determined meaningful activity of humans, while making the case for the observation on a sufficient functional parallelism between them, against the background of their noted specifics.By moving on to engineering intelligent automata classed as “machine learning systems” grounded on “connectionism”, prospects for overcoming the deficit of reflexive plasticity (impressionability) in “artificial intelligence”, and the effect of fundamental convergence between the human functional intelligence and an “artificial” intelligence (at the level of the very natural mechanism implementing them both), are clarified.Admitting a demonstrated functional success of such intelligent automata in the functional context, along with their logic being affined to that of humans (yet virtually opaque), the notion of intelligence incurs significant de-humanization.Manuscript received 14.02.2020

Context-oriented ontology in food safety management

Actuality of the usage of the food safety knowledge-based technologies is shown. The food safety stakeholders and information objects are presented. The set of ontologies and context areas which are described decision –making tasks and processes are shown. The basic ontology is presented as a means of conceptual representation of the field of food safety. The usage of decision-making is considered. Modern food processing technologies, food safety requirements, food safety requirements (agricultural production, food processing, food logistics, food sales, food storage) etc. are characterized by the need for complex and rational solutions. It is necessary to consider different aspects of decision-making in food safety, which can be based not only on the knowledge of a particular subject area. The use of information and knowledge is a key task in any problem area related to the production and dissemination of knowledge, especially new types of unique (and valuable) content that are useful and accessible. The paper aim is to conceptually present an ontological system based on the use of context and ontologies and aimed at supporting decision making in the food safety management system. Food safety knowledge, which used in decision-making processes, is considered as the context knowledge and the knowledge that describes the content. The paper presents food safety stakeholders and provides information objects. The information and knowledge includes various aspects such as knowledge and information on the production and processing industry; and the food safety aspects. For this purpose, an interconnected set of ontologies is used, which is a multilevel associative structure: meta-ontology; basic ontology; context ontology; set of domain ontologies; realization ontology; user presentation and interaction ontology; model of inference machine. Implementation of food safety processes and integration of the components of decision-making is based on the presentation of the multi-level system of management and decision-making in it through a model of a context. The context framework takes into account different context domains, such as: purpose/result, actor, process/action, object, environment, facility, tools, presentation, location, and time. The ontology implementation builds an inter connected system of preparation and choice of solutions, both for the given problem and for interaction with other complexes of problems and tasks, allows to make decisions taking into account the consequences of their implementation.

Ontology Reasoning with Deep Neural Networks


 
 
 The ability to conduct logical reasoning is a fundamental aspect of intelligent human behavior, and thus an important problem along the way to human-level artificial intelligence. Traditionally, logic-based symbolic methods from the field of knowledge representation and reasoning have been used to equip agents with capabilities that resemble human logical reasoning qualities. More recently, however, there has been an increasing interest in using machine learning rather than logic-based symbolic formalisms to tackle these tasks. In this paper, we employ state-of-the-art methods for training deep neural networks to devise a novel model that is able to learn how to effectively perform logical reasoning in the form of basic ontology reasoning. This is an important and at the same time very natural logical reasoning task, which is why the presented approach is applicable to a plethora of important real-world problems. We present the outcomes of several experiments, which show that our model is able to learn to perform highly accurate ontology reasoning on very large, diverse, and challenging benchmarks. Furthermore, it turned out that the suggested approach suffers much less from different obstacles that prohibit logic-based symbolic reasoning, and, at the same time, is surprisingly plausible from a biological point of view.
 
 

Cognitive Models and Narrative Construction

The article deals with the narrative text construction. The study thoroughly analyzes cognitive models that can become the basis of this process. Firstly, the author is studying the theory of rhetoricalcommonplaces. The article shows that this theory is suitable for constructing a rhetorical text, but not a narrative one. The second model discussed is the concept model. The article argues that this model is most convenient for text analysis, but not for its formation. Marvin Minsky's frame theory is analyzed in detail. It is stated that the theory of frames and individual narrative concepts, in particular those formulated by R. Barth, have much in common.
 It is concluded that the theory of frames can be perceived as the ontological basis of the narrative scientific description. In addition, the article briefly discusses the cognitive 
 model by R. Quillian and R. Langacker. Their essence is to highlight the main and secondary content in the text. The possibility of using these models in the text
 analysis and its synthesis is proved by their conceptual similarity with G.Y. Solganik’s analysis of the novel by L. Tolstoy. Special attention is paid to the theory of R. Abelson. It is argued that the proposed hierarchy of cognitive structures has a
 generalizing character and is adequate to the text. The article gives an example based on a local narrative figure analysis undertaken by V.V. Vinogradov. The paper
 indicates the possibility to describe this figure within Abelson's theory. As a result of different cognitive models and narrative conceptscomparison, the article formulates the sequence of stages in the analysis and synthesis of text units found at
 different levels. The first stage of this sequence is the narrative figures analysis. The second one is the analysis of episodes, which are narrative figures associations. The third one is the analysis of the text plot structures. It is proposed to consider text
 units as realizations of cognitive structures. It is argued that the cognitive approach to the narrative provides its holistic and detailed adequate description.