Basic Logic Operations Research Articles

DNA Logical Computing on a Transistor for Cancer Molecular Diagnosis.

Given the high degree of variability and complexity of cancer, precise monitoring and logical analysis of different nucleic acid markers are crucial for improving diagnostic precision and patient survival rates. However, existing molecular diagnostic methods normally suffer from high cost, cumbersome procedures, dependence on specialized equipment and the requirement of in-depth expertise in data analysis, failing to analyze multiple cancer-associated nucleic acid markers and provide immediate results in a point-of-care manner. Herein, we demonstrate a transistor-based DNA molecular computing (TDMC) platform that enables simultaneous detection and logical analysis of multiple microRNA (miRNA) markers on a single transistor. TDMC can perform not only basic logical operations such as "AND" and "OR", but also complex cascading computing, opening up new dimensions for multi-index logical analysis. Owing to the high efficiency, sensing and computations of multi-analytes can be operated on a transistor at a concentration as low as 2×10-16 M, reaching the lowest concentration for DNA molecular computing. Thus, TDMC achieves an accuracy of 98.4 % in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma from 62 serum samples. As a convenient and accurate platform, TDMC holds promise for applications in "one-stop" personalized medicine.

DNA Logical Computing on a Transistor for Cancer Molecular Diagnosis

AbstractGiven the high degree of variability and complexity of cancer, precise monitoring and logical analysis of different nucleic acid markers are crucial for improving diagnostic precision and patient survival rates. However, existing molecular diagnostic methods normally suffer from high cost, cumbersome procedures, dependence on specialized equipment and the requirement of in‐depth expertise in data analysis, failing to analyze multiple cancer‐associated nucleic acid markers and provide immediate results in a point‐of‐care manner. Herein, we demonstrate a transistor‐based DNA molecular computing (TDMC) platform that enables simultaneous detection and logical analysis of multiple microRNA (miRNA) markers on a single transistor. TDMC can perform not only basic logical operations such as “AND” and “OR”, but also complex cascading computing, opening up new dimensions for multi‐index logical analysis. Owing to the high efficiency, sensing and computations of multi‐analytes can be operated on a transistor at a concentration as low as 2×10−16 M, reaching the lowest concentration for DNA molecular computing. Thus, TDMC achieves an accuracy of 98.4 % in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma from 62 serum samples. As a convenient and accurate platform, TDMC holds promise for applications in “one‐stop” personalized medicine.

Simulation and Characterization of an Inverter Logic Gate by Utilizing InGaAs-Based Planar Devices

Electronic circuits known as logic gates can perform basic logical operations like inverters, AND, and OR gates. These logic gates serve as the basis for digital electronics, and they are a common component in various electronic devices, such as computers, smartphones, and other types of digital systems. This research presents an inverter logic gate made of planar devices, which have significantly simpler structures than multi-layered transistors and diodes, namely the self-switching diode (SSD) and side-gated transistor (SGT). The inverter logic gate is realized by simply connecting both SSD and SGT in parallel. The electrical characteristics and performances of the inverter logic gate are assessed based on InGaAs material using SILVACO Inc.'s ATLAS device simulator software. The simulation results show that the functionality of the proposed planar inverter is comparable to that of a conventional inverter logic gate based on the standard truth table of the device. This has demonstrated the feasibility of building logic gates using a combination of SSDs and SGTs. In addition, the planar structure of SSD and SGT allows for a relatively low-cost device fabrication process as well as offering a high-frequency operation due to low parasitic elements in the devices.

Control and diagnostics of sequential digital structures.

In the modern world of digital electronics, sequential digital structures are integral components of many electronic systems and devices. Such systems and devices find extensive applications across various domains of human endeavor, including communication systems, automatic, and automated devices. The tasks associated with monitoring and diagnosing these systems come with certain challenges. Research in this field holds particular significance for ensuring the resilience and reliability of digital systems in contemporary technological environments. In this context, the study of the characteristics of diagnosing sequential digital structures assumes a special importance. Diagnosing, in this context, refers to the systematic solving of problems related to determining the technical condition, localizing malfunctions (down to individual radio-electronic components), and forecasting the technical state over a specific period. Identifying individual Radio-Electronic Components (RECs) within a digital system means pinpointing a specific microchip whose functioning does not meet the technical specifications. This is crucial, as microchips, despite their complexity and multifunctionality, constitute minimal replaceable units. Monitoring the technical condition is especially crucial in systems containing a large number of interacting sequential digital elements. One of the key challenges in developing methods for monitoring sequential digital structures is their sheer numerical size and the presence of a multitude of logical elements, each of which can be a potential source of error when performing basic logical operations. Hence, engineers have to devise novel, efficient methods and algorithms for error detection in such systems.

OPERATIONS ON BLOCK PREDICATE MATRICES

This article discusses the possibility of performing basic logical operations on matrices that are divided into rectangular blocks in an arbitrary manner. The results obtained are illustrated using the example of predicate logical matrices defined over a field of finite predicates of arbitrary arity. The possibility of extending the results obtained to Boolean matrices is also justified (they are considered to be defined over a field of finite predicates of zero arity). At the same time, using the apparatus of multivalued logic, starting from Boolean logical matrices, the results obtained can also be extended to the study of logical objects that are not Boolean. Block partitioning of matrices allows you to divide information specified in matrix form into parts, process these parts separately, and then combine them into a single whole, adhering to certain rules and restrictions described in this article. These methods can find their application in graph theory, in the theory of algorithms, programming and in other areas of theoretical and practical activity that are in one way or another related to mathematical logic.

Simple and reconfigurable all-optical logic gate

A photonics-based digital signal processing structure that has the ability to realise all the six basic logical operations, namely XOR, OR, AND, XNOR, NOR and NAND, is presented. It is based on applying the two digital inputs into a dual-polarisation modulator and adjusting the angle of a waveplate connected to the modulator output to realise different logical operations. The proposed dual-polarisation modulator based optical logic gate has a simple and compact structure and robust performance. Switching between different logical operations can be realised in high speed by adjusting only one system parameter, with no change in the system physical configuration. The proposed dual-polarisation modulator based optical logic gate is theoretically analysed. Using the system parameter setting obtained from the theoretical analysis, the six basic logical operations are experimentally demonstrated. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an optical logic gate that is capable of switching between all the six basic logical operations by adjusting only one system parameter.

Basic logical operation skills and logical reasoning competences of university students in a Western region of Romania

Empirical research results show that the system of logical operations and conclusion schemes does not become complete even in adulthood. Although we know other logical models besides the classical two-valued logical reasoning model, in higher education for students it is essential to know and apply the rules of the classical reasoning model. Proofs, reasoning and refutation are necessary in the case of several subjects, as scientific language uses many of logical operations. Our 2022 end-of-year research measured general logical basic-knowledge and operations in everyday life, mathematical, physical, chemical and biological contexts based on 246 university students’ online testing. The students completed the tasks which required the correct conclusion in the highest proportion (69.02%), followed by the interpretation of ‘at most’/‘at least’ (63.41%), and at least the negation (the negation of the ‘at least’, of ‘exists’ and of ‘for all’) (29.91%). Our results show that the correct interpretation did not become dominant in the case of all logical operations for these students. The everyday life problems were solved correctly by the highest percentage of students (70.05%), followed by problems in biological, physical and mathematical context. They were least successful (28.04%) in solving logical problems related to chemistry. This shows that our data cannot be analyzed without semantic content. Based on different statistical tests, we did not find a significant difference in performance between genders, but according to the human capital theory students of more highly educated mothers performed significantly better.

High-Performance All-Optical Logic Operations Using Ψ-Shaped Silicon Waveguides at 1.55 μm.

We simulate with FDTD solutions a complete family of basic Boolean logic operations, which includes XOR, AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND, and XNOR, by using compact Ψ-shaped silicon-on-silica optical waveguides that are operated at a 1.55 μm telecommunications wavelength. Four identical slots and one microring resonator, all made of silicon deposited on silica, compose the adopted waveguide. The operating principle of these logic gates is based on the constructive and destructive interferences that result from the phase differences incurred by the launched input optical beams. The performance of these logic operations is evaluated against the contrast ratio (CR) metric. The obtained results suggest that the considered functions designed with the employed waveguide can be realized all-optically with higher CRs and faster speeds than other reported designs.

Phase transition induced threshold resistive switching in two-dimensional VTe2 nanosheets for Boolean logic operations

Vanadium chalcogenides have been extensively studied owing to the diverse crystallographic structures with various stoichiometric ratios. The metal-to-insulator transition (MIT) widely reported in vanadium chalcogenides is a rapid reversible phase transition that requires small energy, demonstrating potential applications in memory devices. In this work, two-dimensional (2D) vanadium telluride (VTe2) nanosheets are prepared by the chemical vapor deposition method. The synthesized VTe2 nanosheets exhibit volatile threshold switching (TS) behaviors due to the MIT phase transition, which can be further confirmed by the temperature dependent TS behaviors. The TS memristor demonstrates good stability and high reliability with up to 1000 continuous and repeatable writing/erasing operations. Furthermore, based on the TS behaviors, the fabricated memristor can be utilized to implement basic Boolean logic operations of “OR,” “AND,” and “NOT.” This study not only demonstrates the TS behaviors in the 2D VTe2 nanosheets owing to the MIT phase transition but also shows the potential applications of the TS devices in Boolean logic operations.

A look-up table-based processing-in-SRAM architecture for energy-efficient search applications

This paper presents an efficient in-memory computing architecture for search and logic function applications. The proposed design benefits from an SRAM cell, using two single-ended read bit-lines to enable binary and ternary content addressable memories (BCAM and TCAM) and logic functions. As our proposed cell benefits from Schmitt trigger inverters based on independent gate FinFETs. No data distraction occurs due to the half-selection issue. The results indicate no failure in the proposed method in the half-selected cells in the BCAM and TCAM functions. Moreover, the proposed cell shows 58% and 89% lower power in the write and read operations than the conventional SRAM-based IMC design. Also, by providing basic logic operations in the proposed design, applications with high-accuracy requirements can be implemented. Moreover, a neural network is also implemented to assess the proposed design in a practical application. The results show that our design consumes 41% and 50% lower energy than its counterparts.

Observing and braiding topological Majorana modes on programmable quantum simulators

Electrons are indivisible elementary particles, yet paradoxically a collection of them can act as a fraction of a single electron, exhibiting exotic and useful properties. One such collective excitation, known as a topological Majorana mode, is naturally stable against perturbations, such as unwanted local noise, and can thereby robustly store quantum information. As such, Majorana modes serve as the basic primitive of topological quantum computing, providing resilience to errors. However, their demonstration on quantum hardware has remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate a verifiable identification and braiding of topological Majorana modes using a superconducting quantum processor as a quantum simulator. By simulating fermions on a one-dimensional lattice subject to a periodic drive, we confirm the existence of Majorana modes localized at the edges, and distinguish them from other trivial modes. To simulate a basic logical operation of topological quantum computing known as braiding, we propose a non-adiabatic technique, whose implementation reveals correct braiding statistics in our experiments. This work could further be used to study topological models of matter using circuit-based simulations, and shows that long-sought quantum phenomena can be realized by anyone in cloud-run quantum simulations, whereby accelerating fundamental discoveries in quantum science and technology.

A new deterministic PSO algorithm for real-time systems implemented on low-power devices

The paper presents a novel, deterministic particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, facilitating its implementation in low-power application specific integrated circuits (ASIC) realized in CMOS technology. The PSO algorithms are commonly used in a variety of optimization problems. They allow to search for a global extreme in a selected fitness function, which is used for numerical modeling of specific optimized problems. The conventional version of the algorithm is relatively difficult to implement directly in hardware, especially when each particle is represented by a separate circuit working in parallel with other particles. In such a situation, each particle has to be equipped with its own copy of each function. One of the problems is, for example, an efficient realization of the random function block that provides for each particle some factors used in computing a cognitive and a social velocity components. In this paper we shows a novel way to work around this problem. In the proposed approach the random function does not need to be used. It has been replaced by a simple computationally deterministic mechanism, which at the level of the overall swarm allows for effective emulation of the former random mechanism. We proposed such simplifications that reduce the formulas describing the algorithm to only basic arithmetic and logic operations. Comprehensive investigations have shown that performance of the proposed approach is comparable with its original version or in may situations even better. The proposed algorithm was tested with numerous test functions (50 runs for each tested function), to verify its flexibility and adaptation abilities to different problems.

Методические подходы к формированию у младших школьников познавательных универсальных учебных действий

The article highlights the methods of working with primary schoolchildren, which contribute to the formation of their cognitive universal educational activities. The mastery of a set of universal educational activities by younger schoolchildren, in turn, is considered in the Federal State Educational Standard for Primary General Education as the most important requirement - the formation of meta-subject learning outcomes. The article provides interesting examples of tasks offered to students in the lessons of the world around them, which ensure the development of their basic logical operations, initial research activities, the ability to work with information presented in various forms, as well as modeling and design skills.

DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE RECRUITMENT PROCESS WITH THE USE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR UKRAINIAN IT-BUSINESS IN THE CONDITIONS OF MARITAL STATE

The article states that the Russian full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 had a critical impact on the macroeconomic system of Ukraine, and because of this, preservation and ensuring the functioning of the labor market of Ukraine took on special importance. Current trends in the labor market of the IT business have been analyzed. It is noted that the IT business was the least affected by the war, but the personnel market for most companies has changed significantly, which poses new challenges to the personnel recruitment process. It has been proven that employees of IT companies are a particularly valuable resource. Using their intellectual potential allows the Ukrainian IT business to develop and successfully compete on the international market. It is indicated that personnel recruiting directly affects the company's provision of qualified personnel with the necessary competencies, and the digitization of its processes is one of the factors of ensuring an effective personnel selection process. 7 main trends that are currently operating in the IT business during martial law are highlighted. It is indicated that the main task is to ensure further stabilization and growth of the IT industry, to preserve the intellectual potential of its employees and stop the outflow of personnel. It is proven that the research of technology and issues of recruiting services in Ukraine is quite new, since the theory and practice of recruiting in high-tech spheres of activity is currently at the stage of development, therefore there is no single approach to solving existing problems and tasks. There are 3 main online resources for online recruitment. The advantages and disadvantages of each of them are indicated. Current tools that help in the selection of highly qualified personnel are considered. The query creation methodology, basic search filters and logical operators are considered. As a result of the research, it is proven that the improvement of personnel selection methods is carried out thanks to digital technologies, which allow you to directly optimize the selection process and improve its quality indicators.

Time-domain computing for Boolean logic using STT-MRAM

With the development of artificial intelligence, the separation of memory and processor in the traditional von-Neumann architecture has led to the bottleneck of data transmission hindering the development of energy efficient computing. The computing-in-memory (CIM) paradigm is expected to solve the problems of memory wall and power wall. In this work, we propose a time-domain (TD) computing scheme based on the spin transfer torque magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM). Basic Boolean logic operations, such as AND/OR/Full-adder (FA), are implemented through converting the bit-line voltage to time delay and time-to-digital converter (TDC). The proposal is simulated using the 28 nm CMOS process and 40 nm MTJ compact model. Monte-Carlo simulations show that 94.2% to 100% computation accuracy can be obtained and the delay of AND/OR and FA is 2.5 ns and 3.5 ns. The energy consumption of AND/OR and FA achieve 59.43 fJ and 97.56 fJ, respectively.

Аппаратная реализация встраиваемых нечетких систем

Principles of using analog circuitry for implementing basic fuzzy logic operations are considered. A set of developed hardware modules, where operations are executed on an analog representation of fuzzy variables is presented. Modules for converting information from digital to continuous form and vice versa are presented in order to link fuzzy system with sensors and executing circuitry, for example, in the control system of a process or an object. The components of such modules are described, along with their pros and cons. The use of circuits based on these principles seems essential for the development of fuzzy electronics.

Logic Circuits Based on 2A Peptide Sequences in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Gene digital circuits are the subject of many studies in Synthetic Biology due to their various applications from pollutant detection to medical diagnostics and biocomputing. Complex logic functions are calculated via small genetic components that mimic Boolean gates, i.e., they implement basic logic operations. Gates interact by exchanging proteins or noncoding RNAs. To carry out logic operations in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we chose three bacterial repressors commonly used for proofs of concept in Synthetic Biology, namely, TetR, LexA, and LacI. We coexpressed them via synthetic polycistronic cassettes based on 2A peptide sequences. Our initial results highlighted the successful application of four 2A peptides─from Equine rhinitis B virus-1 (ERBV-1 2A), Operophtera brumata cypovirus 18 (OpbuCPV18 2A), Ljungan virus (LV2A), and Thosea asigna virus (T2A)─to the construction of single and two-input Boolean gates. In order to improve protein coexpression, we modified the original 2A peptides with the addition of the glycine-serine-glycine (GSG) prefix or by using two different 2As sequences in tandem. Remarkably, we finally realized a well-working tri-cistronic vector that carried LexA-HBD(hER), TetR, and LacI separated, in the order, by GSG-T2A and ERBV-1 2A. This plasmid led to the implementation of three-input circuits containing AND and OR gates. Taken together, polycistronic constructs simplify the cloning and coexpression of multiple proteins with a dramatic reduction in the complexity of gene digital circuits.

Universal logic-in-memory cell enabling all basic Boolean algebra logic

Among the promising approaches for implementing high-performance computing, reconfigurable logic gates and logic-in-memory (LIM) approaches have been drawing increased research attention. These allow for improved functional scaling of a chip, owing to the improved functionality per unit area. Although numerous studies have been conducted independently for either reconfigurable logic or LIM units, attempts to construct a hybrid structure based on reconfigurable logic and LIM units remain relatively rare. In this study, we merge reconfigurable logic gates and LIM units to achieve a universal logic-in-memory (ULIM) cell for enabling all basic Boolean logic operations and data storage in a single cell. A ULIM cell consisting of silicon memory devices with reconfigurable n- and p-program modes can reconfigure logic operations within the complete set of Boolean logic operations. Moreover, the ULIM cell exhibits memory behaviors for storing output logic values without supply voltages for a certain period, resulting in zero static power consumption. Hence, this study provides a way to realize high-performance electronics by utilizing the silicon devices with a hybrid function of reconfigurable logic and LIM.

K-Shaped Silicon Waveguides for Logic Operations at 1.55 μm

Silicon has properties that make it the preferable semiconductor material for realizing a wide suite of electronic devices. In this paper, all basic optical logic operations, including XOR, AND, OR, NOT, NOR, XNOR, and NAND, are demonstrated by means of simulation using K-shaped compact silicon waveguides operated at the 1.55 μm telecommunications wavelength. This waveguide comprises three waveguide strips, all made of silicon printed on silica. By adjusting the phase of the incident beams, the pursued logic operations can be realized. To evaluate how well the considered operations are performed, the contrast ratio (CR) is employed as a figure of merit. Compared to other reported waveguides, the suggested K-shaped waveguide achieves higher CRs and a speed of the order of 120 Gb/s.

Quaternion model of Pythagorean fuzzy sets and its distance measure

Pythagorean fuzzy set (PFS), one of several non-standard fuzzy sets, introduces a number pair a,b that satisfies the condition a2+b2≤1 to express membership grade. The above expression suggests that PFS provides a more extensive description space for describing fuzzy information, thereby attracting much attention in scientific research and engineering practice. Many studies have attempted to further exploit the potential of PFS in a reasonable manner. Consequently, this paper proposes a quaternion model of Pythagorean fuzzy set (QPFS). In QPFS, membership, non-membership, and hesitation function are expressed in the form of quaternion. A major advantage of QPFS over PFS is that its description space of fuzzy information stretches from the real plane to the hypercomplex plane. This is useful for capturing the composite features of fuzzy information as well as describing multi-dimensional fuzzy information. We then define the basic logical operations of QPFS, including complement, union, and intersection, and also derive the properties of these operations. As an additional contribution, this paper presents a distance measure (QPFSD) in the quaternion model of Pythagorean fuzzy sets (QPFSs). QPFSD is a strict distance measure that satisfies the axioms of distance measure, i.e., nonnegativity, symmetry, and triangle inequality. When QPFSs collapse into Pythagorean fuzzy sets (PFSs), QPFSD becomes the distance measure of real space. It has been demonstrated through some numerical examples that QPFSD is an effective method for measuring difference between QPFSs. Furthermore, we apply QPFSD to domains such as expert evaluation and data-driven environments in the QPFS framework. Experimental results related to expert evaluation suggest that QPFSD and the models involving it can provide an intuitive decision-making. Experimental results based on Iris data set demonstrate that with the increase of the number of training sets, the recognition rate of methods associated with QPFSD also increases for unknown targets. With the help of iris data, based on QPFSD, we investigate the performance of QPFS, CPFS, PFS and FS, respectively. The average recognition rate associated with QPFS is the highest among these. Through the use of iris dataset experiments and numerical example, this paper compares QPFSD and other distance measures in the CPFS and PFS frameworks, respectively. As a result of the dataset experiment, the recognition of methods pertaining to QPFSD is highest within CPFS and PFS frameworks. The numerical experiments indicate that QPFSD is highly sensitive to the differences between fuzzy information compared with other distance measures.