Basic Dyes Research Articles

Removal of dyes from water using Citrullus lanatus seed powder in continuous and discontinuous systems

The objective of this study is to develop a low-cost biosorbent using residual seeds of the Citrullus lanatus fruit for the removal of cationic dyes. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, adsorbent mass, contact time, and temperature were evaluated for their effects on dye removal. The biosorbent is composed of lignin and cellulose, exhibiting a highly heterogeneous surface with randomly distributed cavities and bulges. The adsorption of both dyes was most effective at natural pH with a dosage of 0.8 g L−1. Equilibrium was reached within 120 min, regardless of concentration, indicating rapid kinetics. The Elovich model and pseudo-second-order kinetics were observed for crystal violet and basic fuchsin dye, respectively. The Langmuir model fitted well with the equilibrium data of both dyes. However, the increased temperature had a negative impact on dye adsorption. The biosorbent also demonstrated satisfactory performance (R = 43%) against a synthetic mixture of dyes and inorganic salts, with a small mass transfer zone. The adsorption capacities for crystal violet and basic fuchsin dye were 48.13 mg g−1 and 44.26 mg g−1, respectively. Thermodynamic studies confirmed an exothermic nature of adsorption. Overall, this low-cost biosorbent showed potential for the removal of dyes from aqueous solutions.

Malachite green dye adsorption by jackfruit based activated carbon: Optimization, mass transfer simulation and surface area prediction

The exposure of basic dye towards human and environment can caused severe adverse effects. Hence, this study aimed (i) to optimize the adsorption of malachite green (MG) dye onto jackfruit peel based activated carbon (JPAC) by using response surface methodology (RSM) and (ii) to simulate the mass transfer process using Polymath mass transfer (PMT) model. The RSM revealed that the optimum activation temperature, activation time and potassium hydroxide (KOH) impregnation ratio, IR to be 782 °C, 1 h and 2.96 g/g which translated into 66.80 mg/g of MG adsorption and 34.52 % of JPAC's yield. The Freundlich isotherm model described the adsorption process the best while the Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity was computed to be 376.33 mg/g. The kinetic data obeyed the PMT model the best where the rate constant, KPMT decreased from 1.20 to 0.41 h−1 as the MG concentration increased from 25 to 300 mg/L. Also, the PMT model was succeeded in predicting the surface area, aPMT of JPAC to be 807.77 m2/g and this value is comparable with the actual JPAC's mesopores surface area of 714.25 m2/g (error 11.58 %). The adsorption of MG onto JPAC was aided by several functional groups such as primary or secondary alcohol, non-bonded hydroxy group and methoxy through ion-dipole force and dipole-dipole force. Based on thermodynamic parameters, MG-JPAC adsorption system was endothermic in nature (∆H° = 37.12 kJ/mol), had an increment of randomness at solid-liquid interface (∆S° = 0.19 kJ/mol·K), spontaneous in nature (−20.11 kJ/mol) and physisorptionally governed (Ea = 9.46 kJ/mol).

Effect of air bubbles on the membrane filtration of rhodamine B.

Effect of air bubbles on the membrane filtration of a basic dye, rhodamine B (RB), using a hydrophilic PTFE membrane filter (pore size: 0.20μm) was studied. The air bubbles were generated by vigorously mixing the aqueous solution containing 0.05% (v/v) of 1-butanol with a shaft generator of a homogenizer. RB being far smaller than the pore size of the membrane filter could not be rejected without air bubbles, but it was rejected by the membrane filter in the presence of air bubbles. The rejection ratio increased with increasing the rotation speed of the shaft generator because of the increase in the amount of air bubbles and therefore the increase in the surface area of air bubbles for the adsorption of RB. On the other hand, another basic dye, methylene blue (MB), was negligibly rejected in the same condition. Dynamic surface tension measurement of aqueous solutions containing different amounts of dye indicated that RB strongly adsorbed to the air-water interface, while MB hardly adsorbed. The results obtained in the present study strongly suggest the potential usefulness of air bubbles for the selective microfiltration of dissolved organic molecules or ions.

Micro Tensile bond strength and microleakage assessment of total-etch and self-etch adhesive bonded to carious affected dentin disinfected with Chlorhexidine, Curcumin, and Malachite green

Assessment of micro tensile bond strength (microTBS) and micro-leakage scores of total-etch adhesive (TAE) and self-etch adhesive (SAE) bonded to carious affected dentin (CAD) sterilized using different cavity disinfectant (curcumin photosensitizer (CP) and malachite green (MG) and Chlorhexidine (CHX) in comparison to no disinfection (ND) control group. One hundred and twenty human molars having International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) scores of 4 and 5 were included. Visual inspection, dental explorer hardness testing, and caries detector solution using 5% basic Fuchsin dye solution was applied to dentin to identify the CAD surface. All the specimens were divided into four groups (n = 30) according to the cavity disinfectants used. Group A: 2% CHX, Group B: CP, Group C: MG, and Group D: ND. Each group was further divided into two subgroups (n = 15) based on the adhesion protocol. Groups A1, B1, C1, and D1 were held using TEA, and groups A2, B2, C2, and D2 were adhered using SEA system. The composite material was then built in 2 mm increments and then cured with light. MicroTBS and failure mode assessment using a universal testing machine (UTM) and stereomicroscope at a 40X magnification was performed on 10 samples from each subgroup. The microleakage assessment was performed using a dye penetration test on five samples from each group. ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests were used to compare means and standard deviation (SD) of bond strength and microleakage (p < 0.05). RESULTS The maximum microTBS was displayed by A1= CHX and TEA (13.28± 1.01 MPa). The lowest bond scores were demonstrated by C2= MG and SEA (5.98±0.44 MPa). The highest micro-leakage was exhibited by C1= MG and TEA (58.32 ± 2.11 nm). Whereas, the lowest micro-leakage values were displayed by A2= CHX and SEA (24.34± 1.11 nm). Chlorohexidiene displayed better bond strength and the lowest microleakage scores with Total-etch adhesive and Self-etch adhesives when used as a cavity disinfectant. Total-etch adhesives performed better in terms of microTBS scores whereas self-etch adhesives displayed superior seal ability within the same disinfectant group.

Artificial Neural Network Modeling for Basic Dye Adsorption onto Montmorillonite

This research focused on the use of montmorillonite (Mt) clay to eliminate methylene blue (MB) from water and the modeling of the process with an artificial neural network (ANN). The effects of initial MB concentration, contact duration, pH, and temperature on the adsorption efficiency were examined. Maximum adsorption capacity, with 91.3 wt% MB removal at the selected optimum parameters (pH: 12, contact duration: 90 min, temperature: 25 °C, adsorbent dosage: 2 g/L, and initial MB concentration (Ci ): 650 mg/L), was measured as 296.6 mg/g. Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models showed the highest correlation coefficients (0.9935 and 0.9999, respectively) to explain the mechanism of the adsorption of MB cations onto Mt. In addition, the maximum adsorption capacity at 25 °C calculated by using the Langmuir isotherm model was determined as 400 mg/g. In the developed ANN model, pH, C i, temperature, and time were considered the input data, and the equilibrium MB concentration (C e) was the output data. While obtaining the ANN model, the data were processed using fivefold cross-validation. Comparing the estimation results with the experimental studies, R 2 = 0.9987 and mean square error (MSE) = 0.00084654 were obtained. Therefore, the C e value estimations were performed with high success rates by using the developed ANN model.

Removal of the Basic and Diazo Dyes from Aqueous Solution by the Frustules of Halamphora cf. salinicola (Bacillariophyta)

Industrial wastes with hazardous dyes serve as a major source of water pollution, which is considered to have an enormous impact on public health. In this study, an eco-friendly adsorbent, the porous siliceous frustules extracted from the diatom species Halamphora cf. salinicola, grown under laboratory conditions, has been identified. The porous architecture and negative surface charge under a pH of 7, provided by the various functional groups via Si–O, N–H, and O–H on these surfaces, revealed by SEM, the N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm, Zeta-potential measurement, and ATR-FTIR, respectively, made the frustules an efficient mean of removal of the diazo and basic dyes from the aqueous solutions, 74.9%, 94.02%, and 99.81% against Congo Red (CR), Crystal Violet (CV), and Malachite Green (MG), respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities were calculated from isotherms, as follows: 13.04 mg g−1, 41.97 mg g−1, and 33.19 mg g−1 against CR, CV, and MG, respectively. Kinetic and isotherm models showed a higher correlation to Pore diffusion and Sips models for CR, and Pseudo-Second Order and Freundlich models for CV and MG. Therefore, the cleaned frustules of the thermal spring-originated diatom strain Halamphora cf. salinicola could be used as a novel adsorbent of a biological origin against anionic and basic dyes.

Eco-friendly green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Aegle marmelos leaf extract and their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer and photocatalytic degradation activity

The present research work, green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) was synthesized from silver ions using the reducing and capping agents of Aegle marmelos leaf extract. Initially, UV–vis spectrophotometry absorption of the Surface Plasmon Resonance centre at 450 nm was confirmed the formation of Ag NPs. Preliminary phytochemical and FT-IR analysis indicate the identification of secondary metabolised flavonoids that act as the reducing and capping agent of the synthesized Ag NPs. Transmission electron microscope analysis, morphology of Ag NPs shown by transmission electron microscopy is spherical with a size range of ∼30–50 nm. The synthesized Ag NPs were investigate the in-vitro anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, results shows the potential activity against the standard drugs. The Ag NPs also revealed the cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. The MTT assay shows the IC50 values at 125 ± 4.26 μg/mL of Ag NPs compared to the untreated cells of negative control. The Ag NPs was excellent photocatalyst act as degradation of environmentally polluted Basic Fuchsin dye within 18 min.

Research Progress on the Applications of Seashell Adsorption Behaviors in Cement-Based Materials

The use of seashells to replace traditional cement-based materials and study their adsorption capacity for pollutants can expand the functional engineering application range of cement-based materials. A large amount of seashell waste is produced in coastal areas every year. How to deal with and utilize this seashell waste is a common problem faced by coastal countries and regions. This paper first reviews the principles of adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms to demonstrate the adsorption mechanism of shell materials. Then the effects of pH, contact time, temperature, pollutant concentration and other factors on the adsorption of heavy metal ions and basic dyes to seashells are discussed. Finally, the relevant applications of seashells in the construction field are reviewed. The results showed that the optimal pH value in the process of seashell adsorption was 5–7, the active site on the surface of the seashell particles was limited, and that it would reach saturation at a certain concentration, but would not further increase with the increase of time. The active site area of the seashell would increase with the decrease of particle size, so the selection of seashell powder with small particle size was conducive to enhancing the absorption capacity and removal efficiency. The experimental use of seashells instead of cementitious materials or natural aggregates in cement-based materials showed good adsorption capacity and would have a wide range of application prospects in permeable concrete and architectural coatings. By analyzing the research progress on factors influencing seashell adsorption performance and the applications of seashell adsorption behaviors in cement-based materials, this paper could provide ideas and methods for the design of functional cement-based adsorption materials from multiple angles.

Polyaminated electrospun chitosan fibrous membranes for highly selective removal of anionic organics from aqueous solutions in continuous operation

In this study, the fibrous membranes were fabricated from chitosan (CS)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) polymers by electrospinning and were then cross-linked by glutaraldehyde (GA). After that, the fibrous membranes were soaked in a mixture of 3-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)propyltrimethoxysilane and branched polyethylenimine (PEI) for polyamination. The as-prepared membranes were used for the removal of two model organics methyl orange (MO) and tetracycline (TC) from dilute solutions. Morphological, physicochemical, and textural properties of the prepared fibrous membrane were characterized. It was observed that the adsorption of MO and TC on the fibrous membranes reached equilibrium within 20 h. More importantly, the membranes showed the highest adsorption for MO and TC at pH 4.0 and 8.0, respectively, which highlighted the role and importance of the anionic forms of the organics. At such a specific pH, adsorption isotherms revealed that the maximum capacity of MO and TC reach 70.8 and 16.0 mg per gram of the membrane at 25 °C. To highlight the selective adsorption of anionic organics on the prepared membranes, a basic dye methylene blue (MB) was used as a binary pair with MO or TC in the solution. Under the conditions studied, the removal of MO and TC was comparatively high up to 43.6% and 27.5%, respectively, from continuous filtration-adsorption experiments within 24 h; however, the removal of MB was only 1–2%. The present results demonstrated that the prepared PEI-grafted fibrous membranes were reusable and could provide high selectivity toward anionic pollutants in dilute solutions.

Treatment of Textile Wastewater Containing Dyes

In recent years there has been an interest in the study of new methods for the removal of textile dyes from water due to its large-scale use in different industries. For example, paper printing, textile, leather, pharmaceutical, food or technological applications. It is estimated that more than 700 thousand tons of about 10 000 different types of dyes are produced annually. Most of them are of synthetic origin and can generate adverse effects, for example, teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic action. Dyes are mainly applied in the textile industry, and they are usually classified into anionic (acid dyes), cationic (basic dyes) and non-ionic (disperse dyes) dyes. The direct discharge of dyes into the environment can cause various damages to plants and animals: dyes can block the penetration of sunlight, reduce the photosynthetic efficiency of aquatic plants and ultimately destroy the ecological balance of the aquatic ecosystem. This study determines the adsorption efficiency of congo red, methylene blue, rhodamine B and naphthol green B dyes used in textile industry by using the aerogel. To achieve the aim, the effects of adsorbent dosage, pH, dyes concentration, adsorption contact time and temperature of solutions were studied. Kinetic data, equilibrium isotherms and thermodynamic parameters were determined.

Production of soybean husks activated carbon for basic dye adsorption: characterization, kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamic studies

ABSTRACT Soybean husks were used as a precursor to prepare activated carbon (SHAC) by chemical activation with ZnCl2 under different experimental conditions. The best operational conditions for SHAC production were determined using a 23 factorial design and variance analysis (ANOVA). The best results were achieved with an impregnation ratio of 1 g ZnCl2/g soybean husks, a residence time of (180 min), and a temperature of (650ºC), resulting in SHAC with a high surface area (1150 m2/g) and pore volume (0.5933 cm3/g). The selected SHAC was used to adsorb malachite green (MG) from aqueous solutions. The MG adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherms, with maximum adsorption capacities of 152.53 mg/g, 153.29 mg/g, and 166.83 mg/g at 30°C, 40°C, and 50°C, respectively. Furthermore, the pH of the point of zero charge of the selected SHAC was close to neutral, making it suitable for adsorbing cationic species in basic pH solutions.

Photocatalytic Degradation of Acidic and Basic Dye by ZnS and Tin-Doped ZnS Nanocatalysts

Zinc sulphide (ZnS) nanomaterials were hydrothermally prepared and doped with 2% Tin (Sn). UV–Visible, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the produced NPs. With successful doping, the band gap of ZnS nanomaterials decreased from 3.50 to 3.10 eV. Cubic crystal structure of ZnS and Sn-ZnS nanomaterials was shown by XRD with the average particle size of 16.30 and 18.62 nm, respectively. ZnS nanomaterials were found to have spherical shape, and no change in shape was noticed with Sn-doping. Using TGA analysis, 22.8% and 21.5% weight loss was observed in Zinc sulphide and Tin-doped ZnS nanocatalyst, respectively, at heating range of 40–600 °C revealing their stability to temperature. The synthesized nanoparticles were also used for the photodegradation of Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 (CBB G-250) and Basic Blue-3 (BB-3) dyes in aqueous solution. For photodegradation reaction using bare ZnS and Sn-doped ZnS nanomaterials, activation energies of 8.6 kJ/mol and 32.1 kJ/mol were calculated for ZnS and Sn-ZnS NPs, respectively. First-order reaction kinetics was followed by the photodegradation of both the dyes using these NPs. About 84% and 93% degradation was observed for CBB G-250 dye using bare and Sn-doped ZnS NPs at 240 min time interval while using the same nanoparticles for the degradation of BB-3 dye the degradation reached 83% and 95% at 360 min time, respectively. Low concentration (10 ppm) of dyes, maximum dosage (0.03 g) of the catalysts and increasing temperature up to 70 °C favoured the photocatalytic degradation. Per cent degradation of both the dyes was found higher at low pH(3.5). Both bare Zinc sulphide and Sn-doped Zinc sulphide nanomaterials could be recycled for the given dyes detoxification as shown by the recyclability of the used catalysts, but the performance of Sn-ZnS was higher as compared to pure ZnS. Results of antibacterial studies revealed that the synthesized NPs were more active against E. coli in all concentration as compared to others.

An Overview of Applications of the Electro-Fenton (e–/H2O2/Fe2+) Oxidation Processes: Degradation of Acid and Basic Dyes in the Industrial Wastewaters

An Overview of Applications of the Electro-Fenton (e–/H2O2/Fe2+) Oxidation Processes: Degradation of Acid and Basic Dyes in the Industrial Wastewaters

Biomass derived carbon blended ion-exchange resins for the removal of toxic metal ions from waste water

Heavy metal pollution has recently emerged as one of the major environmental problems. The removal of metal ions from the environment is of serious concern due to their persistence existence. Enhancing coke is a cost-effective beneficial method for removing metal contaminants from water. In this paper, we describe the production of sulphonate-enhance coke from Indigofera tinctoria carbon incorporated with synthetic phenolic resin for the removal of metal ions from wastewater. They act as a cation exchange resin followed by column chromatography. The preparation of Indigofera tinctoria carbon has been optimized in this study. It was tested for the removal of different metals in water after it was prepared with different concentrations of H2SO4 (from 10 % to 50 %) sorbent. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to examine the samples. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermometric analysis (DTA) were used to examine the thermal stability of the samples. The enhance coke-based work in resin- is useful as an electrode material for effectively removing heavy metals from contaminated water via the cation deionization (CDI) process. Coke is regarded as a low-cost adsorbent material for the removal of basic dyes and metal ions from polluted solutions. It has excellent thermal stability and swelling behavior for long-term applications.

Porous cellulose microspheres loaded with dry Nile water algae for removal of MB dye and copper ions from aqueous media

AbstractLow‐cost‐effective applied technologies for water and wastewater treatment, such as microalgae, have growing attention due to their mutual benefit in wastewater treatment and for valuable algae biomass production. A newly constructed Nile water algae cross‐linked cellulose microsphere (NACS) was applied by functionalization of cross‐linked cellulose acetate with dry Nile water algae forming an efficient adsorptive microsphere. The adsorption capacity of microspheres was evaluated for the removal of basic dye (Methylene blue: MB) and heavy metal copper ions (Cu+2). The molecular structure revealed that the prepared microspheres have several functional groups and elements that have a high affinity for heavy metals and dye removal; furthermore, the morphological structure emphasizes this removal affinity by the presence of micropores at the surface of the microsphere. The results of maximum biosorption conditions showed both MB and Cu through the microsphere were 20 mg/L MB and (10 and 20) mg/L Cu concentrations, 2 g/L of adsorbent dose, pH (MB = 6 and Cu = 5.5), and contact time of 60 min. The maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) were significantly enhanced at 200 and 153.2 mg/g for MB and Cu (II), respectively. The possibility of removal, recovery, and reuse of MB by prepared microsphere was efficiently achieved.

Reactive Black-5, Congo Red and Methyl Orange: Chemical Degradation of Azo-Dyes by Agrobacterium

The commercial processing of various biomaterials extensively uses azo dyes (including reactive, direct, acidic, and basic dyes). These industrial applications produce wastewater containing a large volume of solubilized azo dye and hydrolyzed by-products. The treatment of such wastewater is primarily carried out by chemical and, to an extent, physical methods, which lack selectivity and efficiency. Notably, the chemical methods employ free radicals and oxidizing agents that further increase the chemical waste and produce non-biodegradable side-products. Therefore, there is an increasing trend of using microbial-assisted methods. The current study identified a specific Agrobacterium strain (JAS1) that degraded the three structurally distinct azo dyes (Reactive Black 5, Methyl Orange, Congo Red). JAS1 can tolerate high concentrations and be used to perform the in-solution degradation of azo dyes, respectively: Methyl Orange (5.5 g/L and 5.0 g/L), Congo Red (0.50 g/L and 0.40 g/L), and Reactive Black 5 (0.45 g/L and 0.40 g/L). Our study elucidated the molecular mechanisms (primarily enzymatic degradation and adsorption) responsible for the JAS-1-assisted decoloration of azo dyes. The JAS-1-assisted degraded products from these azo dyes were found biodegradable as the germination and seedling growth of wheat seeds were observed. To enhance the scope of the study, JAS1-assisted decolorization was studied for cellulosic materials, indicating a potential application in de-inking and de-dyeing process in recycling industries.

Removing Toxic Dyes from Aqueous Medium by Trichoderma-Graphain Oxide Aerogel

Toxic dyes are commonly discharged into waste waters and dyes are extensively used in the textile industry so it is necessary to find out efficient and eco-friendly method for treating waste waters resulting from industrial effluences. To achieve this aim the fungus Trichoderma sp. is employed into two lines: first line was self – immobilized fungal pellets in (Czapek – Dox medium) to adsorbs two dyes crystal violet, congo red by concentrations 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06 mg/L to both dyes, PH 2, room temperature with shaker in ( hrs.2,hrs.4,hrs.24) , by Uv- Visible spectrum . the removal efficiency of 0.05 mg/L crystal violet by Trichoderma sp was 96%. but there was no removal by congo red. The second line was immobilizing fungal mycelium to Graphain oxide free – standing aerogel to increase efficiency of adsorption. The decolorization of toxic dyes solution was detected by the change in the adsorption Uv- Visible spectrum and scanning microscopy analysis which revealed that there was dye adsorption on fungal mycelium surface. After treatment of crystal violet with 20 mg Graphain oxide -fungi aerogel in the condition PH 2, room temperature with shaker in time (hrs.2 ,hrs.4 , hrs.24 ) removal percentage to crystal violet was increasing with to raise concentrations the dye crystal violet until reaching the maximum removal percentage 97% in hrs.4 in 0.05mg/L concentrate , and it increased the efficiency of other concentrations . In contrast, according to congo red there was no color removal in any concentration within treatment time since congo red surface carries both negative and positive charges and causes electrostatic attraction, therefor, the adsorption reduced or does not occur.Trichoderma sp. is considered a selective removal to basic dyes and could be employed to remove dyes from industrial effluents.

Preparation of hierarchical self-assembled SiO2/ZnO composite by low-temperature hydrothermal approach for enhanced adsorption of 4-nitrophenol and dyes

Here, we initially fabricated the hierarchical SiO2/ZnO nanospheres via a facile low temperature (LT) 90 °C hydrothermal approach and the prepared SiO2/ZnO nanospheres show an excellent surface area of about 1280.8 m2/g. The prepared composite has been investigated for the removal of mixture of cationic (rhodamine B, crystal violet, methylene blue) and anionic dyes (congo red, methyl orange) to understand the industrial point of view. On the basis of the selectivity test, a detailed study has been carried out for the removal of organic pollutant Rhodamine B, and the effect of pH, contact time, initial dye concentration, and adsorbent dosage were among the optimal parameters that led to the maximum RhB adsorption (pH-11, 10 min, and 5 mg of adsorbent). It has been noticed that SiO2/ZnO shows an impressive adsorbent property for basic cationic dyes. The ability of the SiO2/ZnO adsorbent to be reproduced and reused was evaluated. Furthermore, the produced adsorbent was known to adhere to pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm with R2 = 0.96 and R2 = 0.98, respectively. The catalytic property of the prepared material was also tested for 4-nitrophenol reduction using NaBH4. The adsorption capacity (max.) for the removal of RhB was reported to be 83.33 mg/g, and on the other hand, 4-NP was 89% removed by the prepared adsorbent. The experiments confirmed that the processed nanocomposite can successfully eliminate organic pollutants, implying the practical applicability of the material for waste-water remediation.

Synthesis of the tetranary magnetic nanocomposite as a good photocatalyst for degradation of basic fuchsin dye in aqueous media under visible light: Characterization, response surface methodology, and kinetic study

Synthesis of the tetranary magnetic nanocomposite as a good photocatalyst for degradation of basic fuchsin dye in aqueous media under visible light: Characterization, response surface methodology, and kinetic study

Synthesis of innovative and sustainable gelatin@graphene oxide-crosslinked-zirconium silicate@gelatin nanobiosorbent for effective biosorption of basic fuchsin dye

Most dye stuffs and coloring materials are mainly categorized as hazardous pollutants in water effluents due to their nature as non-biodegradable, highly toxic and extremely carcinogenic. For this reason, rapid and efficient eradication of waste dyes from wastewaters before discharging into water streams must be accomplished by an acceptable approach as adsorption technique. Therefore, the present study is aimed and devoted to synthesize a novel nanobiosorbent from three different constituents, gelatin (Gel) as a sustainable natural product, graphene oxide (GO) as an example of highly stable carbonaceous material and zirconium silicate (ZrSiO4) as an example of combined metal oxides for the formation of Gel@GO-F-ZrSiO4@Gel by using formaldehyde (F) as a cross-linkage reagent. Several characterization techniques as FT-IR were employed to identify the incorporated surface reactive Functionalities in Gel@GO-F-ZrSiO4@Gel as –OH, =NH, –NH2, –COOH and C=O, etc. The morphology for particle shape and size of Gel@GO-F-ZrSiO4@Gel were confirmed from the SEM and TEM analyses providing 15.75- 32.79 nm. The surface area was determined by the BET and found to correspond to 219.46 m2 g-1. Biosorptive removal of basic fuchsin (BF) pollutant as an example of a widely applicable dye in various activities was monitored and optimized under the influence of pH (2–10), reaction time (1–30 min), initial BF pollutant concentration (5–100 mg L−1), nanobiosorbent dosage (5–60 mg), temperature (30–60 °C) and interfering ions. The maximum biosorptive removal values of BF dye were established as 96.0 and 95.2% using 5 and 10 mg L−1, respectively at the recommended pH 7 condition. The Thermodynamic parameters demonstrated that the BF dye adsorption onto Gel@GO-F-ZrSiO4@Gel was taken place via spontaneous and endothermic reaction. Chemisorption is the predominant adsorption mechanism by forming multilayers upon nonhomogeneous surface in accordance with Freundlich model hypothesis. The applicability of the optimized Gel@GO-F-ZrSiO4@Gel in biosorptive removal of BF pollutant from real water sample was successfully accomplished by the batch technique. Thus, this study clearly shows that Gel@GO-F-ZrSiO4@Gel exhibited significant influences on remediation of industrial effluents containing BF pollutant with superior efficiency.