Basic Duties Research Articles

Impact of lockdown on key workers: findings from the COVID-19 survey in four UK national longitudinal studies

BackgroundKey workers played a pivotal role during the national lockdown in the UK’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although protective measures have been taken, the impact of the pandemic on...

The Use of Innovative Technologies in Rescue and Firefighting Activities of the State Fire Service in Order to Increase the Safety of Officers and Protect the Environment

Aim: The aim of the article is to present examples of rescue and firefighting activities carried out by PSP / national rescue and firefighting system (KSRG) with the use of innovative techniques and technologies resulting from the research and development projects carried out by teams of contractors, which included CNBOP-PIB as a leader or member of the consortium. In practice, the implementation of the obtained results allows for the actual and formal safety of firefighters-rescuers and other participants in rescue and firefighting operations, which is one of the basic duties of research and development units operating in the field of broadly understood fire protection, civil protection and crisis management. Introduction: Achieving the above goal is possible through the use of innovative techniques and technologies in rescue and firefighting operations, which allow reducing the risk of accidents and failures. Due to rational technical solutions, it is also possible to limit or even completely eliminate overloads of the osteoarticular system. The planned effect, which is to increase the safety level of rescue and firefighting operations, can also be achieved with the use of organizational and technical methods resulting from the selection of optimal methodologies, including those in logistics activities. Methodology: The article presents the possibilities of using products created as a result of the implementation of projects financed by the National Centre for Research and Development (NCBiR) related to the improvement of activity management and the use of innovative design solutions for equipment used in the planned activities. The considerations were based on the results of development activities carried out by consortia in which CNBOP-PIB participated. Summary: In literature, innovation is the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (or service), process, new marketing method or a new method of organization in the field of business practices, workplace organization or relations with the environment. Products (and services), processes and methods (technical, organizational and marketing) can be called innovations if they are new or significantly improved, at least from the point of view of rescue and firefighting activities carried out by PSP/KSRG. Conclusions: Effective use of the results of projects financed by NCBiR is one of the fastest ways to implement organizational and technical innovations in system activities. According to the authors, in order to increase the rational use of funds allocated to the implementation of research and development projects, a more active participation of the operator is recommended (in terms of content). The use of innovative technologies, even on a national scale, allows achieving measurable effects in terms of increasing the functionality, usability of products, modernization of existing systems, improvement of technologies used in rescue and firefighting operations, optimization of working conditions and time, and protection of the natural environment by reducing technogenic situations. Keywords: innovative technologies, organization of rescue and firefighting activities, effectiveness of activities Type of article: review article

Consolidation of basic duties of man and citizen in constitutions of foreign countries

Consolidation of basic duties of man and citizen in constitutions of foreign countries

Tax obligation and state legitimacy: A critique of the disconnect between state demands and people’s desiderata

The payment of taxes is one of the obligations recognised under any civil rule system. This informs why Nigeria, in its practice of constitutional democracy, emphasises prompt payment of tax as a basic duty of citizens to foster development, economic growth, and building. There is a fiscal contract through which citizens accept and comply with taxes in exchange for government’s effective services, the rule of law and accountability. It is a mutually beneficial process whereby citizens will receive improved governance while the government receives larger, more predictable, and more easily collected tax revenues. However, there is an obvious reversal of the fundamental obligations of the government, resulting in the sharp contrast between the state demands and people’s needs. This work, using doctrinal and survey sampling methods, critically examines the accountability and responsiveness of the government in its fiscal contract with the people, by embarking on a review of the correlation between the government’s obligations of good governance and the citizens’ civic duties of prompt payment of taxes. The review finds that the Nigerian tax system does not have a positive effect on nation-building as there is an apparent infrastructural deficit that impugns the taxpayers’ and investors’ confidence in the integrity of the tax system. Besides, there is no state machinery for an effective inclusive tax dialogue. Consequently, the initiation of the process of constructive engagements with the government is suggested to achieve an inclusive tax bargain which it is hoped will usher in a regime of responsive governance for sustainable development.

COVID-19: Management and Challenges for Pharmacist, Education, and Society

Ever since the outbreak of highly contagious COVID-19, the world has been in combat to this disease. This disease is rarely fatal but to the patient with underlying conditions: cardiovascular, respiratory or organ failure pertaining to low immunity. With this emergence condition there arise a dire need to healthcare element, Pharmacist here play an integral and vital role by holding the link between society and physicians. The least basic duty a pharmacist can do is my spreading awareness about the spread of disease and its preventive measures. The present article aims to include the parameter that need to be workout in order to control the situation in various manners, its management for society and the most important is to ‘Break The Chain’ this would not only is in the benefit of individuals but also reduces the burden on healthcare system that already has been exploited enough.

Print Media Role in Promotion of Human Rights in Pakistan

The current study is an exploratory study of Pakistan's print media to understand its role in the promotion of Human rights as their promotion is the basic duty of every state as per the United Nations agenda. It is the content analysis of four national dailies, both Urdu and English. Study finds out that there is no significant difference among both types of papers in publishing news regarding Human Rights. But Urdu papers published more news about Human Rights as compare to English Dailies. Both type of newspapers mostly published news about loss & damages and the statements. Pakistani press is not conscious about the United Nations Agenda of "Promotion of Human Rights is the responsibility of the states" and publishes the news about incidents objectively. Professional journalists should differentiate between the “Human right journalism and human wrong journalism".

THE INSTITUTE OF PRE-CONTRACTUAL LIABILITY IN THE LIGHT OF RECODIFICATION OF CIVIL LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE

Among the main objectives of the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine № 650 of 07.17.2019 “On the Formation of a Working Group on the Recodification (updating) of Civil Legislation of Ukraine” is a comprehensive analysis of the existing civil legislation of Ukraine and the definition of areas of private legal relations that need to be brought into line with world trends in the development of private law. In this regard, it becomes necessary to study the issues related to the possibility of fixing in the civil legislation of Ukraine for relations related to entrepreneurial activity rules on pre-contractual liability (in order to prevent unfair conduct at the stage preceding the conclusion of the contract). The definition of the legal nature of pre-contractual liability has a great practical importance, since the question depended on the extent of damages, which would vary between tort and contract liability. The purpose of this study is to create theoretical provisions that can serve as the basis for building the institution of pre-contractual liability in Ukrainian civil law. The article defines the content and criteria for good faith behavior at the stage of negotiations, characterizes the legal consequences of violation of the principle of good faith at the pre-contractual stage, taking into account the doctrinal and legislative provisions of foreign law and orders. It is proposed to establish at the legislative level certain criteria for good conduct, the identification of which is possible by comparing the categories of “good faith” and “bad faith”. The latter has similar features to the guilt that is disclosed in the legislation using the phrase “knew and (or) should have known”. It was concluded that since the principle of good faith in the conduct of negotiations applies both in the presence of obligations of the parties to conclude a contract (for example, in the case of signing a preliminary contract, the existence of an agreement of the parties to conduct good faith negotiations) and in the absence of such obligations, the criteria of good faith conduct must be observed even if the parties are not bound by any legal obligations to conclude a contract. It is emphasized that the content of the requirement for good faith negotiations can be disclosed in the Civil Code of Ukraine by fixing such basic duties of the parties to the negotiations as: consistent behavior, not to mislead another negotiator and cover a ban on unreasonable, sudden interruption of negotiations, when another participant reasonably believed that the contract would be concluded, provision (disclosure) of information necessary for the conclusion of the contract; non-disclosure of confidential information obtained as a result of negotiations.

Compensation and Organizational Development Committee

As a general matter, compensation and organizational development committees are charged with reviewing and recommending the compensation philosophy and policies of the company, reviewing employment arrangements with the CEO and other senior executives, overseeing the company’s overall compensation structure and bonus policies and approving and monitoring organizational development efforts. This chapter discusses the basic legal duties and responsibilities assigned to compensation committees by securities regulators and how the emergence of CSR and sustainability has impacted each of the areas traditionally covered by this committee such as tying executive compensation to achievement of sustainability goals and allocating resources to sustainability management systems.

Public attitudes towards community pharmacy in Arabic speaking Middle Eastern countries: A systematic review.

Over the last few years, pharmacy practice in the Arab regions of the Middle East has started to change and develop. There have been small but promising steps to recognize the importance of extending community pharmacists' roles to meet the expanding public healthcare demands. This systematic review aims to identify, synthesize and assess the quality of the literature in the Middle East concerning public attitudes on community pharmacist role and services and in relation to public perceptions on strategies to improve pharmacy services and the image of community pharmacist. A systematic search of 11 electronic databases was conducted to identify all published relevant studies from inception till January 2020. Data was extracted using a designed and tested tool. Studies were assessed for quality using Crowe Critical Appraisal Tool. The final study results included 36 studies of which 31 adopted a cross-sectional-survey-based design. Included studies were published between 2004 and 2019. Most studies were done in Saudi Arabia (n=11) or the United Arab Emirates (UAE) (n=10). We identified four overarching themes across included studies 1) Use of Community Pharmacies; 2) Attitudes towards Community Pharmacist role; 3) Attitudes towards Current Community Pharmacy Services and 4) Strategies to Improve Community Pharmacy Practice. The most common reason for visiting a community pharmacy was to purchase a prescription or over-the counter-medication. The most common factors that affected patients' choice of a particular pharmacy included convenient pharmacy location, availability of a good range of products or medicines, friendliness of the pharmacy staff and convenient pharmacy opening hours. There was a general public perception of community pharmacist as a business oriented person. Expectations of pharmacist duties included treatment of minor health ailments, consultation on over-the-counter medications and parapharmaceutical products, and accuracy checking of dispensed medications. Overall satisfaction with community pharmacy varied between the studies and ranged from 33% to 67.1%. Most commonly reported recommendations to improve pharmacy practice were provision of diagnostic, screening and monitoring services, keeping patient records in the pharmacy, advice on minor illness and provision of a private area for consultation. Seven articles were considered of low quality and 13 articles were considered of high quality. While the public in the Middle East has a good understanding of the basic duties of a community pharmacist, there is lack of awareness of advanced pharmaceutical services. Decision makers in Middle Eastern countries should set strategies to improve community pharmacist professional image and competence beyond medication dispensing.

Analisis terhadap Penghentian Penyidikan pada Laporan Polisi Nomor: B.210/VIII/2018/JAMBI/SPKT”C” Tentang Tindak Pidana Pemerkosaan Anak

Law enforcement efforts by Law Enforcement Officers include a series of actions taken by police officers, Prosecutors, Judges, and Correctional Institutions. However, the spearhead in the handling of criminal cases that occur in the community is basically handled and carried out directly by police officers. In carrying out its duties, the Police have a basic duty as mandated in Article 13 of Law No. 2 of 2002 on the Police of the Republic of Indonesia, namely the Police have the task of maintaining security and public order, enforcing the law, and providing protection, protection, and service to the community. The task of law enforcement relates to the Criminal Justice System where the Police Department is one of its parts in addition to judges and prosecutors, which in the criminal justice system have the authority to make coercive efforts, which include the activities of arrest, detention, search and seizure. In carrying out the task of investigating the perpetrators of crimes or criminal cases, from the beginning of the investigation the case always coordinates with the Public Prosecutor, to avoid going back and forth on a recurring basis. In the police report Number: B.210/VIII/2018/Jambi/SPKT"C", there is a process of termination of investigation where the case of rape of a child is not continued to the stage of further law enforcement, namely the impeachment of the Prosecutor for prosecution, but in this case it is discontinued only to the level of investigation.

Perlindungan Hukum Pekerja Rumah Tangga dalam Hubungan Kerja Penuh Waktu

A household assistant is someone who has basic duties and functions such as washing, cooking, cleaning the house, caring for the employer's child and various other tasks assigned by the employer. This study aims to analyze the form of legal protection of domestic workers in full-time employment relationships and find out the role of the Domestic Workers Distribution Agency in Full-time Work Relationships according to the Republic of Indonesia PERMENAKER No. 2 of 2015. The method used in this study is the normative method, sourced from primary and secondary legal materials. The results show that the form of legal protection for domestic workers has been set forth in the regulation of the Minister of Manpower Number 2 of 2015, as an effort to provide protection for domestic workers, to fulfill their rights as workers. Then, the role of the domestic worker supplier agency is as an intermediary to bring workers and employers together, the institution has the obligation to select prospective employers so that domestic workers do not fall into the wrong hands, the institution must also examine workers whether the workers are good and honest people so that no party who is harmed. Through this research, it is hoped that the government, especially in the field of Manpower, will further socialize the Minister of Manpower Regulation No. 2 of 2015 so that there is no violence against domestic workers. In addition, in preventing the occurrence of undesirable things to domestic workers, the channeling institution should pay more attention to the workers who are being dispatched, be more in depth with the background and origin of the prospective employer, supervise domestic workers by asking how the situation is and how the employer treats Domestic workers both by telephone and mail.

WHAT FACTORS PREVENT INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS FROM PROTECTING INTERESTS OF SHAREHOLDERS IN CASES OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST?

One way to mitigate agency conflicts between shareholders and managers in publicly traded companies with dispersed ownership is supplementation of independent outside directors to the board, who can monitor the top executives and prevent them from malfeasances. However, in conflict of interest situations, independent board members are not always enabled to oppose senior managers, particularly CEOs, who put their personal interests above those of shareholders. In such cases, the efforts of independent directors to monitor managers will be unsuccessful, which, in turn, may result in the latter receiving unjustified personal benefits at the expense of shareholders. Active participation of independent directors in resolving situations where interests of these groups do not align ensures the mitigation of tension and the proper functioning of the company. Thus, the establishment of cases where independent outsiders cannot fulfill their basic duties of shielding shareholders appears to be rather a significant issue.

Taxation and Human Rights – A Conceptual Study

Taxes provide the most sustainable source of revenue to governments to help accomplish their basic duty of ensuring the progressive realization of human rights of citizens. Taxes levied on multinational corporations contribute much to nation. Despite this, issues concerning taxation and other fiscal policies rarely follow UN human rights declarations or policy discussions. Materiality is that fund missing through negative tax incentives magnified the deprivation by individual countries and fabricate the ground for transgression of human rights. Governments should necessarily increase their tax bases so that public services key to fulfilling basic rights and combating poverty are available to all. This paper is an attempt to study the linkages between taxation and human rights, looking specifically at economic, social and cultural rights.

Let My People Go

The COVID-19 pandemic has opened our eyes to the myriad vulnerabilities in the prison health care system. We need only record the number of pandemic-related deaths of federal inmates to grasp that the prison health care system is profoundly ill-equipped to handle the needs of inmates during a public health crisis. Currently, prisoner infection rates outpace those of the general, unincarcerated population by more than 150%, and prisoners are dying four times as often as prison staff who test positive. Results are far worse for elderly inmates. While COVID-19 afflicts people of all health profiles, its grip on the elderly is the most arresting. Though some effort has been exerted, federal prison officials fail to adequately protect the rights of the imprisoned elderly. It cannot be ignored that prison officials owe basic duties of care to the incarcerated, chief among them, the responsibility to provide adequate health care. However, prisons, by their very nature, are unable to care for an old and ailing population. This glaring deficiency is rendered indisputable by the novel coronavirus pandemic. For this reason, vulnerable inmates, especially the elderly, should be released to home confinement forthwith. Anything less is profoundly inhumane and represents a colossal miscarriage of justice.

Understanding the Nigerian Public Service Rules

The rules or regulations of any human enterprise or organization set out its guiding principles and policy, acceptable conduct, modalities for actualizing organizational objectives and the basic rights, duties and entitlements of its personnel. Any organization is as effective as the rules guiding its operations. The Nigerian Public Service can be likened to an organization of human activity which is governed and regulated by rules. The Public Service Rules (PSR) provides the operational framework, the regulatory principles and a charter of rights, privileges and duties of all public servants while detailing what sanctions erring conducts could attract. The PSR is a guidebook for employee-employer relationship which also stipulates conditions of their engagement.

Obowiązki pracowników samorządowych zatrudnionych na stanowiskach urzędniczych – zagadnienia węzłowe

<p>Obowiązki pracowników samorządowych, w tym pracowników samorządowych zatrudnionych na stanowiskach urzędniczych, określają głównie przepisy ustawy o pracownikach samorządowych oraz – w zakresie nieuregulowanym w ustawie o pracownikach samorządowych – przepisy Kodeksu pracy. Wśród podstawowych obowiązków pracowników samorządowych ustawodawca wymienia dbałość o wykonywanie zadań publicznych oraz o środki publiczne, z uwzględnieniem interesu publicznego i indywidualnych interesów obywateli. Konsekwencją naruszenia przez pracowników samorządowych obowiązków pracowniczych może być poniesienie przez nich odpowiedzialności porządkowej, a w przypadku ciężkiego naruszenia przez pracownika samorządowego podstawowych obowiązków pracowniczych – rozwiązanie umowy o pracę bez wypowiedzenia z winy pracownika.</p>

Family as a Source of Forming Axiological System of Youth. Coherence Between Value Systems of Parents and Children

The paper examines the importance of the family as an educational environment for the formation of the value system of the young generation. It is an outcome of cyclical research on the values of the younger and older generation in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship in Poland. The research data refer to the value examination questionnaire "100 Sentences - 100 Opinions" by Mirosław J. Szymański and the Value Scale by Milton Rokeach. The results confirm significant similarity of axiological systems for both respondent groups. The comparison of research results from three study stages (1994, 2003 and 2017) proves that the values systems in both younger and older generation are more constant than variable. Therefore, it can be concluded that in spite of disruptions experienced by a contemporary family, it is still considered the source of principles and values for a younger generation. The author proves that the first positions in the young people's and their parents axiological systems are held by the allocentric and prosocial values. This is also confirmed by the appreciation of the value of "true friendship" and "mature love”. It is beyond doubt that these values make it possible today to establish close and rewarding relationships that are extremely helpful to the sense of security and recognition. Furthermore, the studies prove that the participants in both research groups perceived the civic and material values as least important. The research studies a rather moderate acceptance by the respondents of the views representing family values. Young people in particular, still refer to the family with reluctance, criticising the various areas of the family's life, and they do not hesitate to point out the factors that disorganise the life of this community. They also clearly indicate their expectations of the family and, as can be anticipated, construct their own visions of the family. Although there are some changes in the order of values, they are not clear enough to suggest that the hierarchy of values and reference to family values of younger and older respondents has changed significantly over the years. The results with regard to the meaning of the family as a source of the young generation's values somewhat undermine the common theses about the little impact of family socialisation on the development and upbringing of the young generation and the loss of the family's basic duties.

A Semester Long Teaching Practicum For Graduate Students In Biomedical Sciences

IntroductionTeaching assistants are often given little or no guidance before receiving their first teaching assignment. As a result they feel underprepared and overwhelmed by the experience, which undoubtedly reduces their effectiveness in the classroom. Therefore we developed a one‐semester teaching practicum to better prepare new graduate students for the rigors of college teaching.PurposeTo provide students with a mentored experience in college teaching while simultaneously exploring topics in the pedagogy of college teaching.MethodsWe developed a 15‐week course for first year graduate students in the Department of Biomedical Sciences at Grand Valley State University. Student teaching assistants were assigned to shadow a faculty‐mentor teaching an introductory laboratory course in Anatomy and Physiology, or Microbiology. Students performed basic teaching duties including grading and assisting students during the lab. In addition they completed a curriculum, which included weekly readings and writing assignments on topics in college teaching pedagogy. Selected readings, links to external content, and writing reflections were managed through a course website on Blackboard.Learning ObjectivesAfter completing the course the student should be able to: critically read and apply current concepts in the pedagogy of college teaching, facilitate student‐centered learning activities, make effective use of visual aids in classroom instruction, plan, execute, and evaluate classroom instruction.Evaluation and AssessmentWeekly assignments included readings on topics in college teaching pedagogy ranging from – setting the right tone in the classroom on day one, managing the classroom, to developing a teaching philosophy. Each assignment required a brief writing reflection and a discussion with the faculty‐teaching mentor. As part of the course students completed two teaching demonstrations. The first teaching demonstration was video taped and later reviewed and evaluated by the student and faculty mentor. Both teaching demonstrations were graded and the grading rubric was provided to the student prior to the demonstration. The course culminated with the student drafting a statement of teaching philosophy.SummaryWe developed a 15‐week teaching practicum designed to provide students with a mentored experience in college teaching. The course was initially piloted with two graduate students in the Department of Biomedical Sciences at Grand Valley State University but could easily be scaled up to a larger cohort of students and different academic disciplines.

Physiotherapeutic management of a patient after craniocerebral trauma in the intensive care unit - case study.

Introduction Craniocerebral injuries are one of the most common causes of mortality and disability in Poland. The treatment of patients who are in an intensive care unit is based primarily on stabilizing the patient’s general condition as well as basic duties according to the patient’s functioning. Aim The aim of this study is to demonstrate the importance of early rehabilitation and the role of physiotherapy in recovery after craniocerebral trauma. Case study The subject was an 18-year-old patient who suffered craniocerebral trauma as a result of a road accident. After losing consciousness, he was in the intensive care unit, where he was placed on a medical ventilator. A properly selected physiotherapeutic procedure was performed. Passive exercises, contracture correction and appropriate positioning were used. To prevent pressure sores, anti-bedsore prophylaxis was implemented. Respiratory therapy played a key role. The goal of respiratory physiotherapy was to improve respiratory function by maintaining proper lung ventilation, increasing chest and diaphragm mobility along with maintaining the efficiency of respiratory muscles, as well as stimulating effective coughing and evacuation of secretions. The NDT-Bobath concept was used as therapy for spastic tension. The goal of the therapy was to get rid of pathological movement patterns and replace them with physiological patterns. The PNF method, classical and lymphatic massage, polysensory stimulation and music therapy were also used. Conclusions Early and comprehensive rehabilitation in a patient after craniocerebral trauma is extremely important and determines therapeutic effectiveness. Comprehensive therapy and care are able to prevent a number of complications that threaten the patient as a result of immobilization.

The Role of Public Policy in the Enforcement of Foreign Custody Judgments: An Example of Joint Custody in Turkish Law

Societies transfer their basic values to new generations through child custody within the family. Therefore, bringing up children in healthy families is beneficial to society. Despite the importance of maintaining the sustainability of the family, which is the basic unit of society, when family sustainability is not possible, a basic duty of the courts must be to provide the best custody model for the welfare of the child after the dissolution of a marriage. Studies have shown that children have a better psychological state and can more easily overcome the trauma of divorce when the courts rule for joint custody than when the courts rule for sole custody. Joint custody, provided for in many legal systems, is not regulated in Turkish law. Thus, requests for the enforcement of foreign joint custody judgments are rejected by Turkish courts for violating public policy. Turkish courts incorrectly consider foreign law, which provides different rules, as grounds for public policy intervention. In this study, it is found that Turkish courts can rule for joint custody by depending on international conventions. Within this framework, it is not possible to reject the enforcement of foreign joint custody judgments by depending on the public policy exception.