Basic Classes Research Articles

Cutting-edge perspectives on biosurfactants: implications for antimicrobial and biomedical applications.

Biosurfactants, naturally produced by plants and microorganisms, closely mimic synthetic surfactants in physiochemical properties, making them valuable alternatives in various applications. They serve as antimicrobial agents and play a crucial role in immune regulations. These compounds find wide use in industries like food processing, biodegradation, pharmaceuticals, and naturally present in the skin, brain, lungs, and gut, maintaining membrane permeability for organ health. This review outlines the basic characteristics and classes of biosurfactants (glycolipids, lipopeptides, phospholipids, and glycoproteins) and explores their biomedical importance, emphasizing their anti-adhesive, antimicrobial, and immune-modulating properties. This review aimed to provide outline the fundamental characteristics of biosurfactants and deliver a brief overview of their different classes, including glycolipids, lipopeptides, phospholipids, and glycoproteins. Furthermore, this review also explore their biomedical significance, highlighting their anti-adhesive, antimicrobial, and immune-modulating properties.

Continuity Equation of Transverse Kähler Metrics on Sasakian Manifolds

We introduce the continuity equation of transverse Kähler metrics on Sasakian manifolds and establish its interval of maximal existence. When the first basic Chern class is null (resp. negative), we prove that the solution of the (resp. normalized) continuity equation converges smoothly to the unique η-Einstein metric in the basic Bott–Chern cohomological class of the initial transverse Kähler metric (resp. first basic Chern class). These results are the transverse version of the continuity equation of the Kähler metrics studied by La Nave and Tian, and also counterparts of the Sasaki–Ricci flow studied by Smoczyk, Wang, and Zhang.

Complete representation by partial functions for signatures containing antidomain restriction

We investigate notions of complete representation by partial functions, where the operations in the signature include antidomain restriction and may include composition, intersection, update, preferential union, domain, antidomain, and set difference. When the signature includes both antidomain restriction and intersection, the join-complete and the meet-complete representations coincide. Otherwise, for the signatures we consider, meet-complete is strictly stronger than join-complete. A necessary condition to be meet-completely representable is that the atoms are separating. For the signatures we consider, this condition is sufficient if and only if composition is not in the signature. For each of the signatures we consider, the class of (meet-)completely representable algebras is not axiomatizable by any existential-universal-existential first-order theory. For 14 expressively distinct signatures, we show, by giving an explicit representation, that the (meet-)completely representable algebras form a basic elementary class, axiomatizable by a universal-existential-universal first-order sentence. The signatures we axiomatize are those containing antidomain restriction and any of intersection, update, and preferential union and also those containing antidomain restriction, composition, and intersection and any of update, preferential union, domain, and antidomain.

The Threefold Essence of Consciousness: Brentano versus Pfänder

AbstractBuilding on Uriah Kriegel's recent work on the varieties of consciousness, I consider the question of how many irreducible and fundamental kinds of consciousness there are. This is the project of a fundamental classification of consciousness (C‐taxonomy), which will be approached with reference to two figures from the (early) phenomenological tradition, i.e., Franz Brentano and Alexander Pfänder. Both philosophers advocate tripartite taxonomies, thereby opposing the still widely held view that only algedonic and sensory phenomenology exist. After explaining the project of C‐taxonomy, I discuss Brentano's and Pfänder's trialisms. My main aim is to show that Pfänder's view, according to which consciousness is exhausted by “object‐consciousness”, feeling, and striving, when supplemented by Husserlian ideas, is to be preferred to Brentano's classification, according to which the basic mental kinds are mere presentations, judgments, and “phenomena of love and hate”. I criticize Brentano's separation of doxastically neutral presentations from “positing” judgments, as well as his unification of feelings, emotions, desires, strivings, decisions, and volitions into one basic class. Finally, I reflect on the deeper reasons for Brentano's and Pfänder's divergent taxonomies, which are rooted in their different views of the “mark of the mental” and their different approaches to the active/passive distinction within the mental realm.

Comparative analysis of the performance of selected machine learning algorithms depending on the size of the training sample

Abstract The article presents an analysis of the effectiveness of selected machine learning methods: Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) in the classification of land use and cover in satellite images. Several variants of each algorithm were tested, adopting different parameters typical for each of them. Each variant was classified multiple (20) times, using training samples of different sizes: from 100 pixels to 200,000 pixels. The tests were conducted independently on 3 Sentinel-2 satellite images, identifying 5 basic land cover classes: built-up areas, soil, forest, water, and low vegetation. Typical metrics were used for the accuracy assessment: Cohen’s kappa coefficient, overall accuracy (for whole images), as well as F-1 score, precision, and recall (for individual classes). The results obtained for different images were consistent and clearly indicated an increase in classification accuracy with the increase in the size of the training sample. They also showed that among the tested algorithms, the XGB algorithm is the most sensitive to the size of the training sample, while the least sensitive is SVM, which achieved relatively good results even when using training samples of the smallest sizes. At the same time, it was pointed out that while in the case of RF and XGB algorithms the differences between the tested variants were slight, the effectiveness of SVM was very much dependent on the gamma parameter – with too high values of this parameter, the model showed a tendency to overfit, which did not allow for satisfactory results.

Educational Effect of Practical Examination on Basic Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Self-Learning

Simplification of basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) enables easy production of videos for training, and non-face-to-face training can be provided via internet. The participants of this study were 89 university students who took basic CPR class in 2020. We utilized teaching materials that is a 50-minute teaching material for standard adult CPR, comprised of a 25-minute power point slide show and a 25-minute video. All participants completed self-learning via Google Classroom (Alphabet Inc., Mountain View, USA). The participants took compression-only (C-O) practical examination consisting of 180 chest compressions after 5-minute C-O CPR using Resusci Anne SkillReporter (Laerdal Medical, Stavanger, Norway). The collected data were analyzed at an ⍺=.05 using the SPSS 20.0 for Windows (IBM Inc, New York, USA). Changes in willingness, knowledge, performance, and attitude toward CPR before and after the practical exam were analyzed using t-tests. Willingness to perform CPR increased from 1.78 to 2.02, showing a statistically significant change (p=.040). The knowledge score increased from 3.12 to 3.56 and performance score increased from 2.87 to 3.36. The attitude score increased from 3.39 to 3.69, and all these changes were statistically significant (p<.001; p<.001; p<.001). The practical exam on self-learning of basic CPR was effective on improving willingness, knowledge, performance, and attitudes of non-healthcare providers.

Explicit and approximate solutions for a classical hyperbolic fragmentation equation using a hybrid projected differential transform method

Population balance equations are widely used to study the evolution of aerosols, colloids, liquid–liquid dispersion, raindrop fragmentation, and pharmaceutical granulation. However, these equations are difficult to solve due to the complexity of the kernel structures and initial conditions. The hyperbolic fragmentation equation, in particular, is further complicated by the inclusion of double integrals. These challenges hinder the analytical solutions of number density functions for basic kernel classes with exponential initial distributions. To address these issues, this study introduces a new approach combining the projected differential transform method with Laplace transform and Padé approximants to solve the hyperbolic fragmentation equation. This method aims to provide accurate and efficient explicit solutions to this challenging problem. The approach's applicability is demonstrated through rigorous mathematical derivation and convergence analysis using the Banach contraction principle. Additionally, several numerical examples illustrate the accuracy and robustness of this new method. For the first time, new analytical solutions for number density functions are presented for various fragmentation kernels with gamma and other initial distributions. This method significantly enhances solution quality over extended periods using fewer terms in the truncated series. The solutions are compared and verified against the finite volume method and the homotopy perturbation method, showing that the coupled approach not only estimates number density functions accurately but also captures integral moments with high precision. This research advances computational methods for particle breakage phenomena, offering potential applications in various industrial processes and scientific disciplines.

FineTea: A Novel Fine-Grained Action Recognition Video Dataset for Tea Ceremony Actions.

Methods based on deep learning have achieved great success in the field of video action recognition. When these methods are applied to real-world scenarios that require fine-grained analysis of actions, such as being tested on a tea ceremony, limitations may arise. To promote the development of fine-grained action recognition, a fine-grained video action dataset is constructed by collecting videos of tea ceremony actions. This dataset includes 2745 video clips. By using a hierarchical fine-grained action classification approach, these clips are divided into 9 basic action classes and 31 fine-grained action subclasses. To better establish a fine-grained temporal model for tea ceremony actions, a method named TSM-ConvNeXt is proposed that integrates a TSM into the high-performance convolutional neural network ConvNeXt. Compared to a baseline method using ResNet50, the experimental performance of TSM-ConvNeXt is improved by 7.31%. Furthermore, compared with the state-of-the-art methods for action recognition on the FineTea and Diving48 datasets, the proposed approach achieves the best experimental results. The FineTea dataset is publicly available.

Heterogeneity in public health service utilization and its relationship with social integration among older adult migrants in China: a latent class analysis.

The older adult migrant population in China is on the rise, which presents challenges for the national public health service system. However, the heterogeneity of public health service utilization and its relationship with social integration among the older adult migrant population remains unclear. This study aims to explore the heterogeneity the public health service utilization and how it relates to their social integration. A total of 6,178 older adult migrants from the China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS) in 2017 were included in this study. Exploratory factor analysis was used to categorize social integration into four dimensions. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify different sub-groups of public health service utilization. ANOVA and multivariate logistic regression were used to determine the characteristics of different sub-groups. Three potential classes of public health service utilization were identified: low utilization of basic public health services class (N = 3,264,52.756%), medium utilization of basic public health services class (N = 1,743,28.172%), and high utilization of basic public health services class (N = 1,180,19.072%). Gender, education, extent of mobility, and move alone or not, flow time were all predictors of the class of public health service utilization. There were significant differences in social integration across potential categories (p<0.0001). The utilization of public health services of the older adult migrants is affected by many aspects. Social integration deserves attention as a significant influencing factor in the utilization of public health services. The government should pay attention to the characteristics of the older adult migrants and formulate relevant policies in a targeted manner in order to improve the utilization of public health services of the older adult migrants.

Creating Emordle: Animating Word Cloud for Emotion Expression.

We propose emordle, a conceptual design that animates wordles (compact word clouds) to deliver their emotional context to audiences. To inform the design, we first reviewed online examples of animated texts and animated wordles, and summarized strategies for injecting emotion into the animations. We introduced a composite approach that extends an existing animation scheme for one word to multiple words in a wordle with two global factors: the randomness of text animation (entropy) and the animation speed (speed). To create an emordle, general users can choose one predefined animated scheme that matches the intended emotion class and fine-tune the emotion intensity with the two parameters. We designed proof-of-concept emordle examples for four basic emotion classes, namely happiness, sadness, anger, and fear. We conducted two controlled crowdsourcing studies to evaluate our approach. The first study confirmed that people generally agreed on the conveyed emotions from well-crafted animations, and the second one demonstrated that our identified factors helped fine-tune the extent of the emotion delivered. We also invited general users to create their own emordles based on our proposed framework. Through this user study, we confirmed the effectiveness of the approach. We concluded with implications for future research opportunities of supporting emotion expression in visualizations.

Influence of the transcription factor ABI5 on growth and development in Arabidopsis

ABA-insensitive 5 (ABI5) belongs to the basic leucine zipper class of transcription factors and is named for being the fifth identified Arabidopsis mutant unresponsive to ABA. To understand the influence of ABI5 in its active state on downstream gene expression and plant growth and development, we overexpressed the full-length ABI5 (A.t.MX-4) and the active forms of ABI5 with deleted transcriptional repression domains (A.t.MX-1, A.t.MX-2, and A.t.MX-3). Compared with the wild type, A.t.MX-1, A.t.MX-2, and A.t.MX-3 exhibited an increase in rosette leaf number and size, earlier flowering, increased thousand-seed weight, and significantly enhanced drought resistance. Thirty-five upregulated/downregulated proteins in the A.t.MX-1 were identified by proteomic analysis, and these proteins were involved in ABA biosynthesis and degradation, abiotic stress, fatty acid synthesis, and energy metabolism. These proteins participate in the regulation of plant drought resistance, flowering timing, and seed size at the levels of transcription and post-translational modification.

SPOT90을 통한 일본어 진단과 활용 및 감상 ― 기초일본어 비대면 수업을 중심으로 ―

SPOT90을 통한 일본어 진단과 활용 및 감상 ― 기초일본어 비대면 수업을 중심으로 ―

Development of Interactive Multimedia-Based Learning Media in an Effort to Improve Student Learning Outcomes in Basic Automotive Technology Subjects Class X

The research aims to develop interactive teaching materials that are integrated with LMS (e-learning) so that the learning process takes place effectively. This research is a type of Research and Development (R and D) research to improve student learning outcomes in the Basic Automotive Technology subject. The development method used in this research is to follow the ADDIE model. The subjects of this research are Learning Media, Learning Materials and Instructional Design. The next lesson is the students of Cibinong Mechanical Vocational School, namely class X TKR 1 as the experimental class. The results of the research show that the quality of the e-learning based interactive learning multimedia that was developed is in the very valid category (88.89), very good in one to one trials (91.07%), very good for small groups (91,93%) and very good for large groups (93,04%). Meanwhile, the tcount value is 6.701 and the ttable value at the 5% significance level is 2.051, so tcount&gt;ttabel or 6.701&gt;2.051, so ha is accepted and h0 is rejected. This means that there is a significant difference in the ability to understand material presented using media. So, it is concluded that interactive multimedia based on e-learning is feasible and effective and can improve student learning outcomes.

Literacy and Numeracy Difficulty Factors in the Independent Learning Curriculum

PISA 2018 was released from 78 countries; Indonesia was ranked 70th; only 25% could read, and 24% could count. The research aims to analyze the factors of literacy and numeracy difficulties in the independent learning curriculum. The method used is a mixed method. The subjects were 130 middle school students. Data collection techniques used surveys, observations and interviews. The survey was conducted by distributing instruments to 130 people via Google on a 1-5 point Likert scale. Data was also obtained during randomly selected observations and interviews. The survey analysis technique used SPSS 26, which formed a bar chart. The interview results were analyzed by presenting the data and collecting it, then reducing it, coding it in tables, and verifying the interview with a survey. The results and findings show that 48.63% assess that the Basic Class is difficult to implement, 67.67% assess that the School Culture indicators are not optimal, and 78.54% assess that the Community Base has minimal implementation. The results of observations and interviews also intersect with survey results. According to the third source, indicators of success in literacy and numeracy in schools still need to be fully implemented and meet qualification expectations. In conclusion, minimal implementation of the third indicator impacts students' weak literacy and numeracy skills. This research implies that assignments or projects designed by teachers for students help and train students to improve their literacy and numeracy.

Tatbiq Kitab Al-Qolam fi Ta’lim Kitabah Pegon Al-Arabiyah fi Al-Maahid Al-Islamiyah Madura

The existence of Pegon letters in various pesantren institutions is needed for the translation of Arabic books into Javanese or Indonesian. This is done to make it easier to read Arabic or translate Arabic. One of the educational institutions that still maintains Pegon writing in its education is Syaichona Moh. Cholil Bangkalan Islamic Boarding School because new students (Santri) have different educational backgrounds. They know Pegon script from their respective homes and those who do not know Pegon script because at home they do not study at Madrasah Diniyah. Al-Qolam is a book written by Ust. Mohammed Tuba. The book is one of the books that is the basis for learning in the basic class (Shifir) at Syaichona Moh. Cholil Bangkalan Islamic Boarding School. The book has been classified to make it easier for new Santri who do not know Pegon writing and Arabic writing in learning. To find this, researchers used qualitative research methods. The targets of this research are teachers and students of the elementary class (Shifir) at the Syaichona Moh. Cholil Islamic Boarding School in Bangkalan. Then to collect data with observation, interview and documentation methods and researchers use data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. The results of this study include how to use Al-Qolam books in learning to write, so that Arabic is a learning process: the teacher instructs students to memorize the alphabet and Pegon letters, then the teacher teaches the material on the blackboard and students write what the teacher writes. And in the educational process the teacher must multiply the application of the material.

The Effect of a Program of Aerobic Exercises on some Physical and Psychological Variables of Female Secondary Stage Students

This study aimed to demonstrate the effect of the aerobic exercises program on body mass index and body circumferences (arm, chest, abdomen, hip, thigh) as a body variable, and on the level of self-esteem and sports activity attitudes as a psychological variable among female secondary stage students. The sample of the study consisted of (10) secondary stage students at Tiberias secondary school for girls in the city of Irbid in Jordan, and the experimental method was used. The implementation of the training program took a period of (8) weeks, three units per week for a period of (60-40) minutes per unit. The self-esteem scale developed by (Zayed, 2011), and the sports activity attitudes scale, which was developed by (Zayed, 2011), in addition to the two scales of mass and perimeters of the body, were employed for the pre-post measurement. Statistical treatments were calculated) arithmetic means, standard deviations, and Wilcoxon test (. The results showed a positive, statistically significant effect of the aerobic exercise program on both the level of self-esteem and sport activity attitudes in favor of post-measurement, in both body mass index and some of body circumferences. The study recommended applying the aerobic exercise program proposed in this study to the students of the basic classes, to support the school activity on an ongoing basis.

Optimizing Sample Warehouse Layout At PT BIJ: Comparative Study Of Dedicated And Class-Based Storage

PT. BIJ is an analytical laboratory services company, therefore PT. BIJ needs a good warehouse to be able to accommodate the samples it has PT. BIJ experienced problems with sample storage. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the sample storage system to make it easier to find samples to be analyzed. Using the Dedicated Storege and Class Base Storage methods will help provide grouping for each type of sample and place the samples in the right place so that the sample travel distance is shorter. The results of the research carried out can be obtained that the initial travel distance is 262.98 meters, while the proposed dedicated storage distance is 163.19 meters and the proposed basic class storage distance is 149.95 meters, so there is the largest percentage difference of 42.89%. So it can be concluded that using the class base storage method is better than the dedicated storage method.

Study of an adiabatic and free rotation of a block around a fixed axis using videoanalysis

This work is a proposal for a basic physics class in which the statics and dynamics of a rigid body are approached simultaneously using a single experimental apparatus. A mechanical system was used to study the rotation of a rigid prismatic block around one of its edges. In the first part of this study (statics), the block is subjected to the action of a variable external force, the intensity of which decreases as the inclination of the block increases. The external force produces a slow rotation (adiabatic rotation) until it is in an unstable equilibrium configuration. The experiment allows data to be collected on the external force as a function of the block’s angle to the support surface. The graph of the theoretical force relative to the angle of the block with the surface is presented together with the experimental points. From the analytical expression of the force, the work is obtained and compared with the work of the weight force. In the graphical representation of work as a function of angle, a symmetry is identified in the curve drawings. In the second part (dynamics), the block is moved to rotate freely. The falling time is calculated considering two types of independent initial conditions. The first condition is a perturbation in angular velocity and the other in the initial angle. The graphs of the falling times as a function of the predicted perturbations are presented and the concordance between the experimental data and the respective theoretical curves can be checked. All equations obtained from the physical modelling are verified experimentally, through laboratory testing, image analysis and videoanalysis. The experimen-tal techniques and results are presented in detail throughout this paper. The practices described in this work are in harmony with active learning in physics teaching.

Determining future scenarios of urban areas with cellular automata/Markov Chain Model method; example of Ereğli District Konya-Türkiye (2030–2040)

As a result of the rapid increase in the world population, the earth surface has started to be damaged due to natural and artificial effects. The extent of the damage to nature can be determined by examining the temporal changes of land use and land cover (LULC). In order to offer healthier and more sustainable living spaces, scientists have produced many studies on the changes in nature. Within the scope of this study, 5 basic training classes were created with the help of Landsat satellite images and CORINE data, covering the period of 1985–2018 for Ereğli-Bor Sub-Basin, which is one of the 9 sub-basins of Konya Closed Basin located in the Central Anatolian Region of Türkiye. Landsat Satellite images, Google Earth Program and CORINE data were overlaid to create a basic training class as artificial areas, agricultural areas—pasture areas—forest areas and wetlands and these areas were classified by supervised classification method. The study was carried out on an area of approximately 331057 ha in and around Ereğli district. Modeling was carried out with the Cellular Automata (CA) Markov Chain Model to determine the urban development potential in the region. In order to estimate the modeling accuracy, the 2018 prediction model was created according to the 2018 reference map, and the validation between the two data was analyzed with the kappa statistics. According to kappa statistics values, it was determined that K_location and K_standard values were 0.9301 and 0.8935, respectively. As a result of the validation in sufficient standards, future prediction models were applied; future models and result maps were prepared for the years 2030–2040. According to the modeling results, it is estimated that the artificial area class in Ereğli district will reach 122.74 km2 by 2030 and 142.24 km2 in 2040. In addition, it was expressed in detail with the prediction results and maps that there will be a decrease in pasture, forest and agricultural areas in the region until 2030 and 2040. As a result, it is predicted that the ecological balance in the region will change and agricultural production may decrease as a result of the decline in agricultural pasture and forest areas. For this reason, it has been revealed that it is important for the future of humanity that plans such as environmental layout and master development plans to be made by regional manager in the region for the future should be planned in line with the results to be obtained as a result of future prediction models.

Friendship and Socio-Emotional Skills in 3rd / 4th Year Students in Portuguese Basic Education

We carried out quantitative research (descriptive, exploratory, transversal, explanatory) analyzing interpersonal/social friendship relationships (acceptance/refusal) and the mastery of socio-emotional skills in four classes with 3rd and 4th year students of basic education (sample N=91 students), in a School Group in Castelo Branco in Portugal, in the Pre-COVID period (November 2019), not being able to carry out the intervention of an Emotional Intelligence Development Program in these study subjects. We investigated the significant differences between the social friendship relationships (sociometric friendship test) of students in the 3rd/4th year of basic education and the analysis of the results obtained by the Emotional Skills Questionnaire. The study was guided by the following objectives: analyzing the acceptance/rejection of the relationship of 3rd/4th year students from the four basic education classes; verify the significant differences in friendship relationships between 3rd/4th year students by gender; know the differences between 3rd/4th year students by class in emotional skills; Determine the socio-emotional skills by gender of 3rd/4th year students by class. The results obtained confirmed that certain student behaviors in the group/class constitute an indicator of effective and valued social skills in this socialization context.