Basic Classes Research Articles

Enhanced Priority-Integrated Mult winner Voting Software

Modern democracy values efficient, fair elections. This paper offers Google Cola an embedded interactive multi-winner voting method to improve democracy. Candidates and values can be entered using Python in the Colab. Basic Python algorithms and classes simplify priority candidate multi-winner elections. According to user feedback, event-driven programming modifies candidate priority enabling accurate and effective elections. These embedded system functions prioritize, rank, and aggregate votes. These mathematics facilitate fair and transparent outcome processing. This research demonstrates the embedded system's technology deployment and potential to support inclusive elections. The proposed solution helps electoral democratization by integrating collaboration with cutting-edge technologies

Open-Set Facial Expression Recognition

Facial expression recognition (FER) models are typically trained on datasets with a fixed number of seven basic classes. However, recent research works (Cowen et al. 2021; Bryant et al. 2022; Kollias 2023) point out that there are far more expressions than the basic ones. Thus, when these models are deployed in the real world, they may encounter unknown classes, such as compound expressions that cannot be classified into existing basic classes. To address this issue, we propose the open-set FER task for the first time. Though there are many existing open-set recognition methods, we argue that they do not work well for open-set FER because FER data are all human faces with very small inter-class distances, which makes the open-set samples very similar to close-set samples. In this paper, we are the first to transform the disadvantage of small inter-class distance into an advantage by proposing a new way for open-set FER. Specifically, we find that small inter-class distance allows for sparsely distributed pseudo labels of open-set samples, which can be viewed as symmetric noisy labels. Based on this novel observation, we convert the open-set FER to a noisy label detection problem. We further propose a novel method that incorporates attention map consistency and cycle training to detect the open-set samples. Extensive experiments on various FER datasets demonstrate that our method clearly outperforms state-of-the-art open-set recognition methods by large margins. Code is available at https://github.com/zyh-uaiaaaa.

Learned helplessness and anxiety among a sample of primary school students with learning difficulties

Introduction. In primary education, understanding the psychological experiences of students with learning difficulties is of utmost importance. Among the various psychological factors that can impact their well-being, learned helplessness and anxiety have been identified as significant contributors. Learned helplessness refers to a state of perceived powerlessness and a belief that one's actions do not influence their outcomes. Coupled with anxiety, it can create a debilitating cycle that hinders academic progress and emotional well-being. This study explores the relationship between learned helplessness and anxiety among a sample of primary school students with learning difficulties. By shedding light on these interrelated factors, this research seeks to provide insights that can inform targeted interventions and support strategies to enhance the educational experiences and overall well-being of students facing learning challenges. Aim. This study aimed to identify the level of learning disability and anxiety among primary school students with learning difficulties in the Karak governorate in Jordan. Materials and methods. The study followed the descriptive survey approach, and the study sample consisted of (150) students from the fifth basic class students in the Karak governorate in Jordan, and to achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher used the learning disability scale and anxiety scale. The results. Students were found to have significant levels of learning impairment, with 19 questions rated as "very difficult" or "very difficult to do." These items revealed students' difficulties with group work tasks, emotions of hopelessness, and perceptions of their own weakness. In one set of data, the statement "I cannot engage in activities of a group work nature" got a mean score of 3.99 and a standard deviation of 1.21. In fact, only 3 items obtained average ratings, with "I avoid tough chores and duties" receiving the lowest score (mean = 3.60, standard deviation = 1.31). High levels of anxiety were also reported by students, with the highest levels being related to problems concentrating and breathing (mean anxiety scores of 4.57 and 4.47, respectively). Traditional teaching methods, overcrowded classrooms, family upbringing, and the educational environment are all hypothesised to contribute to the elevated anxiety levels seen in students with learning impairments. Pervasive difficulties affecting the students' well-being and educational experiences are indicated by the mean scores of 3.78 (SD = 1.12) and 3.89 (SD = 1.08) for learning disability and anxiety, respectively. Conclusions. Primary school kids in Karak governorate, Jordan, who were having difficulty learning found to have high levels of acquired helplessness and anxiety, indicating severe emotional suffering, according to this study. It was speculated that factors such as traditional teaching methods, overcrowded classrooms, parental involvement, and the general educational atmosphere all played a role. The results highlight the immediate need for educational method improvements and the provision of holistic support to lessen the effect of these psychological obstacles on students, with the ultimate goal of bettering their educational experience and general well-being. In light of these findings, it is imperative that educators, politicians, and carers reevaluate and restructure the current educational and support systems to better accommodate students with learning impairments.

COMMON GRAMMATICAL ERRORS FOUND IN STUDENTS’ WRITING

This study aimed at exploring the types of common grammatical errors are found in the students’ writing and finding out the dominant type of common grammatical errors found in students’ writing. This study used descriptive qualitative and quantitative method. The data were taken from the 21 compositions of students who took Basic Writing Class in English Letter Study Program, Faculty of Language and Literature of Flores University. Each writing has three kinds of writing. They are about family member, individual favorite object, and natural objects descriptions. The upshots of the study indicates there are 9,1% students who made errors in verb tense, 12,6% students who made errors in subject-verb agreement, 15,3% students made error in article, 4,5% students made error in preposition, 6,3% students made error in number, 4,5% students made error in pronoun, 1,8% students made error in possessive, 1,8% students made in word choice, 11,7% students made error in spelling, 19,8% students made error in word order, 7,2% students made error in capitalization, and 5,4% students made error in punctuation. The errors are caused from many factors; the students are still confused to choose the right word in a sentence because of the lack of knowledge or poor vocabularies and its use. Besides, errors happened because of their first language (Indonesian logical thinking), or we could say the learners’ mother tongue interference (interlingua source), some students tried to translate the words one by one from Indonesian language into English without paying attention to the English structure rules.
 

Chiropractic students' perception of remote learning during the COVID-19 pandemic.

To investigate chiropractic students' preferences and perceptions of remote learning with a secondary aim of comparing individuals with and without learning challenges. Following the mandatory period of remote education, a 33-question, mixed-methods, anonymous online survey was distributed from March to September 2021 to a single-campus chiropractic student body with an estimated sample study population of N = 1375. Demographic variables, self-reported learning challenges, technology skills, and perceptions of remote and on-ground learning delivery modalities were gathered. Percentages, measures of central tendency, and chi-square tests were performed on the data. There were 117 participants (8.5%), of whom 63.2% were female (n = 74) and 87.2% (n = 102) were aged 18-34 years. Self-identified learning challenges were present in 33.3% (n = 39) of participants, of whom 28 stated they had attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or attention-deficit disorder. More than 85.5% (n = 100) of participants agreed they were proficient with the necessary technology. For basic science classes with a lecture and lab component, 61.5% (n = 72) preferred on-ground labs and remote lectures. Participants agreed that remote lectures and on-ground labs were a good use of time (75.2% [n = 88] and 79.5% [n = 93], respectively). There was a significant χ2 between individuals with and without learning challenges for the perception of "stimulating and interesting" (p = .044) and "attention" (p = .001) for on-ground lectures. Chiropractic students preferred remote and on-ground education differentially for labs and lectures. On-ground labs provided greater perceived educational benefits; perceived benefits of remote lecture courses were only modestly supported. Students with self-identified learning challenges presented with some differences related to perception of on-ground lectures.

МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ЗАСОБАМИ МАТLАB УСТРУКТУРІ ПІДГОТОВКИ ФАХІВЦІВ ІТ-ІНДУСТРІЇ

In the article the problem of the use of information technologies is broken in teaching ofmathematical disciplines and importance of decision of tasks of design of processes and phenomenafor the future specialists of information technologies. It is marked that among basicкомпетентностей, that formed for such specialists: knowledge of basic classes and principles ofconstruction of models, methods of design of the systems; ability to choose and use the methods ofmathematical design for planning and exploitation of the systems, to develop the charts ofalgorithms for research and planning of the technical, technological, organizational, informativesystems; knowledge and ability to apply one or a few systems of design, planning, as ifprogramming. Thus future specialists of information technologies must skilfully use informationtechnologies, programmatic foods for the decision of design tasks, namely must have skills of designof various processes, phenomena, systems, and also able to realize these models facilities ofinformation technologies.In the article expediency of the use of application of Matlab package is reasonable for teaching ofmathematical disciplines at preparation specialists of information technologies. Features andstructural elements of environment of Matlab, functional possibilities and existent libraries, aremarked for the decision of design tasks. Among plenty of the presented libraries for visualization ofdesign in the system Matlab it is distinguished only a few, that can be used by the bread-winners ofhigher education for the decision of design tasks, namely: optimization toolbox, System ofidentification toolbox, Wavelet of toolbox, simulink it is Also marked that Matlab contains plenty ofprocedures and functions necessary to the engineer and research worker for implementation ofdifficult calculations and design of behavior of the technical, physical and economic systems.

Injective Eccentric Domination in Graphs

The concept of domination has inspired researchers which has contributed to a vast literature on domination. A subset of is said to be a dominating set, if every vertex not in is adjacent to at least one vertex in . The eccentricity of is the distance to a vertex farthest from . Thus . For a vertex each vertex at a distance from is an eccentric vertex. The eccentric set of a vertex is defined as . Let , then is known as an eccentric point set of if for every , has at least one vertex such that . A dominating set is called an eccentric dominating set if it is also an eccentric point set. In this article the concept of injective eccentric domination is introduced for simple, connected and undirected graphs. An eccentric dominating set is called an injective eccentric dominating set if for every vertex there exists a vertex such that where is the set of vertices different from and , that are adjacent to both and . Theorems to determine the exact injective eccentric domination number for the basic class of graphs are stated and proved. Nordhaus-Gaddum results are proposed. The injective eccentric dominating set, injective eccentric domination number , upper injective eccentric dominating set and upper injective eccentric domination number for different standard graphs are tabulated.

디자인 씽킹 프로세스를 적용한 디자인 프로젝트 수업 모형연구

In order to lay the theoretical foundation for a systematic education program on the social responsibility and role of design, this study developed a teaching model that applied a project-based design thinking process for solving human-centered social problems to the “Design and Ethics” course, which is a basic major class in the Department of Design at a four-year university in Gyeonggi-do. The project teaching method consisted of five stages: frame a question, gather inspiration, generate ideas, prototype, test to learn, and improvement of the design thinking process. The results of the class showed positive learning satisfaction in terms of learning comprehension, creative thinking, and problem-solving ability, and it was an opportunity to experience a human-centered problem-solving process. The systematic curriculum on the social responsibility and role of design was organized to effectively utilize specialized technology as a means for solving human social problems, and it is significant in that it met the demand for education of the times, which includes sharing various perspectives through team project classes and cultivating a new creative problemsolving skills. In the future, it is hoped that it will develop into a practical social design education program by linking it with multidisciplinary convergence, government agencies, private companies, and social enterprises.

Exploring the Potency of Medicinal Plants in Central Nepal's Highlands: A Comprehensive Analysis of Antioxidant, Antibacterial Properties, and Toxicity

The current research study aimed to assess the antibacterial, antioxidant, and toxicity effectiveness of eight locally accessible medicinal plants found in the Kavre District of Nepal: Schima wallichii, Woodfordia fruticosa, Cuscuta reflexa, Bombax ceiba, Drymaria diandra, Psidium guajava, Myrica esculenta, and Urtica dioica. Plant extracts were prepared in absolute methanol. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of basic classes of secondary plant metabolites; saponin, sterol, , tannin, quinone, alkaloids, terpenoids, reducing sugar, protein, cardiac glycoside and carbohydrate was carried out. Further, antimicrobial activities, free radical scavenging potential, and toxicity bioassays of the crude extracts were performed. The basic secondary metabolites were detected in all plant extracts. Among the studied plants, W. fructicosa, S. wallichi, M. esculenta, and P. guajava showed noteworthy antimicrobial activities against inspected pathogens. A significant 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was found in P. guajava, M. esculenta, B. ceiba, W. fructicosa, and U. dioca. Likewise, the highest toxicity potential was observed in C. reflexa followed by U. dioca, B. ceiba, and S. wallichi against Artemia salina. These signifies the potential of plant extracts in herbal medicine. Further work on screening of other biochemical properties will enhance the potential of these plant extracts in modern phytotherapy.

EVALUATION OF THE FIRE REACTION OF CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS BY THE SBI METHOD (SINGLE BURNING ITEM)

The reconstruction of Ukraine requires progressive and innovative structural solutions that take into account the requirements of usage safety and fire safety of construction products. One of the mostimportant requirements set for building products and materials used inside buildings on walls and ceilings is the requirement forflammability. In Ukraine, the standard DSTU EN 13501-1 [3] regarding the fire classification of construction products is currently in effect.The standard defines testing methods applied to the evaluated product, as well as criteria for assessing the obtained test results, assigningthem corresponding basic classes of reaction to fire.If it is necessary to assess the behavior of the product at the further stage of a fire, testing should be conducted using the Single BurningItem (SBI) method according to DSTU EN 13823 [5]. The SBI method corresponds to the stage of fire development at which the buildingproduct is exposed to the heat of a single burning item. SBI testing can be conducted independently for technological trials and todetermine the basic operational characteristics of construction products.However, a complete classification of the reaction to fire depending on the class should be complemented by testing according to DSTUEN ISO 11925-2 [4], DSTU EN ISO 1182 [6], or DSTU EN ISO 1716 [7].The article provides a description of the process of conducting SBI method tests, how test results are calculated, what parameters themeasurement system on the SBI test stand calculates, and what they mean in relation toreal fire. The results of studies on some constructionproducts during SBI testing are presented.

Software for processing of long-term strength data of materials by use of edwards curves

A description of the developed software for saving and analyzing data on high-temperature deformation and long-term strength of metallic materials is provided. The open source Laravel web framework was chosen to implement in the application. The Voyager solution is used together with it as a graphical interface for interacting with the database. A JavaScript programming language solution using Canvas technology is used to build plots. Basic classes and components are described. With the help of diagrams of use cases, the possibility of using the web application in the engineering practice of data processing of experimental high-temperature creep and fracture studies is shown. An approach and an algorithm for approximating long-term strength curves of general appearance, including different types of failure, using Edwards curves are proposed. With their use, an analytical nonlinear expression for the functional dependence between the time to failure and the failure stress was obtained. Approximations of various types of the long-term strength curve corresponding to the processes of accumulation of damage in the material by various types of physical mechanisms are discussed. The undesirable possibility of obtaining an overestimated value of the time to failure in the case of small and medium stress values without using information on the areas of intergranular failure, failure due to oxidation or corrosion, and overaging on the long-term strength curve is demonstrated. The use of the developed software, approach and method of analytical representation of the functional dependence of the values of failure stress on time in the evolution equation for the damage parameter allows you to carry out refined calculations of structural elements operating under high-temperature load conditions

Improved Javanese script recognition using custom model of convolution neural network

<div align="center"><span lang="EN-US">Handwriting recognition in Javanese script is not widely developed with deep learning (DL). Previous DL and machine learning (ML) research is generally limited to basic characters (Carakan) only. This study proposes a deep learning model using a custom-built convolutional neural network to improve recognition accuracy performance and reduce computational costs. The main features of handwritten objects are textures, edges, lines, and shapes, so convolution layers are not designed in large numbers. This research maximizes optimization of other layers such as pooling, activation function, fully connected layer, optimizer, and parameter settings such as dropout and learning rate. There are eleven main layers used in the proposed custom convolutional neural network (CNN) model, namely four convolution layers+activation function, four pooling layers, two fully connected layers, and a softmax classifier. Based on the test results on the Javanese script handwritten image dataset with 120 classes consisting of 20 basic character classes and 100 compound character classes, the resulting accuracy is 97.29%.</span></div>

Behavior and health problems in dogs (Canis familiaris) associated with responsible ownership practices and awareness of legal regulations

Behavior and health problems in dogs (Canis familiaris) associated with responsible ownership practices and awareness of legal regulations

Application of Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering to Create a Library of Basic Classes of Acoustic Events of the VVER-1000/1200

Application of Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering to Create a Library of Basic Classes of Acoustic Events of the VVER-1000/1200

Semiglobal stability of PID for uncertain nonaffine systems

Proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller is the most widely used form of feedback control by far. However, a satisfactory theory is still lacking to explain the rationale of the widespread PID control, and the gap between theory and practice of PID needs to be filled by control scientists. It is worth noting that a recent work (Zhao and Guo, 2022) proved that the classical PID controller has the ability to globally stabilize a basic class of uncertain nonaffine nonlinear systems, while the system nonlinear function is required to have a linear growth rate with respect to the state variables. In this paper, we will consider the more general case where the system nonlinear function may have super-linear growth rates, and show that the classical PID control can always be designed to stabilize such systems in the semiglobal sense, provided that the smallest eigenvalue of the control gain matrix has a positive lower bound. Moreover, a three dimensional parameter set for the stabilizing PID parameters will be constructed. Furthermore, under some additional knowledge about the system uncertain functions, we will propose a simpler PD controller with desired compensation, and show that the proposed controllers can still be designed to achieve semiglobal stability and desired tracking targets.

CENAGIS-ALS BENCHMARK - NEW PROPOSAL FOR DENSE ALS BENCHMARK BASED ON THE REVIEW OF DATASETS AND BENCHMARKS FOR 3D POINT CLOUD SEGMENTATION

Abstract. Benchmarking is an essential tool for scientific and technological progress. This article reviews the benchmarks for 3D point cloud segmentation and classification. Based on the analysis of the articles and the knowledge gathered, it can be concluded that there has been an increase in the number of benchmarks, allowing to compare research results against specific performance metrics independently. However, benchmarks vary regarding the number of classes, spatial size, nomenclature, and class division. In this article, we introduce a new annotated 3D dataset - CENAGIS-ALS Benchmark. We propose a benchmark of highly dense lidar point clouds acquired by Leica CityMapper-2 for the Centre of Warsaw, Poland. The area covers 2 km2, and the data has a density of 275 pts/m2. The dataset consists of a number of classes that are distinguishable for this type of data. In addition to the basic classes, more specialized classes, important from the perspective of urban space, are also distinguished. Moreover, the division of classes consists of three levels of detail from coarse (e.g., a building) to refined elements (e.g., roofs, chimneys, and other rooftop objects). This benchmark can contribute to geospatial societies, considering the large spatial size of the study area with unified data quality and the higher number of classes with the hierarchical division compared to other benchmarking data.

Impact of railways on land use and land cover change: Evidence from India

Transport infrastructure is said to drive development in a region and affect the land use/land cover (LULC) over time. We employ a difference-in-differences (DID) framework to causally examine transport infrastructure as a driver of land use/land cover change (LUCC) using the case study of the Konkan Railway, one of the largest railway projects in post-independence India. Using multi-period multispectral satellite data, we obtained the basic LULC classes for the DID and spatio–temporal analysis. The findings suggest that the Konkan Railway led to an increase in built-up land cover and open spaces at the expense of the agricultural land cover, but did not adversely affect forest cover. This result is consistent all along the 760 km long railway. The study contributes to the emerging literature on the land use impacts of railways and underscores the importance of implementing environmental management measures.

CBCT Based Evaluation of the Anatomical Variation of Retromolar Canal in A Sample of Egyptian Population. A Retrospective Study

The goal of this study is to estimate the prevalence of the retromolar in the Egyptian population and to enhance the allocation of the retromolar canals and foramina. Methodology: Using a Newtom Giano HR CBCT system, radiographic evaluation of 250 CBCT scans was performed. According to the manufacturer's guidelines, multiple FOVs were used with the same voxel size (0.3 mm) to produce distinct scans for different patient sizes. The presence of retromolar canal was checked for, using the CBCT scans. Linear measurements were made from the retromolar foramen to the mandibular foramen in an anteroposterior and a mediolateral directions, as well as to the lower second and third molars, and their courses was divided into three basic classes. Results: In this study, retromolar canal was absent in sides 207 (82.8%) while was presented in 43 (17%), absence of retromolar canal was significantly higher than its presence as P<0.0001. Regarding distribution, bilateral side (16.3%) was significantly lower than unilateral distribution (83.7%) as P<0.0001. In class distribution, class A (70%) was significantly the highest, while class C (6%) was significantly the lowest. Conclusion: The prevalence of retromolar canal in the Egyptian population is 17%. When evaluating the retromolar region to identify the presence of the retromolar canal and retromolar foramen to prevent problems after various dental surgical procedures, the use of CBCT is crucial.

Analysis of the “Deep Listening” Spiritual Pedagogy Approach in Online Learning to Build Intersubjectivity

Online learning is often complained about as it makes students uncomfortable and inactive in learning activities because they need to meet face-to-face with classmates and teachers. This article explained how in the online learning model, students could feel involved with all learning components even if they were not face-to-face while using the “deep listening” spiritual pedagogy approach. The practice of “deep listening” pedagogy was carried out on students in the General Basic Course lecture class, namely Religious Education, with 35 students. The goal was to encourage student engagement and the ability to connect with all components in the learning classroom. Data were collected through observation and implementation of “deep listening” practice through focus group discussion, then analyzed with a qualitative approach. The result showed that through observation and practice of “deep listening” in the focus of online group discussions, 1) students could convey their inner voice openly and honestly. 2) It can be observed through conversations that there were changes in students’ perceptions about the meaning of beliefs, human nature, religious experiences, relationships with others, and the development of spirituality. 3) It can be observed that students’ ability to engage and feel connected to all components of learning was a meaning of intersubjectivity through opinions and thoughts conveyed in online learning.

Hidden Object Game As A Supporting Media For The Introduction Of New Vocanulary

Teaching and learning new/foreign vocabulary (language) using game must consider the needs and objectives of teaching and learning. Hidden object games are a type of puzzle game that has many educational benefits. The purpose of this study is to analyze hidden object games by formulating how hidden object games can be a stimulate medium for learning vocabulary, formulating elements of vocabulary education in them, and describing the motivation to recognize and increase insight into new/foreign language vocabulary for hidden object game players. The method for analyzing hidden object games as educational media uses the basic element game theory approach by Fullerton which focuses on analysis on the formal and dramatic elements of games for learning purposes. The results of the study show that hidden object games can educate and increase the players' vocabulary knowledge independently, especially the initial level vocabulary, namely receptive types, basic noun word classes. Hidden object games can accommodate vocabulary learning at the pre-teaching stage for beginner levels. However, hidden object games have not been able to maximize their benefits for higher vocabulary educational purposes such as productive vocabulary.Keywords: Hidden object game; Educational Game; Vocabulary Learning