Bark Powder Research Articles

Mulberry branch bark powder significantly improves hyperglycemia and regulates insulin secretion in type II diabetic mice

ABSTRACTThis experiment, based on the previous study on R. mori, introduces whole mulberry branch powder into the diet to treat diabetic mice. Mulberry branch bark powder (MBBP) was administered orally to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type II diabetic (T2D) mice to investigate hypoglycemic effects. After a 4-week period of diet consumption containing 5%, 10% and 20% MBBP, the fasting blood glucose, body weight and the related western blotting were measured, pathologic and immunohistochemical were observed. The 20% MBBP group showed a significant reduction in hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia; fasting blood glucose and insulin decreased from 25.0 to 14.8 mmol/L and 26.5 to 16.0 mU/L, respectively. Pathologic and immunohistochemical observation showed that MBBP administration lead to the repair of pancreas cells and restoration of insulin secretion. Dietary MBBP was associated with the decrease in the contents of 3, 4-methylenedioxeamphetamine, 8-OHdG, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase, and the increase in antioxidative ability and glucose tolerance. Western blotting (WB) analysis suggested that MBBP decreased the TNF-α levels, thus relieving inflammation and improving liver function. It also led to the downregulation of apoptosis factor expression. WB also confirmed that MBBP enhanced the gene expression of the key enzymes: insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate, p-AKT, GSK3β, glycogen synthase, G6Pase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, which are related to glucose metabolism in the liver, and increase the expression of the genes PDX-1, GLUT2, MafA, and glucokinase, related to insulin secretion. Thus, oral administration of MBBP regulated insulin secretion and effectively maintained normal levels of glucose metabolism in mice, which may be done by improving the antioxidant capacity and activating insulin signaling with T2D..

STANDARDIZATION OF ANTICONVULSANT POLYHERBAL FORMULATION BY PHARMACOGNOSTICAL, DNA FINGERPRINTING AND HIGH-PERFORMANCE THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY COMBINED WITH CHEMOMETRICS

Objective: The combination between the stem bark powder of Chirabilva and Veerataru is used ethno folklore for the management of anti-convulsion by tribal people. To standardise the evidently used polyherbal formulation in a systemic way for supporting the identity, quality, purity, safety and efficacy concern with modern technique.Methods: Microscopic anatomical examination and powder microscopy were performed fresh and dried plant materials respectively. The compound polyherbal formulation is processed by organoleptic characterization, macro-microscopic evaluation, physicochemical, phytochemical testing, DNA fingerprinting and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) profiling employing a standard methodology. Chromatographic fingerprinting after visualisation the data are exploited by multivariate chemometric technique.Results: Results of the experiment provided diagnostic characteristics to identify quality and purity and standardise the polyherbal formulation along with respective ingredients. The RAPD analysis of Dichrostachys cinerea and Holoptelea integrin folia showed some similar bands at the same base pair indicate the presence of genetical identity may take into consideration of the control the ingredients. HPTLC technique utilised to distinguish the ingredient and polyherbal formulation based on the presence or absence of certain target phytochemical (flavonoid, polyphenol, etc.) constituents, manifested as peaks or bands from the chemical fingerprint profiles. Visualized chromatographic profile of polyherbal formulation along with its constituents applying the multivariate chemometric technique is easily discriminated of respective retardation factor in principal component score space.Conclusion: The findings from this study will provide systemic evaluation for this anticonvulsant formulation and also serve as a master document to control the quality of polyherbal formulation.Keywords: Anticonvulsant, Chemometrics, DNA fingerprinting, HPTLC, Pharmacognosy

Validation of therapeutic anti-inflammatory potential of Arjuna Ksheera Paka – A traditional Ayurvedic formulation of Terminalia arjuna

Arjuna Ksheera Paka (AKP), a traditional Ayurvedic formulation of Terminalia arjuna (T. arjuna) bark powder is used for its cardioprotective effects. However, its anti-inflammatory efficacy remained unexplored. In the present study, AKP was prepared in cow milk (as per standard Ayurvedic procedure) and compared with standard hydroalcoholic extract (HA) of T. arjuna. The extracts were analyzed for gross phytoconstituents levels, and their antioxidant activity was assayed by DPPH free radical scavenging activity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of AKP and HA was studied in carrageenan-induced hind paw biphasic edema in C57BL/6 mice (at 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg BW).The percentage extraction yield of AKP was two folds higher than HA implying that the phytoconstituents in AKP were diluted by a factor of 0.5. The total polyphenol content of HA was (3.8 times) higher than AKP and the antioxidant activity of HA was also higher compared to AKP. Both the extracts, however, showed significant (p < 0.05) anti-inflammatory activity in reducing paw edema in mice. The efficacy of HA was more than AKP at early phase of inflammation, whereas, in the late phase of inflammation AKP was more efficacious and equipotent to HA. Thus, regardless of low in vitro antioxidant activity, AKP exhibited potential in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. The higher efficacy of AKP could be due to the presence of milk solids. These milk solids may act as adjuvants to T. arjuna's phytoconstituents, contributing to their sustained bioavailability, leading to higher in vivo anti-inflammatory efficacy at lower drug concentrations.

Effect of Binary and Ternary Combination of Metal Salt Mordants on Dyeing and Fastness Properties of Natural Protein Fibre with Juglans regia L. Dye

ABSTRACTThe present article focuses on the effect of different combinations of metal mordants on color characteristics and fastness properties of natural dye extracted from Juglan regia L bark powder. The influence of different types of mordant combinations such as alum + ferrous sulphate, alum + stannous chloride, ferrous sulphate + stannous chloride, and alum + ferrous sulphate + stannous chloride on color parameters has been investigated in terms of CIELab (L*, a*, b*, c*, and h°) and K/S values. The fastness properties with respect to light, washing, and crocking of developed shades were determined according to ISO and AATCC test methods. Based on the experimental results, it has been found that 96 shades with novel and fashionable hues were produced by the use of these metal salt combinations. It was also found that all mordanted samples had satisfactory light and wash fastness ratings. Dry rub fastness was found relatively better than wet rub fastness.

ISOLASI SENYAWA KUMARIN DARI KULIT BATANG KECAPI (Sandoricum koetjape) SEBAGAI ANTIBAKTERI

&lt;p&gt;Isolation of coumarine on stem bark from Sandoricum koetjape has done. Stem bark powder were extracted by maceration method using organic solvents hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Extract of ethyl acetate was separated by column chromatography. The antibacterial activities of extracts made by method of diffusion discs. The results showed the extracts of ethyl acetate has the highest activity than others with 12 mm (Staphylococcus aureus) and 19 mm (Escherichia coli) inhibitory area. Isolation result is needle white crystals from extracts of ethyl acetate with melting point 194ºC - 195ºC.&lt;/p&gt;

Antiplasmodial activity of Heinsia crinita (Rubiaceae) and identification of new iridoids

Ethnopharmacological relevanceHeinsia crinita is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of febrile illness and erectile dysfunction. Its stem bark powder is found in some peripheral markets in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) as a remedy against malaria. Investigations were conducted on crude extracts of leaves, fruits and stem barks in view to validate their use and to determine which plant part possesses the best antiplasmodial properties. Materials and methodsDifferent plant parts were extracted with methanol, ethanol and dichloromethane. Based on the preliminary assays, the dichloromethane extract of the stem bark was subjected to fractionation using preparative HPLC system and column chromatography. This step led to the isolation of two new iridoids which had their structures elucidated by NMR, UV, MS and FT-IR spectroscopic techniques. Extracts and pure compounds were tested in vitro against the 3D7 strain of Plasmodium falciparum. The inhibition of the parasite growth was evaluated in vitro by colorimetric method (p-LDH assay) and their cytotoxicity evaluated in vitro against the human non-cancer fibroblast cell line (WI38) through WST1 assay.The in vivo antiplasmodial activity was assessed by the inhibition of Plasmodium berghei growth in infected mice treated with the ethanol extract of H. crinita stem bark at the concentrations of 200 and 300mg/Kg/day per os, using a protocol based on the 4-d suppressive test of Peters and compared to a non-treated negative control group of mice (growth =100%). Finally the antioxidant activity of the same extract was evaluated using ABTS, DPPH and cell-based assays. ResultsA moderate in vitro antiplasmodial activity was observed for the dichloromethane extract of the stem bark of H. crinita (IC50 =29.2±1.39µg/mL) and for the two new iridoids, lamalbide 6, 7, 8- triacetate (IC50 =16.39±0.43µg/mL) as well as for its aglycone lamiridosin 6, 7, 8-triacetate (IC50 =0.44.56±1.12µg/mL).The ethanolic stem bark extract (200 and 300mg/kg/day, oral route) showed a moderate in vivo antimalarial activity in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice with 27.84±2.75% and 48.54±3.76% of inhibition of the parasite growth, respectively (p<0.01).). This extract displayed high cellular antioxidant activity using dichlorofluorescein-diacetate (DCFDA) on HL-60 monocytes.These crude extracts and pure compounds tested at the higher concentration of 100µg/mL did not show any cytotoxicity against WI38 cells. ConclusionsThe results showed that H. crinita extracts possess antimalarial activity and contain some unusual iridoids with moderate antiplasmodial activity, therefore justifying to some extent its traditional use by the local population in DRC for this purpose. This is the first report of the isolation and antiplasmodial activity of these two new iridoids.

Chemotherapeutic potentials of the stem bark of Balanite aegyptiaca (L.) Delile: an antiangiogenic, antitumor and antioxidant agent.

Background Balanite aegyptiaca (L.) Delile, is a plant with extensive medicinal properties. Its stem bark is traditionally known for its spasmolytic and antiepileptic properties and used to treat yellow fever, jaundice and syphilis. Angiogenesis (sprouting of new blood vessels) is crucial for tumor growth and metastasis. The goal of this study is investigate the antiangiogenic, cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity as well as antitumor in vivo properties of B. aegyptiaca stem bark extracts.MethodThe dried powder of stem bark was extracted sequentially with n-hexane, chloroform, methanol and water. Rat aorta ring assay (RARA) was used as a platform to screen for antiangiogenic affect. The most active extract was subjected to further confirmatory antiangiogenic tests i.e. cell migration, tube formation and VEGF inhibition and finally evaluated for its in vivo antitumor efficacy in nude mice. The cytotoxicity of extracts on four cancer cell lines (HCT-116, K562, U937 and MCF-7) and one normal cells line (HUVEC) was evaluated. To assess the antioxidant activity screening, four methods were used, (DPPH•) and ABTS radical scavenging activity, as well as total flavonoids and phenolic contents.ResultsMethanol extract of B. aegyptiaca stem bark (MBA) showed the highest antiangiogenic, antioxidant and anticancer properties. It was found selectively cytotoxic to leukemia cell lines as well as breast cancer cell line MCF-7. (MBA) thus exhibited antiangiogenic in ex-vivo rat aorta ring model; it was found to excel its antiangiogenic effect via inhibition of the key growth factor (VEGF) as well as to halt HUVEC cell migration and tube formation, furthermore animals bearing colon cancer treated with (MBA) showed significant reduction in tumor growth.ConclusionDifferent extracts of B. aegyptiaca stem bark showed various anticancer and antiangiogenic properties. MBA demonstrated potent antiangiogenic, antioxidant and antitumor in vivo. The outcome of this study suggests the potential of stem bark of the B. aegyptiaca for developing chemotherapeutic agent against solid tumor as well as leukemia.

Effect of Terminalia arjuna bark powder on some diagnostic enzymes in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) ingesting arsenic contaminated water and fodder.

Aim:The study investigated the effect of Terminalia arjuna bark powder on some diagnostic enzymes related to hepatic and muscle function in buffaloes ingesting arsenic contaminated water and fodder in an arsenic affected area.Materials and Methods:A total of 25 samples of tube well water, fodder and buffalo blood were collected through a survey from arsenic contaminated areas and 20 samples from the uncontaminated, i.e., control areas of Ludhiana district, Punjab for determination of arsenic concentration. A total of 30 buffaloes (selected from above 45 animals) were divided into three groups of 10 each on the basis of blood arsenic level, viz., control group: Clinically healthy buffaloes from the uncontaminated area with the blood arsenic level within the normal limit (0-0.05 ppm); Arsenic exposed group: Buffaloes exposed to arsenic through intake of contaminated water and fodder in the arsenic affected area with the blood arsenic level above the normal limit of 0-0.05 ppm; treatment group: Arsenic exposed buffaloes treated with T. arjuna bark powder orally at 42 mg/kg b.w. OD for 30 days. Single blood samples were collected from control and arsenic exposed groups. Blood samples from the treatment group were collected on 0, 15th, and 30th day of treatment along with one sample on the 45th day, i.e., after withdrawal of treatment. Activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK) were assayed in plasma.Results:Significantly (p<0.05) higher arsenic concentration was observed in tube well water, fodder and buffalo blood samples collected from the arsenic contaminated area. A significant positive correlation was noticed between arsenic concentrations of tube well water, fodder and untreated buffalo blood samples, collected from the arsenic affected area. ALP, GGT, LDH, and CK activities were significantly (p<0.05) increased in the arsenic exposed buffaloes compared to control. Treatment with T. arjuna bark powder reduced the plasma levels of ALP, GGT, LDH, and CK in arsenic exposed buffaloes comparable to that of control.Conclusion:Exposure to arsenic altered the hepatic and muscle function enzymes in buffaloes. T. arjuna bark powder supplementation lowered the ALP, GGT, LDH, and CK activities in arsenic exposed buffaloes toward the values exhibited by the control group.

Alternative products to treat allergic rhinitis and alternative routes for allergy immunotherapy.

Some alternative products instead of immunotherapy are used in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR). In this paper, alternative products to treat allergic rhinitis and alternative routes for allergy immunotherapy are reviewed. Alternative products and methods used instead of immunotherapy are tea therapy, acupuncture, Nigella sativa, cinnamon bark, Spanish needle, acerola, capsaicin (Capsicum annum), allergen-absorbing ointment, and cellulose powder. N. sativa has been used in AR treatment due to its anti-inflammatory effects. N. sativa oil also inhibits the cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism. The beneficial effects of N. sativa seed supplementation on the symptoms of AR may be due to its antihistaminic properties. To improve the efficacy of immunotherapy, some measures are taken regarding known immunotherapy applications and alternative routes of intralymphatic immunotherapy and epicutaneous immunotherapy are used. There are alternative routes and products to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy.

Ameliorative effects of Bauhinia acuminata L stem bark powder against chronic arsenicosis in rats

Arsenic poisoning is one of the major causes of chronic human illness and mortality in Bengal Delta plain with limited treatment option. The present study was conducted to evaluate the ameliorating effect of Bauhinia acuminata L (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae) stem-bark powder against sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) induced toxicity. Forty eight adult albino rats were divided into four groups viz., D0, D1, D2 and D3. Sodium arsenite was administered @4 mg/kg daily in drinking water in groups D1, D2 and D3 for 90 days; control group (D0) received water for 120 days. The D1 group of animals received water, instead of arsenic during 91-120 days, while rats of group D2 and D3 were orally treated with stem bark powder @350 mg/kg (1/10 th dose of LD50) and 175 mg/kg (1/20 th dose of LD50) respectively daily during the period. Analysis of arsenic concentrations in tissue samples, hair and faeces showed that treatment with B. acuminata stem bark powder significantly (p<0.05) reduced arsenic accumulation in tissues, hair and in faeces. A significantly (p<0.05) higher organo-arsenic fraction and lower arsenite and arsenate fractions was also observed in B. acuminata stem bark powder treated group (D2 and D3). The study showed that oral treatment with B. acuminata stem bark powder could ameliorate induced arsenicosis.

Wound healing activity of Arjuna bark powder in Dushta vrana (Non healing venous ulcers) - A Case Report

A non-healing ulcer or chronic wound is defined as a wound that does not improve after four weeks or does not heal in eight weeks. These wounds include diabetic foot ulcers, venous-related ulcerations (varicose ulcers), pressure ulcers etc. Venous ulcers develop at medial part of lower leg and above the medial malleoli of foot and occur as a result of recanalization of DVT (deep vein thrombosis). These ulcers are often large in size, non-healing, tender and recurrent with secondary infection. In this case report a 65 years old male patient of non-healing multiple ulcers at left lower leg visited in OPD. Patient had complaints of severe pain, serous discharge, swelling of leg and multiple ulcers largest one ulcer (6cm x 4cm) at medial aspect of right leg. The pus culture report showed absence of microorganism (Bacteria and fungus). So this case was diagnosed as multiple varicose ulcers and was successfully treated with Arjuna bark powder (Terminalia arjuna) mixed with coconut oil. Wound was cleaned with normal saline and then applied paste of Arjuna bark powder mixed with coconut oil daily once in the morning. All wounds healed completely within one and half month of treatment without any complication. Hence this case highlighted that varicose ulcer can be treated with local application of Arjuna bark powder.

Quality profile and antioxidant activity of cinnamon bark powder at varying temperature

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Essential oil from Cinnamomum cassia bark through hydrodistillation and advanced microwave assisted hydrodistillation

The increasing demand for essential oil necessitates the use of advanced techniques for its extraction. In this study, volatile oils were extracted from Cinnamomum cassia bark through microwave assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) and conventional hydrodistillation (HD) methods. Effects of pre-treatment and morphological changes to cinnamon bark powder before and after extraction were observed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). After extraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed close similarities in compounds of the oil extracted through HD and MAHD. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) revealed that MAHD produced 9% higher oxygenated compounds than HD. Furthermore, MAHD was found to be more energy saving and environmental friendly, reducing the overall carbon dioxide emission from HD by 59%. In addition, cytotoxicity studies revealed that essential oil obtained through MAHD showed lower lethal concentration 50 (LC50) value of 51.2mg/L compared with HD (68.9mg/L). Therefore, MAHD technique is very suitable for obtaining volatile oils from C. cassia bark and the oil obtained can offer great pharmaceutical benefits.

Ultra-lightweight Proppant Synthesized from PMMA/Pine Bark Composite: Low-cost Material and Outstanding Properties

An ultra-lightweight proppant (ULWP) was successfully prepared, which was synthesized from crosslinked PMMA microspheres filled with 22 vol % of natural pine bark powder. The ULWP has excellent performances, such as low density (1.024 g cm−3), high compressive strength that only slight deformation appeared after a crush test under 10000 psi for 5 min, and very high heat resistance that glass-transition temperature reached 149.89 °C. Therefore, such a composite material is worthy of an excellent candidate for making ULWP in petroleum and gas exploration.

Removal of Crystal Violet Dye by Adsorption onto Picrilima Nitida Stem Bark Powder: Kinetics and Isotherm Studies

The removal of Crystal Violet (CV) dye with the powder of picrilima nitida stem bark (PNSBP) has been demonstrated based on adsorption parameters like contact time, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, pH, and temperature. The adsorbent was characterized by FTIR and SEM analysis. Equilibrium amount of CV dye adsorbed per unit mass of PNSBP adsorbent, qe (mg/g), occurred after 60 min. contact time. The q e values increased with increasing initial CV dye concentration from 25 mg/L to 125 mg/L, and with pH increasing from 2 to 10. However, the qe value continuously decreased as temperature increased from 30 o C to 70 o C and PNSBP adsorbent dosage from 0.5 g to 4 g. Based on values of correlation coefficient (R 2 ), the Freundlich isotherm was more appropriate in explaining the mechanism of the CV adsorption onto PNSB. Kinetic studies showed that the CV dye adsorption onto PNSB adsorbent followed the pseudo second order reaction kinetics. Thermodynamic quantities were evaluated and the negative G 0 values obtained indicated spontaneous adsorption process. The negative H 0 and S 0 values obtained indicate the exothermic nature and decrease in

Structure elucidation of β-sitosterol with antibacterial activity from the root bark of Malva parviflora.

The powder of root bark of Malva parviflora (Malvaceae) was successively extracted with petroleum ether (b.p. 60–80 °C), chloroform and ethanol. The chloroform extract showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, whereas the ethanolic extract showed antibacterial activity against only S. aureus. The chloroform extract, after column chromatographic separation on silica gel using petroleum ether:chloroform (3:1) as eluent, furnished 98 mg of white crystalline compound. The yield of the compound is 0.316 % (w/w). The compound has a melting point of 134–136 °C and the Rf value 0.56 in benzene:chloroform:acetone (1:15:1) on silica gel TLC. The compound was characterized as β-sitosterol by physical properties, chemical test, spectral analysis (FTIR, NMR and MS) and comparing the data obtained from the literature.

Antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase activities of different granulometric classes of Salix alba (L.) bark powders

This work aims at identifying and quantifying the main bioactive compounds in hydroalcoholic extracts of Salix alba (L.) bark powders obtained by grinding and sieving. The influence of the granulometric class on antioxidant activity and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) inhibition effect were investigated. Our study highlights that all granulometric classes revealed a high antioxidant activity and a good efficiency against the action of AchE enzyme. The 50–100μm granulometric class led also to the highest content in phenolic compounds (circa 52.7mg gallic acid equivalent/g of dry matter). The best results were obtained for the 50–100μm granulometric class: the IC50 value for anti-AChE activity reached 0.59μg/mL. These results reveal the interest of the fine grinding and sieving procedure to enhance antioxidant and anti-AChE activities of Salix alba (L.), as significantly higher levels of bioactive compounds were found in ground and sieved fractions in comparison with unground dry Salix alba (L.) bark.

STUDY OF NUTRITIONAL CONSTITUENTS AND SENSORY EVALUATION OF BAKERY PRODUCTS PREPARED FROM SEED AND BARK OF PRUNUS PERSICA (PEACH)

Medicinal plants are local heritage with global importance. Prunuspersica Seeds and Bark are used as traditional medicine for treatment of blood diseases, anemia rheumatism jaundice, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. So the present study was planned for analysed the nutritional constituents of Prunuspersica Seeds and Bark such as Moisture, Protein, fat and ash were analyzed using AOAC methods. Carbohydrate content of the sample was estimated by Difference method. The research was designed to investigate proximate composition. The results of proximate analysis indicated that seeds and bark had appreciable amounts of Protein (2.2% and 1.0%), Carbohydrate (50.3% and 58.7%) and fat (36.9% and 29.2%) on dry basis with observed no significant difference (P≤0.05). Acceptability evaluation of prepared recopies was performed by semi trained panel through 9 point Hedonic rating scale test. The result revealed that among the recipes (Biscuits and Baked bite) prepared by adding 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% Powder of Seed and Bark that variant 1, 2 and 3 were acceptable when comparable to standard recipe. There is no significance difference (P≤0.005) when they were tested statistically. Considering the pharmaceutical action of Seeds and Bark for treatment of many diseases and that the reasonably safe to use, its development is important for the pharmaceutical industries. This study generated base line information about the peach Seeds and Bark which will be beneficial to treat various diseases. This study also indicates that both Seeds and Bark can be valuable in generating awareness among people to control various diseases and to improve their nutrition and health status.

Formulation and Evaluation of Alstonia boonei Stem Bark Powder Tablets.

The aim of this work was to formulate Alstonia boonei dried stem bark powder into tablets by wet granulation method using acacia, gelatine and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as binders at concentrations of 1, 2, 4 and 8% w/w. The phytochemistry of the stem bark of Alstonia boonei was evaluated. The micromeritic properties of the granules prepared were studied. The tablets were evaluated using the necessary official and unofficial tests. The results of the phytochemical analysis showed that alkaloids, tannins, steroids, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids and terpenoids were present while anthroquinones and acidcompounds were absent. Micromeritic studies showed that Alstonia boonei granules had good flowability. The formulated tablets complied with British Pharmacopoeial specification for weight uniformity, hardness (≥5 kgf) and tablet friability (<1%). For disintegration test, tablets formulated with gelatine and acacia at concentrations of 1, 2 and 4% w/w complied with Pharmacopoeial specification. However, tablets formulated with SCMC (1-8% w/w) and 8% w/w of acacia and gelatine failed the disintegration tests (Disintegration time more than 15 min).

Anti Tuberculosis Activity of Forest Kedondong (Spondias pinnata) Stembark Extract Against Multiple Drug Resistance (MDR) Strain of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Background: Forest Kedondong (Spondias pinnata) traditionally known as “loloh cemcem” and commonly used as a chronic cough remedy. Previous research showed that methanol extract of Forest Kedondong leaves active against MDR strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The aim of this study were to determine the phytochemical constituent and anti tuberculosis activity of stem bark extract of this plant against MDR strain of M. tuberculosis. Method: Coarsely powder of Forest Kedondong stem bark was extracted successively with n-hexane, chloroform and 80% ethanol. Anti tuberculosis assay of chloroform and ethanol extract was conducted using proportion method with Lowenstein-Jensen medium within 3 different concentration of extract of 1, 10, and 100 mg/mL. Activity was evaluated by inhibition of extract against M. tuberculosis growth, which was calculated by mean reduction in number of colonies on extract containing medium compared to control. Results and Discussion: Phytochemical test showed that chloroform extract contains terpenoid and flavonoids. Ethanol extract contains terpenoid, polyphenols and flavonoids. These extracts were active against MDR strain of M. tuberculosis with 100% inhibition at concentration of 100 mg/mL. Chloroform extract has higher inhibition against M. tuberculosis growth than Ethanol extract. Conclusions: These extracts were potentially developed to an anti tuberculosis constituent from natural product.