Aqueous Bark Extract Research Articles

Evaluation of the acute toxicity of the total aqueous extract of the stem bark of Spondias mombin L. in Wister strain rats

Background: Many medicinal plants including Spondias mombin L are used in traditional medicine for treatment of many pathology. It is therefore used for rational for remedies derived from medicinal plants. Aim: As part of concerning traditional medecine drugs, a toxicology study was conducted on the stem bark of Spondias mombin L., remedy used to treating of diarrhea. Materials and method: Total aqueous extract of the stem bark of this plant was orally administered at one dose of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg body weight to two (2) batches of five (5) female rats during fourteen (14) days. Five (5) female rats control group consisting received distilled water. All the animals were sacrificed after treatment, their blood and nutritional organs such as (liver and kidneys) were removed. Results: This study showed no death was observed between the animals, however clinical signs were notified through the observation time. Indeed, the LD50 is therefore greater than 5000 mg/kg of body weight. In addition, hematological parameters analysis shows a significant increase of erythrocyte and leucocyte cells but not significant for thrombocyte cells. Therefore, it was observed, the weight of liver and kidneys significant increase. Conclusion: Stem bark of Spondias mombin L is a power immunostimulator which could justify is using of traditional medicine traitment for pathology.

Study of the Subacute Toxicity of Dry Bark of Albizia ferruginea (Mimosaceae) (Guill. &Perr.) Berth. in Wistar Albino Rats

This present work aimed to assess the subacute toxicity of the total aqueous extract of the dry bark of Albizia ferruginea in rats. Subacute toxicity was done in accordance with 2008 OECD Guideline 407, for oral toxicity at a daily dose for 28 days in rodents. The animals were divided into six groups of 10 rats each (5 males and 5 females). One control group received 10 mL/kg of distilled water, three groups received 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg of extract respectively, one satellite control group and one satellite treated group received 10 mL/kg of distilled water and 800 mg/kg extract respectively. After 28 days of treatment, the satellite groups were left under observation without treatment for an additional 14 days. Behavior, body weight and death rate were monitored during the experimental period. The relative weight of some organs, hematological and biochemical parameters and the histopathological study of the liver, kidneys and lungs were evaluated at the end of the experiment. There were no significant effects on body weight gain and the relative weight of organs investigated. At the 800 mg/kg dose, there was a significant increase in the level of monocytes by 26.53%; the mean corpuscular hemoglobin content (MCHT) of 18.18%; and in the corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) of 20.70 %, only in male rats. ALT and ASAT activity were increased significantly in both male and female rats. These increases were not seen in satellite treated rats. The histology of the organs investigated showed no difference when comparing the treated rats to the control rats. The subacute toxicity study of total aqueous extract of the dry bark of Albizia ferruginea did not show any signs of significant toxicity for parameters studied in rats.

Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Activity of Aqueous Extract of Nyctanthes Arbortristis Bark against Paracetamol-Induced Liver Damage

Herbal drugs aimed to determine the hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Nyctanthes arbortristis bark (AQENA) against paracetamol-induced liver damage (PILD) in rat models. Four groups of rats (n=6) were givens one daily administration of 1gm/kg (negative control), 25mg/kg silymarin (positive control) and AQENA (500mg/kg) for 7 days fallowed by induction of hepatotoxicity using of paracetamol. Various parameters, such as physical parameters, biochemical parameters and microscopic analysis ware used to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity. Results indicate that bark extract would a significant (p<0.05) hepatoprotective activity against inducers. These observations were supported by the histological finding. Conclusions: Findings indicate that AQENA possesses a potent hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol.

Assessment of in vitro antibacterial activity and MIC of cinnamon bark powder ethanolic and aqueous extracts against bacteria

The study was planned to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) bark powder ethanolic and aqueous extracts. Screening of cinnamon powder ethanolic and aqueous extracts for antibacterial sensitivity and MIC against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was carried out. ABST was performed by the disc diffusion method. The cinnamon powder ethanolic and aqueous extracts were suspended in a solution containing 10% dimethyl sulfoxide and 0.5% tween 80. Under aseptic condition, empty sterilized discs were impregnated with 50 μl of different concentrations (50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25% and 3.12%) of the cinnamon powder ethanolic and aqueous extracts and placed on the agar plate surface. Paper disc moistened with vehicle (DMSO plus tween 80) was placed on the seeded petri plate as a vehicle control. Standard disc containing antibacterial drugs (gentamicin, tetracycline, cefpirome and ampicillin) were used as reference control. The petri plates were incubated at 37°C for 18 h. After the incubation period, the zone of inhibition was measured. Among the tested bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli showed the sensitivity at different concentration of cinnamon powder ethanolic extract whereas Streptococcus agalactiae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed no zone of inhibition. Aqueous extract of cinnamon powder showed no antibacterial activities against all tested bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration of cinnamon powder ethanolic and aqueous extracts were determined by micro-broth dilution technique. The results of MIC revealed that both ethanolic and aqueous extracts showed various MIC against all tested bacteria. Ethanolic extract of cinnamon powder has lower MIC value against Staphylococcus aureus among tested bacteria.

Synthesis and Characterization of Casein/ Carboxymethyl Cellulose Nanocomposite for Enhanced Antibacterial Activity

In the present work, CMC (Carboxymethyl cellulose) and CAN(Casein) blend nanocomposite hybrid film containing green synthesized Gold nanoparticles were Synthesised. The aqueous bark extract of SyziguimCumini (Java Plum) was used in this study as a stabilizing and reducing agent for synthesizing Au nanoparticles. The efficient incorporation of Au nanoparticles in the polymer matrix has been confirmed by IR and UV–Visible spectroscopy. The morphology of the sample has been studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy. The biological studies of the above nanocomposite were evaluated in vitro by using surface inoculation method. The result indicate that antibacterial activity of CAN/CMC blend has been enhanced by the incorporation of nanoparticles in the polymer matrix and it can be used for the application of food packaging..

Evaluation of anti-asthmatic activity of aqueous extract of bark of Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce against milk induced leukocytosis and eosinophilia

Evaluation of anti-asthmatic activity of aqueous extract of bark of Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce against milk induced leukocytosis and eosinophilia

Evaluation of the Lipid Profile of Plasmodium berghei Infected Rats Treated with Aqueous Bark Extract of Cassia spectabilis

The aim of this work was to evaluate the lipid profile of Plasmodium berghei infected rats treated with aqueous extract of Cassia spectabilis. Twenty five (25) adult male wistar rats were divided into five (5) groups of five (5) rats per group. Group I was the normal control fed only rat chow and water, Group II was infected with the parasite without treatment. Groups III and IV were infected with Plasmodium berghei and afterwards treated with 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of aqueous extract of Cassia spectabilis respectively, while Group V was infected and treated with a standard drug (chloroquine). Treatment lasted for 7 days after which animals were sacrificed and blood sample collected. Evaluation of lipid profile was performed by standard procedures. Plasmodium berghei infection significantly (P<0.05) increased Total Cholesterol (TC), Triacylglyceride (TG) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) but significantly (P<0.05) decreased High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) an observation which was reversed following treatment with the aqueous extract of Cassia spectabilis in a dose dependent manner. In conclusion, extract of the said plant wields the potential to recover a stable lipid profile in Plasmodium berghei infected rats.

Antimicrobial potential of the Mayan medicine plant Matayba oppositifolia (A. Rich.) Britton against antibiotic-resistant priority pathogens

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe bark of Matayba oppositifolia (A. Rich.) Britton (commonly known as “huaya” or “palo huacax”) is commonly utilized in traditional Mayan medicine for treating diarrhea and for canker and other sores. Aim of the studyThe aim of this study was to investigate the in-vitro antimicrobial activity of M. oppositifolia bark extracts against drug-susceptible and -resistant ESKAPE-E pathogens. In addition, the phytochemical composition of the best antibacterial extract was analyzed. Materials and methodsThe bark extracts were prepared with different solvents, including water, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. These were tested against ESKAPE-E (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp., including Escherichia coli) strains using Resazurin Microtiter Assay. In addition, the composition of the most active extract was analyzed by GC-MS. ResultsThe aqueous and organic bark extracts showed activity on drug-susceptible and -resistant ESKAPE-E microbes (MIC = 1000–31.25 μg/mL). The n-hexane bark extract was more active against the superbugs carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (MIC = 500–31.25 μg/mL) and A. baumannii (MIC = 250-125 μg/mL). The GC-MS analysis of this extract allowed the identification of 12 phytochemicals as the potential antibacterial compounds. The major compounds identified were palmitic acid (1), friedelan-3-one (2) and 7-dehydrodiosgenin (3). ConclusionThe present study reveals the strong in-vitro antibacterial activity of the n-hexane extract from the bark of M. oppositifolia and demonstrates the potential of natural products as a source of antibacterial compounds or phytomedicines that are specifically effective against drug-resistant ESKAPE-E bugs. Additionally, our investigation contributes to the ethnopharmacological knowledge and reappraisal of Mayan medicinal flora, as well as supports the traditional use of the bark of the medicinal plant M. oppositifolia for the treatment of infectious diseases.

Antimicrobial activity of Lannea coromandelica bark extracts against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Background: In healthcare facilities, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has long been a common pathogen. Indiscriminate and incomplete uses of antibiotics are creating MRSA more alarming day by day.This study aims to determine the antimicrobial activity of Lannea coromandelica (Jhika or Indian ash tree) bark extract against MRSA.
 Methods: This experimental study was carried out in Department of Microbiology and Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, from January to July, 2021. In this study, a bark extract of Lannea coromandelica was prepared by macerating dried powder of the bark of the Jhika or Indian ash tree. Then bark extract was immersed in methanol, ethanol, and water for 48-72 hours, followed by solvent filtering and evaporation. MRSA were identified by biochemical test and then Kibry-Bauer disc diffusion method employed against MRSA isolates using commonly used antibiotics.Then the antibacterial activity of Lannea coromandelica extracts against MRSA was monitored. The microdilution method was used to assess the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of bark extracts. Finally, phytochemical screening was carried out only for methanolic extract.
 Results: All MRSA isolates were completely resistant to cefoxitin, oxacillin, gentamicin followed by tetracycline. Methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Lannea coromandelica produce maximum zones of inhibition of 14 mm, 13 mm, and 12 mm, respectively, with MIC and MBC values ranging from 3.125 mg/ml to 12.5 mg/ml against MRSA. Phytochemical screening of methanolic extract determined the presence of tannin, saponin, flavonoid, phenol which may be the cause of the highest zone of inhibition against MRSA.
 Conclusion: It can be concluded that methanol, ethanol and aqueous bark extract of Lannea coromandelica exhibited in vitro antibacterial activity against MRSA by disc diffusion method and detailed pharmacological screening should be carried out for the exploration of effective and natural drugs.
 BIRDEM Med J 2022; 12(3): 201-206

Assessment of antibacterial and antioxidant activity of aqueous crude flower, leaf, and bark extracts of Ethiopian Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn: geographical effects and Co2Res2 /Glassy carbon electrode

ABSTRACT Ethiopian Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn contains a variety of bioactive phytochemicals, which possess several biological activities. This study aims to analyze the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of aqueous crude flower, leaf, and bark extracts of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, as well as to see the geographical effects and method development of Co2Res2/Glassy carbon electrode. The secondary metabolites of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis extracts were investigated by maceration techniques. Disc diffusion methods are used for antimicrobial activities against a total of four human pathogens bacteria such as E. coli, K. pneumonia, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis, respectively. Antioxidant activities were assessed using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), whereas, the phytoconstituents of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis extracts were profiled using FTIR and UV-Vis analysis. The phytochemical investigations showed that phenols, flavonoids, and quinines were observed more exist in crude flower, whereas quinines and flavonoids moderately exist in leaf, but steroids, terpenoids, and cardiac glycosides have not existed in leaf and bark extracts of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, respectively. The plant extracts showed a growth inhibitory effect against S. aureus and S. epidermidis in the range of 6.33 ± 0.33 to 11.50 ± 0.29 mm, whereas a growth inhibitory effect was recorded against K. pneumonia and E. coli in the range of 6.67 ± 0.33 to 13.00 ± .58 mm, respectively. The XRD analysis confirmed that Co(II) based MOF, Co2Res2 was a nanosize structure with an average crystal size of 27.17 nm. Furthermore, the DPV showed that the observed net modified current peaks and potentials were the most significant compared to the pure net current peaks and the potential of aqueous fresh flower, leaf, and bark extracted from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. These extracts of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis have shown an improved potential source of natural antioxidants and as well as antibacterial activities. Chemically and thermally stable porous crystalline MOF, Co2Res2 serves as catalytic reactions to increase current and decrease potential in modified GCE, this might be due to the synergetic cumulative effect of the presence of bioactive ingredients and Co2Res2 catalyst. Abbreviations: ABS: Acetate buffer solution; ANOVA: Analysis of variance; ATR: Attenuated total reflectance; CFU/ml: Colony forming unit per milliliter: Co2Res2: Co(II) based metal-organic framework (ResH2: resorcinol); DPV: Differential plus voltammetry: FTIR; Fourier transforms infrared radiation; GCE: Glassy carbon electrode; JCPDS: A joint committee on power diffraction standards; MOF: Metal-organic framework; PBS: Phosphate buffer solution; SPSS: Statistical package for the social sciences; UV-Vis: Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy; XRD: X-ray diffraction

Fractions of Aqueous Extract of Plumbago zeylanica (L.) Root Induced Mitochondrial Membrane Permeability Transition Pore Opening in Rats

Mitochondrial membrane permeability pore opening is recognized as a molecular mechanism involved in programmed cell death. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of certain fractions crude aqueous extract of the root bark of Plumbago zeylanica (PZ) on the opening of the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore in rat liver. Pore opening, mitochondrial ATPase activity, lipid peroxidation and liver function markers were assessed spectrophotometrically while caspase 9 activity and liver morphology were monitored by immunohistochemistry and histology respectively. All fractions of PZ induced pore opening and enhanced the activity of caspase-9. Significant increases were observed in the mitochondrial ATPase activity while the level of malondialdehyde was significantly reduced. Sinusoidal dilation and hypertrophy were observed in liver sections of treated rats. These results suggest that aqueous fractions of PZ have bioactive agents capable of altering mitochondrial bioenergetics and inducing the opening of MMPT pore with mild hepatotoxicity.

Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies of aqueous bark extract of Detarium microcarpum guill. and perr in albinos wistar rat

Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies of aqueous bark extract of Detarium microcarpum guill. and perr in albinos wistar rat

Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Extracts of Betula Pendula (Silver Birch) Bark Against Uropathogenic Microorganisms

The aim of this work was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Betula pendula (silver birch) bark against various microorganisms causing urinary tract infections.Material and methods. Aqueous and ethanol extracts of biologically active compounds from Betula pendula bark were tested against ten clinical uropathogenic strains (gram-positive bacteria — Kocuria rhizophila 1542, Staphylococcus simulans 5882, Enterococcus avium 1669, Enterococcus faecalis 5960, and Corynebacterium spp. 1638; gram-negative bacteria — Enterococcus cloacae, Morganella morganii 6392, Escherichia coli 1449, Seratia mansescens 6441, and Achromobacter xylosoxidans 4892). Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 were used as reference standards for Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. The sensitivity of the experimental strains to the antibiotic was evaluated by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method, while the antibacterial activity of the obtained extracts was evaluated using the agar diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were also determined via the serial dilution method.Results. The bark of B.pendula contained 78.85% of dry matter. The volume yield of the aqueous (AE) and ethanol extract (EE) was 74.66% and 86.66% (v/v), respectively, while their mass yields were 6.59% and 10.65% (w/w). K.rizophilia 1542 and Corynebacterium spp. 1638 were the most resistant bacteria with a multidrug resistance index of 0.45. AE and EE were active against all microorganisms tested. MIC of AE ranged from 8 to 32 mg/ml, while MIC of EE ranged from 2 to 16 mg/ml.Conclusion. An aqueous extract of Betula pendula bark exhibits weak antimicrobial activity, while the ethanol extract exhibits a more pronounced antimicrobial activity, but has a bacteriostatic effect.

Evaluation for substitution of stem bark with small branches of Cassia fistula Linn for traditional medicinal uses: A comparative chemical profiling studies by HPLC, LC-MS, GC-MS

BackgroundThe Aim of the present research article is to proposing a conservative approach for the Cassia fistula by using of small branches instead of stem bark because of plant has many important chemical constituents which show different medicinal activity so consumption of plant is high. We studied here Comparative preliminary phytochemical screening test of the ethanol extract and aqueous extract of the stem bark and small branches of Cassia fistula obtained by cold maceration process. Physicochemical analysis of Cassia fistula was done to ascertain the quality of the raw material used in the study. Successive soxhlet extraction method used for the successive extraction of stem bark and small branches with different solvents for comparative chemical profile study by HPLC, LCMS, and GCMS. Molecular Docking Interaction of Abundant Medicinal Phytochemicals in the Liquid Chromatography−Mass Spectrometry (LC−MS) Analysis Data of C. fistula with the L. donovani Drug Target Proteins and Pancreatic lipase colipase target protein. ResultThe pH of the small branches was found slightly higher as compared to stem bark and the percentage of other parameters like total ash content, acid insoluble ash, loss on drying at 105 °C, water soluble extractive and alcohol soluble extractive values were found fewer in the small branches as compare to stem bark of the plant. It was observed that the number of peaks in stem bark and small branches of the plant sample were almost similar and the retention time of each peak in stem bark was coincide with the retention of small branches of the sample. Therefore, similarity was observed in stem bark and small branches of the Cassia fistula plant in HPLC, LC-MS and GC-MS. The results obtained from HPLC analysis shows that stem bark contains 0.0084% and small branches having 0.0257% of rhein in Cassia fistula. Compounds 3, 9 and 12 are present in Stem bark as well as small branches of C. fistula and Compounds 22, 32 and 37 are present in small branches only. All the compounds have very good binding energy (Kcal/mol) with the respective target proteins. ConclusionThe small branches have more active chemical constituents than stem bark against particular target proteins.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF WILD MANGO VARIETIES

Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of aqueous extracts of bark and leaf of eighteen mango varieties growing in the village Hanavadi, Malavalli taluk, Mandya district, Karnataka state were conducted. They showed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, saponnins, resins, carbohydrates and proteins. Antibacterial activity tested against six human pathogens- Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis, by disc diffusion method showed significant inhibition zone against pathogens compared to control. These results disclose the inhibiting property of leaf and bark of wild varieties of mangoes against potential pathogens and thus can be subjected to further investigations for their applications in human phytomedicines.

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles in an Eco-friendly Way using Lannea coromandelica Aqueous Bark Extract

In this present study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized through an easy, rapid, and eco-friendly pathway using Lannea coromandelica aqueous bark extract. The obtained AgNPs were characterized using Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results indicated that the pH of colloidal AgNPs played a vital role in forming AgNPs. The pH ranges used in this study were 6, 8, 10, and 12. The formation of AgNPs was confirmed by observing the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at each pH and obtaining a wavelength of 430.50, 419.50, 418.50, and 410.00 nm. A comparison of the FTIR spectra of Lannea coromandelica aqueous bark extract and AgNPs showed the contribution of the O-H group in reducing silver ions. XRD diffractogram showed that AgNPs formed at 2θ = 37.8056o (1 1 1), 44.0345o (2 0 0), 64.3942o (2 2 0), dan 77.5003o (3 1 1) with face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure, and the average particle size was 22.5047 nm. SEM results showed that the nanoparticles have a non-uniform and irregular shape.

Phytochemical Screening and In-vitro Antioxidant Activity of the Aqueous Extract of Detarium Senegalense Root Bark

Aims: To screen for the presence of bioactive antioxidant phytochemicals and determine the antioxidant activity of Detarium Senegalense root bark.
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria, between April 2018 and December 2018.
 Methodology: Two solvents, water mixed with chloroform (70:30) was used for extraction. The plant extract was screened for the presence of phytochemicals by standard qualitative analysis and evaluated for in vitro antioxidant activity by determining the reducing power, total antioxidant capacity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity in comparison with ascorbic acid and gallic acid.
 Results: The reducing power and nitric oxide scavenging activity of the extract increased in a concentration/dose dependent manner and was significantly (P<.05) lower when compared to ascorbic acid and gallic acid at all concentrations tested. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of the extract also increased as the concentration increased. Interestingly, at 1000µg/ml, the extract (201.45±0.95) was found to be significantly higher (p<.05) than that of ascorbic acid (198.36±0.83), although lower than gallic acid (266.50±0.84). The % DPPH inhibition of the extract was also significantly lower when compared to ascorbic acid and gallic acid at all concenterations tested. Overall, the results showed the extract was able to scavenge free radicals in a dose dependant manner and revealed the presence of tannins, steroids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins and phenols whose synergistic effect may be responsible for the antioxidant activity of the extract.
 Conclusion: From the study, it is concluded that the aqueous extract of Detarium Senegalense root bark possess appreciable/considerable antioxidant properties and could be exploited as source of antioxidant additives or supplements. However, there is need for further work to clarify and isolate the different classes of phytochemical constituents and also to investigate it’s in vivo potential.

Phytochemical constituent and anti-diarrhoea potential of the stem bark of <em>Anthocleista vogelii </em>aqueous extract in albino rats

Anthocleista vogelii also known as cabbage tree is shrub-like tropical plants, reported to be useful in treating different diseases like hypertension, ulcer and fertility. This study was aimed at evaluating the phytochemical constituent of A. vogelii and its antidiarrhoea potentials. Aqueous extract of the stem bark of Anthocleista vogelii was used to treat castor oil induced diarrhoea in albino rats. The degree of gastrointestinal movement and wet fecal counts were measured. Phytochemical result of the plant revealed the presence of bioactive components such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, oxalate, steroid, saponin, phytate and cyanogenic glycoside. The percentage values of these components were 79.84, 54.53, 25.39, 22.82, 20.32, 2.26, 1.80 and 1.44 µg/ml respectively. A. vogelii extract (100, 300 and 500) mg/kg administered to the animals showed decrease in the gastrointestinal motility. The charcoal meal motility was inhibited and there was decrease in intestinal fluid electrolyte (Na+, K+, Cl- and HCO3-).The result obtained showed that aqueous extract of A. vogelii contains some pharmacologically active substance with anti-diarrhoea properties.

EVALUATION DES PROPRIETES ANTIDIABETIQUES DE LEXTRAIT AQUEUX DECORCES DE TRONC DE SCLEROCARYA BIRREA (ANACARDIACEAE) ET DE SA FRACTION CYCLOHEXANIQUE CHEZ DES RATS WISTAR DIABETIQUES DE TYPE 2

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that has posed a public health problem for a long time and whose medical treatment is lifelong and expensive. Thus, populations have the alternative treatment of using medicinal plants. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of the aqueous extract of the trunk bark of Sclerocarya birrea (EAqScB) and its cyclohexane fraction (F4) in order to justify its traditional use in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The study was done on rats induced type 2 diabetic by injection of streptozotocin (STZ). These animals are administered a daily dose of EAqScB and F4 for 28 days.The rats blood sugar was measured regularly every 7 days. At the end of the experiment, the rats are fasted and anesthetized, then the blood of these animals is taken from the orbital sinus using a Pasteur pipette, in order to determine their hematological and serum parameters. EAqScB and F4 at the respective doses of 100 and 25 mg/kg B.W. induced a very significant decrease (p<0.01) in the hyperglycaemia induced by STZ. These extracts induced a significant drop (p<0.05) in blood platelets, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and glycated hemoglobin levels in treated diabetic rats. On the other hand, they increased the levels of HDL and hepatic glucose of these rats at the end of the treatment. These extracts regulate the levels of biochemical and serum parameters of diabetic rats compared to those of control rats.

Hepato-Ameliorative Effect of Aqueous Extract of Moringa oleifera Stem Bark on Paracetamol-Induced Liver Injury in Wistar Rats

Aim: The effect of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera stems bark on paracetamol-induced liver injury in wistar rats was investigated. Method: 25 male Wistar rats were used for this study. They were randomly divided into five groups: Positive control, Paracetamol control, paracetamol+1000mg/kg, paracetamol+ 1500mg/kg and paracetamol+2000mg/kg Moringa stem bark and 600mg/kg body weight per oral of Paracetamol was administered once daily with respective treatment. Weights of the rats were measured and liver biochemical markers (AST, ALT, ALP, Bilirubin, Total Protein, Albumin and Globulin) were determined using enzymatic kits. Histological assessment was also carried out on the liver tissues using H&E and viewed under light microscope. The experiment lasted for 10 days. Results: There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the weight of the liver in the groups treated with different doses of M. oleifera. There was a slight increase in weight of liver, although not significant, when compared with positive control. M. oleifera significantly (p<0.05) reduced the blood levels of AST, ALT, ALP and bilirubin when compared with the paracetamol control. The results indicated a dose dependent increase in serum albumin and globulin levels which was significant when compared with paracetamol control group but not significant when compared to the control group. Histological assessment of the liver of the Wistar revealed that aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera stem bark have hepato-protective ability revealed by regenerating hepatocytes. Conclusion: Moringa oleifera stem bark has hepato-protective potentials as reveal from the biochemical and histological outcome of this study. Hence, Moringa oleifera stem bark can be used to ameliorate or manage paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity. Keywords: Moringa oleifera stem bark, Paracetamol, Liver Injury, Biochemical parameters.