Erionota Thrax Research Articles

Potential distribution of three invasive agricultural pests in China under climate change

Invasive pests reduce biodiversity and ecosystem service functions, thereby leading to economic and also agricultural losses. Banana skipper (Erionota torus Evans), red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus), and coconut caterpillar (Opisina arenosella Walker) are invasive insect pests in the palm-growing regions and they have had serious consequences for the planting of bananas (Musa nana), palms (Trachycarpus fortune) and coconut (Cocos nucifera). Based on screened occurrence data, the present research utilized Maximum Entropy model (Maxent) to simulate the distribution dynamics of these three invasive insects in China, under current and future climate (2050s, 2070s, 2090s) in two shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs: 126 and 585) of the newly released coupled model intercomparison project phase6 (CMIP6). The results show that: (1) Under current and future climate conditions, all model groups exhibited an AUC value exceeding 0.92, which shows that the model prediction results are very good;(2) The suitable habitat area of E. torus Evans remains relatively stable with some expansion in the SSP126 of 2090s and some contraction in the SSP585 of 2090s. The suitable habitat area of R. ferrugineus showed an overall contraction, with substantial contraction in the SSP585 of 2090s.The suitable habitat area of O. arenosella has an overall expansion, with the most pronounced expansion in the SSP585 of 2070s; (3) The current centroid of suitable habitats for R. ferrugineus and E. torus Evans is located in Guangxi Province and wholely shift toward the south direction under future climate. The centroid of suitable habitats for O. arenosella is currently located in the northeastern maritime area of Hainan Province and will shift toward the north direction under future climate; (4) Temperature, precipitation and Human disturbance factors (Population density and Human influence index) were crucial variables for describing the distribution of the three species. For E. torus Evans in particular, percentage contributions of Population density was up to 31.4, which is only 0.1 different from ranked first Bio19 (Precipitation of the coldest quarter). The dynamics of habitats of these three species and the correlating driver factors proposed in this work provide essential insights into future spatial management of the three invasive insects in China. Our work is necessary and timely in identifying newly areas at high risk of expansion of the three invasive insects in the future, then suggesting strategic control measures to prevent their spread, and finally providing scientific evidence for the early prevention and rapid response to the three invasive insects.

EFFECTIVENESS OF MAJAPAHIT LEAF EXTRACT (Crescentia cujete L.) AS A NATURAL PESTICIDE FOR BANANA LEAF ROLLER CATERPILLAR (Erionota thrax L).

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Majapahit leaf extract (Crescentia cujete L.) on the feeding activity and mortality of the banana leaf roller caterpillar (Erionota thrax L.), and also the optimal concentration that affects the feeding activity and mortality of the banana leaf roller caterpillar (Erionota thrax L.). This research is a completely randomized design (CRD) experiment with 4 treatments and 3 replicates. In thos study, 60 third instar larvae of Erionota thrax L. were taken using the transect method from several villages in Purworejo district, Central Java. The pesticide from Majapahit leaves was made through a simple extraction method with 4 concentrations: 0%, 25%, 30% and 35%. The results showed that Majapahit leaf extract had an effect on feeding activity and mortality of the banana leaf rolling caterpillar. The optimal concentration of Majapahit leaf extract that affects feeding activity and pest mortality was 35%.

Prevalence of Insect Pests, Beneficial Organisms and Diseases of Abaca (Musa textilis Nee) in Two Municipalities of Aklan, Philippines

The study aims to assess and evaluate the occurrence, diversity and distribution of beneficial organisms, insect pests, and the prevalence of diseases in the 34 identified abaca-producing barangays of Madalag and Libacao, Aklan, Philippines. The descriptive and inferential research methods were employed in the study that generated both qualitative and quantitative data. A research-made questionnaire was distributed to 408 randomly selected farmers and a stratified sampling method was used as the study methodology. In the 34 identified abaca-producing barangays, three sampling plots were employed to gather data with regard the diversity and distribution of beneficial organisms, insect pests, and prevalence of diseases. All the species of beneficial organisms and insect pests were classified according to their order and the species diversity was computed using the Shannon-Wienner Index calculations. Results showed that the common beneficial organisms observed by the farmers are frogs which have two species (tree frog and cane frog) and the major insect pest infestation observed was banana skipper (larva). Based on Shannon-Wienner Index calculations, results indicate that the prevalence of beneficial organisms in both municipalities is more diverse than the insect pests which provide effective management of destructive insect pests through biological control. Data also reveal that the most prevalent diseases observed in the two municipalities are leaf blotch and cordana leaf spots. These diseases are found most active during the southwest monsoon which affects the Philippines from June to September.

Additional distribution records of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) with seven species new to Nepal

Abstract. Sajan KC, Sapkota A. 2022. Additional distribution records of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) with seven species new to Nepal. Biodiversitas 23: 2711-2743. New distribution records of some butterflies of Nepal are given in terms of geographical area, season and elevation based on our observations since early 2017 to late 2021. Seven new species: Hasora taminatus (Hübner, 1818), Hasora vitta (Butler, 1870), Celaenorrhinus pyrrha de Nicéville, 1889, Seseria sambara (Moore, [1866]), Coladenia agni (de Nicéville, [1884]), Erionota thrax (Linnaeus, 1767) and Tarucus balkanicus (Freyer, 1844), one new subspecies: Pelopidas conjuncta narooa (Moore, 1878) are added to the known butterfly fauna of Nepal along with two other species which need further confirmation: Rohana tonkiniana Fruhstorfer, 1906 and Neptis capnodes Fruhstorfer, 1908. Six species: Gerosis sinica (C. & R. Felder, 1862), Aeromachus kali (de Nicéville, 1885), Aeromachus pygmaeus (Fabricius, 1775), Niphanda cymbia de Nicéville, [1884], Tarucus nara (Kollar, 1848) and Discophora timora Westwood, [1850] have been reported for the second time in Nepal. This paper provides an updated distribution record of close to 200 species of butterflies in Nepal while discussing the possible causes of change in their distribution.

Implementation of Banana Plant and Diseases Management Technology as An Effort to Improve Banana Producing Center Businesses in Lumajang District

Banana is one of the leading commodities in Lumajang District. Partners in this service are farmer groups in Burno Village, Senduro District, Lumajang. The problem faced is the attack fungal plant pathogen caused by Fusarium sp. and banana leaf-rolling caterpillar Erionota thrax. Methods in community service activities are focused on initiating groups of banana farmers, as well as providing knowledge and training on basic techniques and controlling banana pests. The steps taken include initiating the introduction of banana pests, conducting socialization and training on pest management techniques. The training conducted for partners includes a number of things, namely provision of the diversity of natural enemies, training on basic techniques for controlling pests and diseases, and training on the propagation of natural enemies, especially the fungus Trichoderma sp. and the parasitoid Trichogramma sp and their release in the field. This service is expected to be able to prevent and control banana pests and increase the amount of banana production so that it can improve welfare. Furthermore, it can improve social quality and community income.

The Genetic Diversity of Banana Leaf Roller Erionota Thrax Thrax (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) in Indonesia

Banana leaf roller, Erionota thrax thrax, is an example of plant-insect interaction in a cultivated banana that distributes in Southeast Asia, including Indonesia. This subspecies was determined previously based on the morphological character only. The genetic characteristic based on molecular data and genetic diversity had never been accessed for this important pest. This study aimed to (1) characterize the identity of E. t. thrax based on the Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I (COI) gene sequence; (2) explore a genetic variation in haplotype diversity of the COI gene. We reconstructed phylogenetic relationships and determined the entire population's haplotype using MrBayes Version 3.2.6, MEGA X, and DnaSP v5. The Bayesian tree showed that this subspecies consists of two clades, i.e., Sundaland population and Sulawesi population clades. Moreover, there are six haplotypes in the Sundaland population and a single haplotype in the Sulawesi population. The genetic distance within E. t. thrax ranged from 0.002 to 0.008 in the Sundaland population, while that between the two populations ranged from 0.016 to 0.023. The scientific novelty of this study is that the COI gene sequences allow distinguishing the population of E. t. thrax between the Sunda and Wallaceae lines and tracing the origin of the Papuan population based on the similarity of its haplotype.

Erionota thrax (banana skipper)

Erionota thrax (banana skipper)

Implementation Of Banana Plant and Diseases Management Technology as An Effort to Improve Banana Producing Center Businesses In Lumajang District

Banana is one of the leading commodities in Lumajang Distric. Partners in this service are farmer groups in Burno Village, Senduro District, Lumajang. The problem faced is the attack fungal plant pathogen caused Fusarium sp. and banana leaf-rolling caterpillar Erionota thrax. Methods in community service activities are focused on initiating groups of banana farmers, as well as providing knowledge and training on basic techniques and controlling banana pests. The steps taken include initiating the introduction of banana pests, conducting socialization and training on pest management techniques. The training conducted for partners includes a number of things, namely provision of the diversity of natural enemies, training on basic techniques for controlling pests and diseases, and training on the propagation of natural enemies, especially the fungus Trichoderma sp. and the parasitoid Trichogramma sp and their release in the field. This service is expected to be able to prevent and control banana pests and increase the amount of banana production so that it can improve welfare. Furthermore, it can improve social quality and community income

Incidence of banana leaf roller and diversity of it is parasitoids in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract. Pasaru F, Yunus M, Toana MH, Edy N, Anshary A, Saleh S. 2021. Incidence of banana leaf roller and diversity of it is parasitoids in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 5023-5029. Incidence of banana leaf roller and diversity of it is parasitoids in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Indonesia is still facing banana losses due to the leaf roller (Erionota thrax). Fortunately, it has several natural enemies potentially to control them. Therefore, a survey was done to measure the incidence of banana leaf roller (BLR) at different altitudes and banana cultivars as well as the diversity and parasitism of its parasitoids. The pra-imago stages of BLR were collected at different altitudes and banana cultivars in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, and transported to the laboratory for rearing and parasitism observation. The study revealed that the incidence of E. thrax in the surveyed locations varied from 28.6% to 85.8%, whereas the parasitism level of the BLR parasitoids was 0.0 to 22.1%. Incidence of E. thrax tended to be higher at a higher altitude while Kepok cultivar seemed to be less prone to BLR infestation compared with Raja and Mas cultivars. A total of nine parasitoids of BLR were recorded. They were Agiommatus sumatraensis, Pediobius erionotae, Ooencyrtus pallidipes, Brachymeria lasus, Brachymeria thracis, Cotesia erionatae, Xanthopimpla gampsura, Casinaria sp, and Palexorista solennis. Among them, B. lasus was the most abundant, widely distributed, and had the highest parasitism rate. Our study figured out that BLR infestation is a major problem in Central Sulawesi. Nevertheless, the presence of parasitoids recorded in this study may potentially be used as the biological control.

Inventarisasi Keragaman Musuh Alami Erionota Thrax L. pada Beberapa Jenis Tanaman Pisang Bermikoriza di Desa Sampali

Banana cultivation will not be separated from pest problems. One of the main pests that attack banana plants is the banana leaf rolling caterpillar Erionota thrax L. The research was carried out in the Unified Community Farmer Group of Sampali Village, Percut Sei Tuan District, Deli Serdang Regency in March-May 2020. The research method used was descriptive analysis method using random sample (random sampling). The observation parameters consisted of population density, level of pest attack, egg parasitoid, larval parasitoid, pupa parasitoid, parasitoid identification, species diversity index, species evenness index, and relative abundance. There are 4 types of parasitoids, namely Braconidae sp 1 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Tachinidae sp 1 (Diptera: Tachinidae), Xanthopimpla gampsura (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Brachymeria lasus Walker (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). Erionota thrax L. parasitoid diversity index 0.7929 in low diversity levels, and the highest relative abundance of Brachymeria lasus Walker 98%, Erionota thrax attack rates on Barangan bananas reached 36.51%, Erionota thrax attack rates on Kepok bananas reached 45.13% , the attack rate of Erionota trax on Roti bananas was 50.72%, while the attack rate of Erionota thrax on FHIA-17 bananas was 42.46%.

Banana research and development in India-challenges and opportunities

Banana is one of the major fruit crops being grown in India and is a mainstay for small and marginal farmers. Concerted efforts of scientists to identify newer technologies, involvement of state agencies and adoption of innovation by the farmers coupled with favourable policy environment made sea change in banana production and productivity. ICAr- NrCB has released new varieties like Udayam, Kaveri Saba, Kaveri Kalki, Kaveri Sugantham, Kaveri Haritha and Kaveri Kanya to meet out various stressors. Bio-controls for pest and disease management, dipstick method to identify the viruses and Banana Sakthi, Micronutrient spray to boost the banana yield and quality are the notable achievements of the institute. With a vast collection of germplasm, bio-fortified bananas through transgenic approach were developed. Shipping protocol for Nendran bananas and Grand Naine for the Middle East and Europe markets is highly appreciated. However, banana farming world over is under threat with the dreadful diseases like TR4, new insect pests like banana skipper butterfly, scarring beetle, semi loopers. Site specific production technologies coupled with better protection and handling protocols are required to avoid the doldrums in the banana industry which is otherwise shaky in many parts of the world. New varieties, genetic engineering and Bioformulations are required to boost the morale of banana farmers and other associated stakeholders.

A review of the pest status and natural enemy complex of Banana skipper Erionota torus evans in south India and its management

Huge outbreaks of the banana skipper Erionota torus Evans (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), considered as a minor pest of bananas and plantains in the northeast India, were witnessed in South India during 2012 16. It's present status as a pest of bananas in South India is briefly reviewed here with information on its natural enemies, seasonal incidence and varietal preference. Natural enemies of E. torus from South India were surveyed during 2015–18 and 14 parasitoids were observed on various stages of E. torus including five on eggs, seven on larvae and two on pupae. Most of the parasitoids observed in South India are known to parasitize E. torus in other parts of South and South East Asia, except Acropimpla sp. nr. nigroscutis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), which is reported here as a larval parasitoid of E. torus for the first time. Egg parasitism by Ooencyrtus pallidipes (Ashmead) and early larval parasitism by Elasmus brevicornis Gahan and heavy bird predation on older larvae were identified as major regulatory factors of E. torus in South India. At present, E. torus is mostly confined to parts of Western Ghats with cooler weather than the plains and its population is lower or absent in the plains of South India where outbreaks were reported earlier, possibly due to the influence of natural enemies and adverse abiotic factors. Other management options available for the pest are briefly discussed.

DNA barcoding and evolutionary lineage of banana skipper Erionota torus (Evans) (Lepidoptera Hesperiidae) from Malabar, a part of Southern WesternGhats, India

The International Scientific Research Organization for Science, Engineering and Technology (ISROSET) is a Non-Profit Organization; The ISROSET is dedicated to improvement in academic sectors of Science (Chemistry, Bio-chemistry, Zoology, Botany, Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Science, Bioscience, Bioinformatics, Biometrics, Biostatistics, Microbiology, Environmental Management, Medical Science, Forensic Science, Home Science, Library Science, Material Science Military Science, Physical Science, Physical Education Science, Educational Science, Fisheries, seed technology, Agriculture, Forestry Science, Mathematics, Physics, Statistics and Geology/Earth Science), Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology, Commerce, Management, Economics Sociology and Social Science.

A SEM study of unexplored wax microtubes produced by caterpillar living on common banana leaves

The primary concern of this research is to perform a microscopic analysis of the natural wax covering banana skipper caterpillar. The scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis shows that the wax exhibits an unprecedented microtubular form, consisting of carbon and oxygen as main elements as revealed by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis, which reveals the presence of peaks at 2914, 2890, 1469, and 722 cm−1 and the absence of peaks around 1700 cm−1, indicates that the analyzed natural wax is a polyethylene wax without the CO functional group.

Keragaman parasitoid erionota thrax l. Pada dua Jenis tanaman pisang bermikoriza di kabupaten deli serdang

The constraints in the cultivation of banana plants is the high number of pests that damage plants in vegetative vases. The study was conducted in the Farmers' Land Group of the United Society of Sampali Village, Percut Sei Tuan District, Deli Serdang Regency in May-July 2019. The research method used was descriptive analysis method using (random sampling). Observation parameters consisted of population density, pest attack rate, egg parasitoids, larva parasitoids, pupa parasitoids, parasitoids identification, species diversity index, species evenness index, and relative abundance. There are 4 types of parasitoids namely Braconidae sp 1 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Tachinidae sp 1 (Diptera: Tachinidae), Xanthopimpla gampsura (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Brachymeria lasus Walker (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). Erionota thrax L. parasitoids diversity index was 0.661369 in the low diversity level, and the highest relative abundance of Brachymeria lasus Walker was 86.87%, the attack rate of Erionota thrax on Barangan bananas reached 46%, the level of Erionota thrax on Kepok banana reached 32%.

Piloting the use of DNA barcoding in support of natural enemy surveys: New parasitoid records for banana skippers (Erionota spp., Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) in Malaysia

Abstract We report a preliminary study carried out in Peninsular Malaysia, with the objective of rearing parasitoids of the two species of banana skippers (Erionota thrax and E. torus: Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) and using DNA barcoding of Erionota spp. early stages (which are indistinguishable) and host remains to associate parasitoids with their host Erionota species. We were able to use barcodes to reliably identify the dead host remains, unreliably identify a limited subset of associated material (exuviae, frass, pupal exoskeleton, silk, wax) and to make provisional generic identifications of the parasitoids. We found parasitism by Argyrophylax sp. possibly phoeda (Tachinidae) on both species of Erionotus, by ?Casinaria sp. (Ichneumonidae) on E. thrax, and by Elasmus sp. (Eulophidae) on E. torus. The first is a new host-parasitoid association, and the second is a new association for Peninsular Malaysia. We conclude that the use of DNA barcoding, particularly for recently dead host remains, is a valuable tool to assess host-parasitoid associations where the hosts cannot be reliably identified from morphological characters.

Population dynamics and new record of larval parasitoids, Senometopia sp. and Winthemia sumatrensis (Townsend) (Diptera: Tachinidae) on banana skipper, Erionota torus Evans (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from South Karnataka

Field study was conducted for two years (2014-16) to know the population dynamics of banana skipper, Erionota torus Evans (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) and its tachinid parasitoids, Senometopia sp., and Winthemia sumatrensis . The pooled data over the two years indicated that the skipper plant infestation ranged from 6.66 to 84.25 per cent and incidence started during the first fortnight of August (8.34 per cent incidence) when the crop was at broadleaf follower stage, and a gradual increase in the infestation level of skipper was observed with a peak activity (84.25 per cent incidence) during first fort night of January (Pre flowering period) and also extended to the flowering period (February to March). The pooled data over the years indicated the maximum incidence was recorded during pre flowering period with a mean infestation of 75.02 per cent followed by flowering period (45.67 per cent), broad leaf followers (29.58 per cent) and bunch period (1.66 per cent). Two tachinid parasitoids Senometopia sp., and W. sumatrensis were encountered during our two years study period. The larval parasitoids activity initiated from second fortnight of September (0.62 per cent) and reached its maximum population during second fortnight of November (7.25 per cent) and later parasitoid activity gradually declined till second fortnight of January (0.62 per cent). The maximum activity was noticed during pre flowering period with a mean of 3.27 per cent parasitization by Senometopia sp., and W. sumatrensis .

First record of <em>Ooencyrtus pallidipes</em> (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) parasitizing eggs of <i>Erionota torus</i> Evans (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) in India

The banana skipper <em>Erionota torus</em> Evans has recently emerged as a serious pest of banana. In the present study for the first time egg parasitism of <em>E. torus</em> by <em>Ooencyrtus pallidipes</em> (Ashmead), a gregarious parasitoid, is reported from India. The natural percent parasitism observed was 80−82% in the banana field located at Komanal, Shivamogga district, Karnataka. Since this parasitoid has served as an effective biological control agent for <em>E. torus</em> in Mauritius and Taiwan, possibilities are there that it can establish as a potential biological control agent in India as well.

First record of <em>Ooencyrtus pallidipes</em> (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) parasitizing eggs of <i>Erionota torus</i> Evans (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) in India

The banana skipper <em>Erionota torus</em> Evans has recently emerged as a serious pest of banana. In the present study for the first time egg parasitism of <em>E. torus</em> by <em>Ooencyrtus pallidipes</em> (Ashmead), a gregarious parasitoid, is reported from India. The natural percent parasitism observed was 80−82% in the banana field located at Komanal, Shivamogga district, Karnataka. Since this parasitoid has served as an effective biological control agent for <em>E. torus</em> in Mauritius and Taiwan, possibilities are there that it can establish as a potential biological control agent in India as well.

Red imported fire ant invasion reduces the populations of two banana insect pests in South China

As a severe invasive pest, red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) had important effects on ecosystem of its infected areas. Here, we surveyed impact of S. invicta on populations of two banana insect pests, banana skipper (Erion tatorus Evans) and banana stephanitis (Stephanitis typical Distant). The results showed that influences of S. invicta on population of E. tatorus and S. typical depend on weed coverage degree of banana plantations. Comparing to the areas without S. invicta, banana skipper population was reduced by 39.2%, 41.4% and 23.4% respectively, in high, moderate and low weed coverage of banana plantations with S. invicta invasion. Banana stephanitis population was reduced by 17.8%, 43.0% and 39.2% respectively, in high, moderate and low weed coverage of banana plantations with S. invicta invasion.