Erionota Thrax Research Articles

Biology and rate of food consumption of banana skipper Erionota torus Evans (Hesperiidae: Lepidoptera)

Studies on life history of banana skipper, Erionota torus indicated female laid eggs in clusters on the under surface of the leaves of the banana plant. Incubation, total larval and pupal period ranged from 7 - 9 days, 26 - 33 days and 10 - 12 days, respectively. Fecundity of the female ranged from 18 -29 eggs. The amount of food consumed increased from II to V instars (10.28, 23.13, 25.01 and 41.56 % respectively). The weight gain in third instar was 33.51% of total larval weight. The values of growth rate (GR) decreased from II to V instar, the values varied between 0.03 and 0.16 g/day/g. Consumption index ranged between 0.64 and 2.15 g/day/g. The indices of food utilization efficiencies namely; AD values ranged from 80.89 to 97.86%, ECI 6.86 to 13.00% and ECD 7.90 to 15.90%.

KEMELIMPAHAN DAN KERAGAMAN JENIS PARASITOID HAMA PENGGULUNG DAUN PISANG ERIONOTA THRAX L. DI KABUPATEN LAMPUNG SELATAN

The abundance and diversity of the parasitoid of banana leaf skipper pest (Erionota thrax L.) in South Lampung Regency. This research was conducted to determine the abundance, diversity, and parasitation ability of several parasitoids of the banana skipper or banana leafroller (Erionota thrax) in South Lampung Regency. This research was carried out with a survey method by taking out samples of larvae and pupae of E. thrax in the District of Natar, Jati Agung, and Tanjung Bintang, South Lampung. Results of the survey showed that there were 8 types of parasitoids recovered from larvae or pupae of E. thrax, i.e. Brachymeria lasus (Chalcididae: Hymenoptera), B. thracis (Chalcididae: Hymenoptera), Charops sp. (Ichneumonidae: Hymenoptera), Casinaria sp. (Ichneumonidae: Hymenoptera), Xanthopimpla sp. (Ichneumonidae: Hymenoptera), Cotesia erionotae (Braconidae: Hymenoptera), and two parasitoids Diptera (Tachinidae and Sarcophagidae). The highest abundance of parasitoid was found in Tanjung Bintang with 171 parasitoids (index of diversity (H’) = 1.0256 and index of evenness (E) = 0.5724). In Natar District, the abundance of parasitoid was 63 parasitoids, but it had a greater H’ value (1.4396) and E-value (0.7398). Meanwhile, in Jati Agung District, the abundance of parasitoid was 56 individuals but the value of H’ was also high, which was 1.012 with the value of E of 0.6064. The percentages of parasitation to the larvae and pupae E. thrax were 55.01% (Tanjung Bintang District), 31.68% (Natar District) and 33.34% (Jati Agung District).

The impacts of some classical biological control successes.

Abstract We differentiate between the success of a classical biological control programme and its impact; the former addressing the completed implementation of the steps of a biological control programme, and the anticipated reduction of the target pest, and the latter addressing the societal and environmental benefits of control of the target pest. We provide ten case studies in which CABI has played a role to illustrate aspects of success and impact for biological control programmes against insects pests and weeds: cassava mealybug ( Phenacoccus manihoti ), mango mealybug ( Rastrococcus invadens ), pink hibiscus mealybug ( Maconellicoccus hirsutus ), orthezia bug ( Insignorthezia insignis ), brown peach aphid ( Pterochloroides persicae ), banana skipper ( Erionota torus ), black sage ( Varronia curassavica ), rubber vine ( Cryptostegia grandiflora ), leafy spurge ( Euphorbia esula ) and water hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes ). In light of these we discuss the assessment of success and impact of biological control programmes, why these aspects are often not adequately addressed, how they might be retroactively addressed and the implications for donor-funding of biological control programmes for developing countries.

Laboratory Host Range Assessment of a Predatory Pentatomid,Podisus maculiventris(Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) for Field Release on Guam

ABSTRACT Predation by Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) was evaluated with Erionota thrax (L.) (Lepidoptera: Hesperidae), Pericyma cruegeri (Butler) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata Rego Barros (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), Papilio polytes (L.) (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) and Eudocima phalonia (L.) comb. nov. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Both free-choice and no-choice experiments indicated that the P. maculiventris attacked and consumed all the larvae of the 5 species included in the tests. Although the larvae died at different intervals, most of them were dead within 24–120 h of the introduction of the predatory species. Since the P. maculiventris is polyphagous in nature and the present findings indicate that these predators will feed on the introduced biocontrol moth, P. pseudoinsulata, it is recommended not to take the predators out of the quarantine laboratory for the field release on Guam. Additionally, P. maculiventris will feed on some native species as they becom...

Hymenopteran parasitoids associated with the banana-skipper Erionota thrax L. (Insecta: Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) in Java, Indonesia

Erniwati, Ubaidillah R (2011) Hymenopteran parasitoids associated with the banana-skipper Erionota thrax L. (Insecta: Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) in Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 12: 76-85. Hymenopteran parasitoids of banana-skipper Erionota thrax L. (Insecta: Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) from Java, Indonesia are reviewed and an illustrated key to 12 species is presented to include Theronia zebra zebra, Xanthopimpla gamsura, Casinaria sp., Charops sp., Cotesia (Apanteles) erionotae, Brachymeria lasus, B. thracis, Ooencyrtus pallidipes, Anastatus sp., Pediobius erionotae, Agiommatus sumatraensis and Sympiesis sp. The surveys of the natural enemies of the banana-skipper were conducted in 1990-2006 in several localities in Java. The aim of this study was to assess the native natural enemies of E. thrax, especially the parasitic Hymenoptera. Infested eggs, larvae and pupae of E. thrax were collected and reared in the laboratory. Emerging parasitoids were preserved in both dry mounting and in 80% alcohol for the species identification. Members of families Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Encyrtidae, Pteromalidae, Chalcididae, Eupelmidae and Eulophidae were recorded as parasitoidsof the banana skipper E. thrax from Java, Indonesia. Species distribution and alternative hosts of the parasitoids are presented.

HUBUNGAN ANTARA FREKUENSI KEDATANGAN IMAGO ERIONOTA THRAX PADA BUNGA PISANG DAN KETERJADIAN PENYAKIT LAYU BAKTERI PISANG PADA LAHAN SAWAH, TEGALAN DAN PEKARANGAN

Relationship Between Arrival Frequency of Erionota thrax to the Banana’s Flower and Disease Incidence of Banana Bacterial Wilt in Wet Rice Field, Dry Field and House Yard. This research was conducted in the Sub District of Samigaluh, Kulon Progo and Laboratory of Bacteriology, Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta December 2002 to June 2003. The aim of this research was to investigate relationship between arrival frequency of Erionota thrax to the banana’s flower and disease incidence of Banana Bacterial Wilt in the three diffrent land uses (wet rice field, dry field and house yard). A survey method was done in this research. Stratified purpossive sampling was performed to collect the data. Strata used were wet rice field, dry field and house yard. Observation of the arrival frequency of E. thrax was done to the flowering banana. Data that collected in this study were disease incidence of Banana Bacterial Wilt and arrival frequency of E. thrax to the banana’s flower. The data was analized with Correlation test using SPSS 11.5 for windows with 5% of significant level. The results showed that the arrival frequency of imago E. thrax to the banana’s flower per one flowering seasons (5 days) were 17.65 imago (wet rice field), 15,65 imago (dry field) and 11 imago (house yard). Meanwhile, the disease insidence of Banana Bacterial wilt in the three different land uses were 5.41% (wet rice field), 3.81% (dry field) and 7.10% (house yard). Correlation analysis showed that there was no relationship between arrival frequency of E. thrax to the banana’s flower and the disease insidence of Banana Bacterial Wilt in the three different land uses. Its means that the arrival frequency of E. thrax to the banana’s flower did not influence the disease incidence of banana bacterial wilt in those areas.

Pest risk assessment made by France on Erionota thrax L. considered by France as harmful in French overseas departments of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health

Pest risk assessment made by France on Erionota thrax L. considered by France as harmful in French overseas departments of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health

Spatial distribution of banana skipper (Erionota thrax L.) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) and its parasitoids in a Cavendish banana plantation, Penang, Malaysia

Abstract Spatial distribution of immatures of the banana skipper (Erionota thrax L.) and their parasitisms from three major parasitoids were studied in a Cavendish banana plantation from April 2004 to December 2004. Infestation levels and parasitism of E. thrax life stages were recorded from bunched plants (BP), flowering plants (FP), preflowered plants (PF), broad leaf followers (BLF) and narrow leaf followers (NLF), as well as on well managed and poorly managed plants. Mean numbers of the immatures and numbers parasitized from the nine blocks in the plantation were fitted to four dispersion indices. Significant numbers of E. thrax immatures and those parasitized by Ooencyrtus erionotae, Cotesia erionotae and Brachymeria albotibialis were recorded from BLF and PF; no eggs were found on BP and FP. Although infestation was higher on well managed plants, only larval parasitism was significantly different. Three of the four indices indicated that eggs and larvae were random while all the indices showed pupae to be clumped. Parasitized eggs and pupae were clumped (4/4 indices) while 3/4 indices revealed a random pattern for parasitized larvae.

POTENSI ERIONOTA THRAX SEBAGAI AGEN PENYEBAR PATOGEN PENYEBAB PENYAKIT LAYU BAKTERI PADA TANAMAN PISANG (BLOOD DISEASE BACTERIUM)

Potential of Erionota thrax to spread the causal agen of banana bacterial wilt (Blood Disease Bacterium). This study was conducted in Gerbosari, Samigaluh, Kulonprogo, Yogyakarta and in the Laboratory of Bacteriology and Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta during December 2002 to June 2003. The aim of this study was to find out the potency of Erionota thrax to spread Blood Disease Bacterium the causal agent of banana blood disease in Indonesia. A field survey was conducted to record the existance of Blood Disease Bacterium in larvae and adult E. thrax. The results show that Blood Disease Bacterium was not found in the larval stage of E. thrax. In the adult of E. thrax, the pathogen was found on the legs, wings, body surface, head and head surface, but it was not found inside the body of E. thrax.

Seasonal abundance of the banana skipper, Erionota thrax (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) and its parasitoids in a commercial plantation and a subsistence farm in Penang, Malaysia

To characterize the population dynamics of Erionota thrax Linnaeus and its major parasitoids, biweekly samplings were carried out in a commercial Cavendish banana plantation and a subsistence farm of local varieties, from April 2004 to November 2005. Five primary endoparasitoids were recorded: Ooencyrtus erionotae Ferriere, Cotesia erionotae Wilkinson, Brachymeria albotibialis Hoffmann, Elasmus sp. and Melaloncha sp. Ooencyrtus erionotae, C. erionotae, and B. albotibialis were, respectively, the major egg, larval and pupal parasitoids. In 2004, there was no significant difference in the E. thrax population densities and parasitism of immature life stages in both farms. In 2005, the pest population densities were significantly different, while only egg and larvae parasitism rates were significantly different. In the commercial plantation, peaks of E. thrax population densities per banana mat were recorded in April, June, July, and October - December and highest values for eggs, larvae and pupae were 4.66, 2.76 and 1.7, respectively. Percentage parasitism peaked in August, October, and February with peak values ranging from 60 to 100%. In the subsistence farm, peak E. thrax population densities were observed between May - July and September - December. Percentage parasitism peaked in January, February, July, August, October and November, with peak values ranging from 24 to 100%. Correlations between population densities of E. thrax and the numbers of parasitized insects showed strong positive relationships. There was evidence of a delayed density dependence of the parasitoids as most peaks of parasitism appeared 1 or 2 months after those of the host stages. Parasitism rates in the commercial plantation were substantial in spite of the frequent use of insecticides, and activities of the parasitoids were more favoured in the subsistence farm compared with the commercial plantation.

The banana skipper,Erionota torusEvans (Hesperidae: Lepidoptera): Establishment, distribution and extent of damage in Taiwan

Abstract The banana skipper, Erionota torus Evans, was discovered for the first time as a new banana pest in Taiwan on September 1986. Monthly surveys indicated that within a year this hesperiid is well established and widely distributed in major banana‐growing areas of southern Taiwan. The infestation rates were higher in spring and autumn‐winter seasons, ranging from less than 5% to higher than 20% in different areas. A damage pattern of 1.11 (average) infested leaves per infested plant and 1.17 (average) rolls per infested leaf was found. With highly significant linear correlations between banana plant and leaf infestation rates versus skipper larvae and pupae counts in the field, a rapid and simple measurement to determine banana plant infestation rate (percentage) will be adapted for future studies on the population fluctuation and extent of damage.