Balanced Feed Research Articles

Design of a floating cage prototype with organic waste collector (food remains and excreta), produced by trout farming in lake Titicaca, Perú

InLake Titicaca, Peru, trout farming in floating cages has been a valuable opportunity for Andean residents, offering food and self-employment. However, this method has generated environmental problems by contaminating the bottom of the lake with large amounts of organic waste, such as excreta and remains of balanced feed. To address this challenge, a floating cage prototype was designed with an integrated organic waste collector, along with a vertical static settler and pump system. The objective of the research work was to mitigate the pollution of Lake Titicaca caused by the consumption of balanced feed in trout farming. A collecting cage model was built that trapped a significant amount of organic waste. 7 600 rainbow trout weighing an average of 800 g were used, fed with 300kg day-1of balanced feed ad libitum for 30 days. After 16 hours from the feed supply, an average accumulation of organic waste of 6.9 ± 0.98 kg day-1was observed, which was transported to the settler using an electric pump. A water quality analysis was carried out, finding values of total phosphorus (TP) of 1.316 ± 0.059 mg L-1, total nitrogen (TN) of 0.013 ± 0.001 mg L-1 and total organic matter (MOT) of 55.60 ± 0.30 mg L-1. L in the water column in the growing area. In conclusion, the design of the collecting cage proved to be an effective alternative to avoid the accumulation of organic waste at the bottom of the lake, and the recovered waste can be used as agricultural fertilizer, adding value to the process.

Inclusion of by-products of the brewing and wine industry in dairy goats

The aim of the following work was to evaluate a diet formulated with byproducts from the brewing and wine industry for lactating goats and quantify its potential in terms of nutritional quality and quantity. Twelve multiparous Nubian x Saanen goats, 2.75 years old (+ 1,24) during an experimental period of 12 weeks: 2 weeks of habituation and 10 weeks of testing. In both diets the goats grazed 6 hours on natural grass. Diet T0 (n = 6): Commercial feed: 500 g/day/goat (16% CP and 2.6 Mcal ME/kg DM) and diet T1 (n = 6): non-traditional balanced feed: 500 g/day/goat (16% CP and 2.6 Mcal ME/kg DM). Productive performance and health parameters were evaluated in goats fed with both diets during a period of 5 weeks starting 35 days postpartum. Total dry matter intake (DMI), milk production and corrected (MY and MYC), live weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), degree of FAMACHA© and quantitative coproparasitological diagnosis (EPG and OPG) were measured. A greater DMI was observed at T0 compared to T1 (p < 0.05). MY, MYC, BW, BCS, FAMACHA©, EPG and OPG did not show significant differences (p > 0.05) between both diets (T0 vs T1) throughout the experimental period evaluated. Goat health parameters throughout the study were within the physiological range during the production cycle and did not interfere with dietary treatments. The formulation of the diet with barley bagasse and grape pomace in dairy goats had a productive behaviour and health parameters like those of the commercial diet evaluated, without affecting milk production.

Intensification of reproduction of a highly productive dairy cattle herd

The research work was carried out in a breeding facility for dairy cattle breeding with a milk yield per cow of 10,564 kg and a reproduction level of 96.6 %. Semen of Holstein bulls was used for reproduction. At dry-off pregnant cows were immunized against a range of bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases. After birth, the calves were injected with vitamin E and selenium, dectomax and gradually immunized against common infections. Data on 922 heifers were included in the analysis, including 192 obtained through inseminating cows with sexed semen. Heifers were inseminated at 13–15 months of age. Fertility rate after the first insemination was 67.4 %, calving at the age of (710 ± 2) days. Early calving and balanced feeding ensured high milk yields in full lactation and standard period – on average 9401 and 8854 kg of milk with the fat mass fraction of 4.32 %, protein of 3.38 % and the number of somatic cells of 73 thousand/ml. After calving, the first insemination was carried out on average in 82.6 days, the efficiency was 61.8 %, the insemination index was 1.60, the service period averaged to 107.5 days. When using sexed semen, the fertility rate after the 1st insemination was the same – 67.7 %. The age at calving in animals of the Vis Ideal line was 20 days more compared to their peers of the R. Sovereign line (722 versus 702 days, P < 0.05). Milk yield in full lactation and its standard period were higher in animals of the R. Sovereign line – 9304 and 8890 kg versus 8753 and 8461 kg, which indicates the positive effect of early calving on animal productivity. Early calving of heifers is a necessary condition for a highly productive herd. The results of the research are recommended to be used not only at dairy farms of the Republic of Belarus, but also in other countries with developing dairy cattle breeding.

Biochemical Composition of Eggs, Larvae and Tissues of Macrobrachium tenellum Females Fed Diets with Different Lipid and Protein Levels

One way to approach the nutritional requirements of native shrimp, necessary to consolidate their culture, is to know their biochemical composition. The effect of feeding two levels of lipids (4 and 12% L) and four levels of proteins (30, 35, 40 and 45% P) in M. tenellum females was evaluated with respect to the biochemical composition of their eggs (EG), larvae (LR), gonad (GO) and hepatopancreas (HP). Total protein (TP), total carbohydrate (TC) and total lipid (TL) were estimated. In EG, L and P levels influence TP and TL; TP increases in diets higher than P35. In LR, there are no differences (p > 0.05) in TP and in TL, only diets L4P40 and L12P30 were different (p < 0.05). In GO, there is no trend in TP differences; in TC there was variation in the range of the data and TL was higher in L4P30 and L4P35. In HP, the diets with L4 obtained the highest TP values (p < 0.05); the L12 diets were higher in TL (p < 0.05). In general, diets with an inclusion of L12 showed the highest TP, TC and TL means, within this lipid level the P30 diet stood out; therefore, it is recommended to use a diet with L12P30 in the formulation of balanced feed for the species.

A nutritional modelling framework for inclusion in a Norwegian food system model

The aim of this study was to apply a comprehensive mathematical model designed to assess the current and future availability of food, as well as the resulting nutrient availability and intake, in the context of the Norwegian population. The model explores various scenarios, including self-sufficiency levels for food supply and impacts on nutrition recommendations. A food mass balance charting production, import, export, feed, seed, and consumer allocation in the Norwegian food system provided insights into the nutrients available to the population. The analysis included a comparison with two versions of the Nordic Nutrient Recommendations (NNR)1, with the latest version recommending substantial changes in food consumption compared to current dietary patterns in Norway. The nutrient analysis compared the food mass to Matvaretabellen2 and was supplemented with data from the United Nations World Population Prospects3 and the Food and Agriculture Organisation/World Health Organisation/United Nations4 report to ensure comprehensive nutrient analysis. Micronutrient gaps were observed in Iodine (94% of the target intake) and Vitamin D (46% of the target intake), while saturated-fatty acids slightly exceeded the recommended requirements (107% of the upper limit) based on the current baseline scenario. The updated NNR4 recommends changes to specific food categories, namely fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds. A secondary scenario testing compared against the updated NNR found that increasing the availability of the supply of these groups does not result in any new nutrient gaps, demonstrating the feasibility of addressing the issue on a national supply basis. These approach offers a mathematical-modelling based tool that can be used to provide information for a national food system. Leveraging the model’s capacity to simulate various scenarios, informed decisions to optimise self-sufficiency levels and align food supply with recommended nutritional guidelines can be made. To improve the model, higher data resolution and clearer categorisation of food groups are required which can then be linked into a more complete national food system. The mathematical model presented in this study provides a framework for understanding of food and nutrient availability in Norway. By identifying critical nutrient gaps and potential solutions, this research contributes knowledge for a healthier and sustainable food future for the nation.

Computational modelling of extrusion process temperatures on the interactions between black soldier fly larvae protein and corn flour starch

Insects such as the black soldier fly (BSF) are recently being studied as food sources to address concerns about how to meet the food demand of the growing world population, as conventional production lines for meat proteins are currently unsustainable sources. Studies have been conducted evaluating the use of insect proteins to produce extruded foods such as expanded snacks and meat analogues. However, this field of study is still quite new and not much has been studied beyond digestibility and growth performance. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the compatibility of protein extracted from BSF flour with corn flour starch within an extruded balanced shrimp feed model through molecular dynamics simulations, for which cohesive energy density and solubility parameter (δ) of both components were determined. The calculations’ results for the protein molecule systems yielded an average δ of 14.961 MPa0.5, while the δ for starch was calculated to be 23.166 MPa0.5. The range of difference between both δ (10 > δ > 7) suggests that the interaction of the BSF protein with corn starch is of a semi-miscible nature. These results suggest that it is possible to obtain a stable starch-protein mixture through the extrusion process.

An Improvement of Livestock Feed Quality Through the Production of Fermented Complete Feed in the Karya Manunggal Livestock Group, Donokerto, Turi, Sleman, Yogyakarta

This community service aimed to assist farmers in improving their knowledge and quality of feed by producing fermented complete feed (FCF). The community service occurred from June to November 2019 in the Karya Manunggal livestock group in Donokerto, Turi, Sleman. The activities included observing the initial conditions of the group, providing counseling, conducting FCF production training, evaluating the products, and utilizing the trained products for the livestock. The results of the activities indicated an increase in farmers' knowledge about manufacturing concentrate and feed supplements, feed preservation technology, and FCF, each by 80%, 73%, and 95%, respectively. Farmers successfully produced FCF with good quality, as indicated by the acidic pH of 4.31. The palatability of FCF was also excellent for livestock. The average daily gain in sheep with FCF supplementation was 0.156 grams/head/day, while the farmers' feed supplementation was 0.113 grams/head/day. The community service activities in the Karya Manunggal livestock group conclude the improvement of farmers' knowledge and skills in terms of livestock nutritional needs, balanced feed formulation, and the utilization of fermentation technology in feed production. The success of these activities is also evident in the increased effectiveness of feed and cost efficiency following the implementation of FCF.

Influence of Grazing on the Gestation Phase of Sows and the Birth of the Piglet

The present investigation was carried out in the “Rancho Rubén” pig farm, located in the Panecillo site of the Casacay Parish of the Pasaje Canton, Province of El Oro, Coastal Region of Ecuador. The aim of this work was to determine the possible benefits of grazing in pregnant breeders and newborn piglets. For the field experiment, the regulations of the Guide to Good Swine Practices (Agrocalidad-Ecuador) were taken into account. The variables evaluated were: initial weight of the sow, prepartum sow’s weight, postpartum sow’s weight, weight of the sow at weaning, number of piglets at birth, weight of the piglet at birth, mortality on the first day and feed consumption during gestation. A completely randomized design was used, with 2 treatments, each with a replica of 5 females, for a total of 20 animals; treatment 1 (balanced feeding and management in individual pens); and treatment 2 (feeding with balanced, and grazing). The statistical analysis was based on the book by Blasco [1], applying an ANOVA, prior to assumptions of normality and homogeneity, establishing the differences through the Bonferroni multiple comparison procedure (95% confidence). The statistical program used was Statgraphics Centurión XVI. The results show that there is no difference between the treatments with respect to the variables evaluated, except for the consumption of concentrate feed, which is observed to be reduced in grazing animals, assuming that the grazing system is beneficial by facilitating a more natural behavior and greater animal welfare.

Overview: mineral elements and their role in animal nutrition

The intensification of livestock farming is aimed at a comprehensive increase in the production of milk, meat, wool, and other products by increasing the productivity of livestock and poultry and obtaining the maximum amount of product per unit of feed consumed with the lowest possible labor and cost. One of the main ways to increase animal productivity is through proper feeding. An imbalance in the rations in terms of essential and biologically active substances leads to metabolic disorders, a decrease in natural immunity, and diseases of the reproductive system, negatively affecting economic efficiency. The current use of industrial technologies for harvesting roughage and juicy feed is often violated, which leads to a decrease in its quality and high demand for protein, vitamins, and trace elements; in this regard, it is necessary to improve existing and look for new methods of production, evaluation, and use of feed and feed additives. Minerals ingested with water and feed play an essential role in animal nutrition. Quite often, both an excess of some and a lack of other trace elements are detected, which leads to a decrease in animal productivity and a deterioration in the quality of the products obtained from them. The lack of mineral elements can cause significant economic losses to livestock enterprises due to the massive occurrence of animal diseases and metabolic disorders, especially in the winter and spring. Trace elements play an essential role in animal nutrition, as they considerably impact the body's defenses, hematopoiesis, endocrine glands, and digestive tract microflora, participate in protein biosynthesis, and regulate metabolism. The extent to which minerals are used in the diet depends not only on their quantity and appropriate ratio but also, to a large extent, on the level of the organic part of the diet (proteins, fats, carbohydrates) and vitamins. It has been proven that the additional introduction of deficient trace elements into the diet of animals increases their levels in the body, primarily in the liver. Thus, when determining the need for mineral elements in animals, their ratio to other biologically active substances should be considered based on balanced feeding. However, it should be noted that the level of absorption of trace elements by animals largely depends on the form of their compounds.

Biological availability of mineral elements

The animal husbandry industry is the leading branch of our country’s agro-industrial complex, on the one hand, its development determines the level of public consumption of valuable food products, and on the other hand, the economic well-being of the agricultural sector of the economy. It is known that the productivity of farm animals depends on feeding and keeping conditions by 70–80 % and on genetic potential by 20–30 %. Balanced animal nutrition is an important part of the efforts to increase livestock productivity, it is based on meeting the energy and nutrient needs of animals and poultry at different ages. If this requirement is met, you can expect high growth and development of young animals, and high productivity. The application of biologically active substances, including minerals, as catalysts for metabolism is one of the means to increase animal productivity and resistance. Numerous studies have proven their significant role in the processes of tissue respiration, hematopoiesis, reproduction, nervous and endocrine system functions, and consequently in the processes of strengthening the natural immune defenses of animals. Breeders use different sources of macro- and microelements to compensate mineral deficiencies in the diet. It can be mineral additives of industrial production, or natural sources or industrial waste containing certain mineral elements. The availability of certain macro- and microelements in mineral sources, the cost of these additives, and the costs of their purchase and transportation are important. Particular attention is paid to the mineral nutrition of poultry, which has high growth energy, intensive metabolism and a well-developed reproductive function. Special attention is focused on the mineral nutrition of poultry, as they have high growth energy, intensive metabolism and a well-developed reproductive function. An unbalanced mineral nutrition significantly reduces the body’s productivity and resistance, causes significant metabolic disorders, reproductive disorders and diseases, which can often cause poultry death. The most common reason for the declining productivity and immune system is insufficiently balanced feeding in the conditions of production intensification. The intensive use of poultry causes changes in metabolism, reducing the content of micro and macro elements, vitamins and other biologically active substances in the body.

Effect of mineral feed additive on egg productivity of laying hens

Improving the consumption and increasing the efficiency of the use of feed, obtaining maximum egg productivity is ensured by a high level of balanced feeding with various feed additives. Therefore, the research work aimed to study the effect of mineral feed additives on the egg productivity of laying hens of the Loman Brown cross. During the experiment, the control group of laying hens consumed the basic ration (BR) – complete combined feed. In feeding the research group, a mineral selenium-containing feed additive was used with the main diet. Selenium in the feed additive is contained in organic form, selenomethionine and selenocystin. Unlike inorganic forms, selenoamino acids can be transported and metabolized in the body to build amino acids. According to the results of the experiment, it was found that when feeding mineral feed additive, there was an increase in the gross collection of eggs in laying hens of the 2nd group by 12.7 % (Р ≥ 0.01) and a decrease in feed consumption by 10 pcs. eggs by 9.0 %, relative to the control group. In addition, there is a tendency to increase the laying rate per average laying hen by 9.5 % and the laying intensity by 3.9 %. With the additional use of the mineral feed additive by laying hens of the 2nd group, the mass of eggs increases by 5.3 % (Р < 0.05), the height of the yolk by 25.0 % (Р < 0.05), and the yolk index by 0.06 % (P < 0.01) versus the control value. It was established that the use of mineral supplements by laying hens of the 2nd group increases live weight by 5.1 % (Р ≤ 0.05), absolute gain by 12.3 % (Р ≤ 0.01), pre-slaughter live weight by 5.7 % (Р ≤ 0.05), the weight of the semi-cartridge by 4.3 % (Р ≤ 0.05) and the weight of the carcass by 11.5 % (Р ≤ 0.01) against the reference indicator. Under the influence of the mineral feed additive in the 2nd group of laying hens, the survival rate of the flock increased by 3.0 % compared to the control analogs.

Relevance of Individual Data When Assessing the Gastrointestinal Nematode Infection Level, Nutritional and Productive Variables in a Tropical Farm Context: The Median Isn't the Message.

We evaluated the relationship between individual and herd GIN infection level, nutrition, production performance and anemia parameters in a tropical farm context. Fifty-four female goats were monitored to assess their body condition score (BCS, nutritional status indicator), live weight (LW) and LW gain (LWG, both used as production level indicators), FAMACHA© and hematocrit (HT, both used as anemia indicators). Goats browsed for 4 h in a tropical forest and received balanced feed and chopped grass. The eggs per gram of feces (EPG) indicated the GIN burden, with fecal samples obtained at 7:00 (AM) and 15:00 h (PM.) from each goat at six sampling points during the study. The variables and their relationship with GIN burdens were analyzed using Kruskall-Wallis, ANOVA and Friedman tests and Spearman correlations. The fecal samples obtained in the AM and PM can be equally representative of parasitic burdens (similar and highly correlated). However, the EPG of individual goats from periods of 30 days apart can be considered independent. The BCS and LWG varied between sampling times (p < 0.05), whereas EPG, LW and HT did not (p > 0.05). The GIN burden was negatively correlated with HT and BCS (-0.21, p = 0.01 for each one). The individual pattern of infection demonstrates the true impact of GINs on their hosts. Additionally, feeding and nutritional status may present important variations influencing the performance of the goats more than the impact of GINs under the farm conditions of the present study. However, GIN infection contributed to the variation in goat health and productivity in this tropical farm.

The influence of drugs containing polyhydroxy acids on metabolic processes and physiological vital signs of rabbits

The work is devoted to the use of polyhydroxy acids with antioxidant properties in rabbit breeding. The authors examined the effect of gluconolactone, used in the diet of animals, on metabolic processes and physiological indicators of the vital functions of rabbits. To raise healthy rabbits with high meat quality, balanced feeding is necessary. When there is an imbalance in feed rations, animals get sick more often and gain body weight more slowly. Rabbits, like other animals, can obtain antioxidants from plant foods, but their concentration may not be sufficient to provide full protection against oxidative stress. To stabilize feed rations, various biologically active additives are used to increase the efficiency of raising animals and improve productivity indicators. Based on the studies conducted (using the example of gluconolactone), the authors showed the therapeutic significance and feasibility of including supplements containing polyhydroxy acids in the diet of rabbits.

МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКАЯ МОДЕЛЬ ЖИВОТНОГО В БИОМАШИННОЙ СИСТЕМЕ: ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ

Due to automated biomachine’s systems on dairy farming, in particular, robotic milking lines appearing, the problem of machinery and animals’ connections and mutual influence study has become relevant. In this case, an animal - is the biomachine system’s main link. The most important characteristic of an animal as biomachine system’s element is the dependence of its production on any factors during the technological process acting. At animals in biomachine systems using, one of the main factors determining the dairy cattle breeding profitability is balanced feed taking into account modern standards’ requirements, and modern functional balance additives in ration using. The prediction one of the feed’s options effectiveness as a new technical solution, in order to its development feasibility assessment and then implementation was carried out by animal production mathematical modeling obtained from the cows’ dry feed additives using. Its recipe the following ingredients: fullfat milk thistle’s seeds as a filler, biologically active substances - as vitamin E, probiotic and betaine using. At each other interacting, they cause a synergistic effect and were sharply needed by high production cows. This experimental additive’s recipe by weight% is: milk thistle’s crushed grain - 92,76; profort - 6,00; betaine hydrochloride (97%) is 1,20; vitamin E (50%) in loose- 0,04 is given. This preparation’s active substance amount in percentage showing. The developed additive in dry cows’ ration at 0,4 kg of dose per head per day was tested. Its use made it possible the cows’ milk production in 4,3% increasing. The animals had had feed additive, calving was easier and the body condition to normal faster had restored. The feed additive based on milk thistle grains and biologically active substances in dry cows’ feed of using had a positive effect on the technological process’s final result.

Influence of feed supplementation with probiotic and organic form of zinc on functional status of broiler chickens

Background: The increase in the intensity of agricultural production is associated with the action of various stress factors on the organism of birds, which can lead to negative consequences. Prevention of the development of stress conditions in farm birds, particularly broiler chickens, in industrial production is the most important task facing scientists and practitioners. Aim: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a combined probiotic preparation and zinc glycinate on the indicators of the immunity, biochemical parameters and antioxidant status. Methods: The study was conducted on broilers of Arbor Acres cross: the birds in the negative control group received a balanced feed mixture, a mineral and vitamin premix without zinc; the positive control group treated with an injection of cyclophosphamide and received the balanced feed with the mineral and vitamin premix without zinc; in experimental group I, broilers was treated with the injection of cyclophosphamide and received balanced feed, probiotic and zinc glycinate; in experimental group II, broilers received balanced feed, probiotic and zinc glycinate. At the end of the experiment, some blood from the wing vein was collected for evaluation of hematological and biochemical blood parameters using automatic morphological and biochemical analyzers, evaluation of immune status by enzyme immunoassay and antioxidant status by colorimetric method. Results: It was found that the developed strategy nutrition leveled the effects of immunosuppression - there was an increase in the level of lymphocytes, interleukin-4 and interleukin-10; level of cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and total protein tended to the control values; there was a significant increase in serum interleukin-2 and interferon gamma; increase in total protein on the background of triglycerides decrease in broilers of experimental group II. An increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase against the background of a decrease in the level of malonic dialdehyde was revealed in the experimental groups. Conclusion: The developed strategy of broiler chicken nutrition can be used for successful protection of birds from immunodeficiency states, improvement of antioxidant status and maintenance of complete protein and lipid metabolism.

Digestible energy content and apparent digestibility coefficients of fish meal, soybean meal, corn, wheat middlings and soybean oil in paiche Arapaima gigas

A balanced feed will optimize the performance and nutrient utilization of the paiche according to its genetic potential. Information is required regarding the nutritive value of the ingredients and the bioavailability of the nutrients. For this reason, and given the limited information available, the objective of this research was to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients and digestible energy of fish meal, soybean meal, corn, wheat middlings and soybean oil through the indirect method using chromic oxide as an inert marker. The apparent digestibility of dry matter ranged from 49 % -87 %, protein ranged from 68-90 %, lipids ranged from 73-93 % and energy ranged from 54-97 % for the different ingredients tested. The digestible energy of the fish meal was determined to be 4.34 Mcal.DE/kg. Soybean meal, corn, wheat middlings and soybean oil had values of 3.67 Mcal.DE/kg, 2.63 Mcal.DE/kg, 2.24 Mcal.DE/kg and 9.19 Mcal. DE/kg. Knowledge of the digestibility of nutrients will allow the development of feeds for the paiche with ingredients of greater digestibility, allowing to increase the productive performance of the paiche, the reduction of feeding costs resulting in the improvement of the profitability of fish farmers for a sustainable activity.

The model of functional disorders in rats with kidney nephrectomy ¾ in comparison with a high-salt diet

BACKGROUND. Modeling of chronic kidney disease using nephrectomy of 5/6 kidney parenchyma is actively used in experimental nephrology. However, the remaining 17 % of the organ parenchyma is associated with severe renal fibrosis in humans. A high-salt diet has traditionally been considered as a systemic hemodynamic model for the development of chronic kidney disease.THE AIM: to compare the functional disorders that occur in rats with nephrectomy of ¾ of the kidneys and when using only a high-salt diet.MATERIAL AND METHODS. The study was performed on 30 male Wistar rats. The animals were randomly divided into 3 equal groups: control (falsely operated, L), high-salt diet (falsely operated, LVD), nephrectomy ¾ renal parenchyma (NE). The rats received a balanced laboratory feed daily, differing only in the content of sodium chloride (NaCl). In the L and NE groups, rats received a feed containing 0.34 % NaCl, and in the VD group – 4 % NaCl. The duration of follow-up was 16 weeks. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured on the tail by the cuff method. The serum and urine concentrations of creatinine, urea, potassium, sodium, chlorine, as well as the degree of proteinuria and albuminuria were determined.RESULTS. During the observation, the SBP in group L did not change. In the LVD group, SBP increased from 120 [120; 125] mmHg to 130.0 [125.0; 140.0] mmHg, p=0.011. In the NE group, SBP also increased from 120 [120; 125] mmHg to 135.0 [132.5; 137.5] mmHg, p=0.011. In the LVD group, there was an increase in serum creatinine concentration compared to the control to 52.5 [50.0; 56.0] mmol/l, p=0.0001; urea to 6.0 [5.6; 6.6] mmol/l, p=0.0001; potassium to 5.6 [5.3; 5.8] mmol/l, p=0.0001; chlorine up to 87.5 [86.6; 87.9] mmol/l, p= 0.0001. At the same time, creatinine clearance decreased from 187.5 [160.0; 205.0] ml/min in the L group to 92.0 [81.2; 99.0] ml/min, p=0.0003 in the LVD group and to 83.9 [65.7; 85.9] ml/min p=0.0001 in the NE group. The value of albuminuria before the end of the experiment was statistically significantly higher compared to the control in both the LVD group of 12.12 [6.36;18.41] mg/g creatinine, p= 0.0001, and in the NE group of 72.5 [61.6; 92.9] mg/g creatinine, p= 0.0001. When conducting a nonparametric correlation analysis (all three observation groups were combined), a statistically significant relationship was noted between the level of SBP after 1 month from the start of the experiment and the amount of albuminuria at its completion (Rs=0.583 p=0.001). A statistically significant relationship between the value of SBP and creatinine clearance was revealed before the end of the experiment (Rs=-0.700 p=0.005). Also, before the end of the experiment, a statistically significant relationship between albuminuria and creatinine clearance was revealed (Rs=-0.671 p=0.006).CONCLUSION. The NE model of the renal parenchyma is expected to be accompanied by the development of less severe functional changes compared to NE 5/6 of the renal parenchyma. In this regard, we assume that its use may be useful in studying the effectiveness of nephroprotective measures at the initial stages of CKD development. The negative effects of a high-salt diet are comparable in a number of indicators to nephrectomy of the renal parenchyma. Traditionally, an increase in salt intake is associated with an increase in blood pressure, which could result in an increase in albuminuria. However, we could not identify any relationships between albuminuria and the value of SAD. We assume that the model of a high-salt diet can be considered as a variant of a local, rather than a systemic hemodynamic model of the development of chronic kidney disease. In the future, we will present the results of nephrobiopsy in the experimental groups described above.

Zootechnical Parameters and Enzyme Activity in the Species Brycon moorei (Steindachner 1878)

Brycon moorei is an opportunistic omnivorous species. It is not known what its nutritional requirements are at any stage of its development; this study determined the influence of diet on the zootechnical parameters and enzyme activity of these fish. In a completely randomized quintuplicate design, an ad libitum dietary protocol was applied, which included Prochilodus magdalenae larvae, Artemia salina and balanced feed with increasing inclusion levels (35 to 55% crude protein (CP)). Larvae 22 h post-hatching (HPH), with an average initial weight and length of 3.07 ± 0.69 mg and 6.069 ± 0.22 mm, respectively, were seeded at a density of 17 larvae L−1 in tanks with an effective volume of 60 L. The main zootechnical parameters, water quality and enzyme activity were analyzed with respect to the experimental diets. Significantly, the best diet was that of 45% CP when compared with the other CP levels used. Specific serum enzyme activity was found from hatching, with fluctuating values, the specific pepsin-like activity started at 111 HPH. B. moorei larvae can receive a dry diet from 124 HPH and their requirement corresponds to 48.5% CP.

Frequency of Salmonella bacteria detection in pathological material, raw materials, poultry products and the environment of poultry farms in Ukraine during the period 2018-2022

The poultry industry plays an important role in solving the food problem of Ukraine, as it provides the need for commercial production of eggs and poultry meat. Modern poultry farming is characterized by industrial high-tech production with the use of advanced energy-saving technologies, their mechanization and automation, specialization and concentration of production processes, targeted selection of highly productive poultry crosses, balanced feeding. However, the poultry farming industry suffers from salmonellosis. In poultry farms countries a salmonellosis is one of the most dangerous bacterial diseases of birds. Actuality of zoonotic disease is stipulated epizootologically, by epidemiology, ecological, socio-economic values and biosafety for a man, bird and animals. For a man the causative agents of salmonellosis cause the heavy forms of toxic infections. According to the results of microbiological monitoring for the detection of salmonellosis pathogens in patho- and biological material, poultry feed, raw materials, poultry products, and environmental objects of poultry farms for the period 2018–2022, a decrease in the infection rates of the studied objects was found from 0.06% in 2018 to 0.01–0.02% in the following years. Among the obtained salmonellosis isolates, a wide species spectrum of circulating salmonella (17 serovars) was established, with the dominant species Salmonella enteritidis isolated in 27.9% of cases from the studied objects. Salmonella of other species were isolated much less frequently: Salmonella give (9.0%), Salmonella infantis (6.4%), Salmonella anatum (2.2%), Salmonella derbi, Salmonella kambole and Salmonella isangi (1.7%). Salmonella typhimurium (1.3%), Salmonella indiana, Salmonella essen, Salmonella eastbourne, Salmonella agone, Salmonella livingston, Salmonella dyugu, Salmonella рortland and Salmonella aphi (from 0.4 to 0.9%) cases, respectively, among other isolated Salmonella species for the period 2018–2022. The results of the research prove the need to continue microbiological monitoring for the detection of salmonellosis pathogens at all stages of the production of poultry products in the territory of Ukraine for the purpose of human, animal and poultry biosafety and timely prevention of zoonotic diseases. Key words: poultry farming, microbiological monitoring, zoonoses, pathogens of salmonellosis, species spectrum, cheese products, Salmonella enteritidis, biosafety.

A Quad-Band Ring shaped Wearable antenna for WBAN Applications

The article contemplates the proposal and analysis of ring-shaped quad-band antenna with a 1 by 3 power divider feeding network for wireless communication applications. The proposed antenna operates in four frequency bands 2.4 GHz, 2.93GHz, 3.3 GHz, and 4.4 GHz for Wi-Fi, WLAN, military navigation, and drone applications. The antenna is designed using a ring-shaped structure, which provides a compact size and easy integration with the wireless devices. The 1 by 2 power divider feeding network is used to excite the antenna, which helps to improve the antenna performance by providing a balanced feed. The simulated outcomes demonstrate that the suggested antenna with the Power splitter 1 by 2 serving network has the stable radiation pattern and a good gain performance across all the operating frequency bands. Therefore, the proposed ring-shaped quad-band antenna with a 1 by 3 power distributed serving network is the promising candidate for various wireless communication applications.