Bad Habits Research Articles

Dynamics of indicators of the state of health and lifestyle of students in the process of studying at a social college

An anonymous survey was conducted on the author’s questionnaire of students of the social college of Moscow. The questionnaire included 26 questions related to health, complaints about well-being, fatigue, lifestyle, attitude to the chosen specialty. The study was cross-sectional. 289 people aged 15 to 19 were interviewed. Data processing was performed with the assessment of average values and the use of evidence-based medicine criteria and the calculation of health risks. The purpose of the research is to study the influence of health and lifestyle on the wellbeing of students and orientation to the chosen profession. The results showed that one in five had a chronic pathology with a predominance of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and 20 % had reduced vision. 41.2 % of students were often ill in the first year, and by the third year their number was decreasing. Bad habits were common among students: 38.8 smoked in the first year, and half as much in the last. one in five people consumed alcoholic beverages. Good nutrition is important, but 13.8 %- 20 %., students rated their nutrition as poor. 20 % had a hot meal three times a day, and 30 % had it only once. The results indicate the need for classes with students on the basics of proper nutrition. Students with chronic diseases were more tired after classes, which teachers need to take into account. Among the students, the number of those who liked the profession increased in the dynamics of learning, which indicates the importance of practice.

Pelatihan Kesehatan Gigi dan Mulut pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar

Oral and dental health training for elementary school students is an important preventive effort to build the habit of maintaining oral and dental hygiene from an early age. This program aims to increase students' knowledge about the importance of dental and oral care and train them in the correct tooth brushing technique. This activity begins with counseling on dental health problems that children often face, such as cavities due to bad habits and high sugar consumption. Furthermore, students are given practical training on how to brush their teeth effectively. The results of the training showed that students were very enthusiastic and were able to understand and practice the correct tooth brushing technique. Question and answer sessions and direct practice strengthened their understanding, while giving prizes increased students' motivation to apply the knowledge they had gained. This training is expected to be the first step in forming a generation that is aware of the importance of oral and dental health.

Risk factors for diminished ovarian reserve in women: Current state of the problem

Ovarian reserve is the basis of female fertility. The main markers of ovarian reserve are the level of anti-Mullerian hormone and the number of antral follicles. In addition to the natural age-related loss of follicles, many women experience a premature diminished ovarian reserve associated with a number of factors. This can be caused by both various diseases and environmental factors, lifestyle, and social aspects.The aim of this review was to examine the influence of external factors on the ovarian reserve and women fertility. A systematic analysis of data from modern scientific literature, domestic and foreign sources was carried out. The search involved such resources as PubMed, MEDLINE, Science Direct, eLibrary, Scopus, Cyberleninka. A detailed analysis of the influence of environmental pollution, lifestyle (sleep, nutrition, physical activity), previous surgeries, bad habits, obesity, psychological and social factors on the ovarian reserve and reproductive function of women was carried out. Significantly diminished ovarian reserve was noted with low sleep quality, excessive physical activity, and an unbalanced diet poor with animal proteins. Regular consumption of alcohol, smoking and exposure to certain chemical environmental pollutants cause premature follicle apoptosis and the onset of menopause. Circadian dysrhythmia, chronic stress and obesity can lead to the ovarian menstrual cycle disorders and the development of infertility in women. Previous parovarium surgeries are a significant risk factor for diminished ovarian reserve. Further population-based studies are needed to determine the precise mechanisms of influence of various factors on female fertility.

PADAMSHIKA KRAMA: A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF TRANSITION STRATEGY IN SUBSTANCE DEPENDENCY

"Padamshika Krama" is a unique concept described in the Bruhatrayees for changing bad habits to good ones. It comprises a step-by-step plan for gradually adopting good habits and avoiding bad ones. This transition from Ahita to Hita has been designed to be smooth and maintain the body’s equilibrium. Different Acharyas have outlined various patterns of Padamshika Krama, completing the process within 7, 10, 15, 46, or 63 days. This strategy prevents Dosha imbalance and diseases caused by incompatibility, which can occur when new habits are abruptly adopted, and old ones are discarded. Padamshika Krama applies to a variety of addictions, including opiates, caffeine, alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis. Gradually quitting these addictive substances, along with providing replacements, helps to prevent withdrawal symptoms. The article's primary goal is to compile a review of Padamshika Krama from Bruhatrayees and apply specific patterns of Padamshika Krama based on the severity level of drug dependence. In parallel, Ayurvedic principles are used to select replacements to create a false sensation of addiction as well as balance Doshas.

YENİYETMƏLƏRİN ASUDƏ VAXTININ SƏMƏRƏLİ TƏŞKİLİ VƏ FƏAL HƏYAT TƏRZİNİN FORMALAŞMASINDA KÜTLƏVİ-SAĞLAMLIQ İDMAN NÖVLƏRİNİN ROLU

The Role of Mass Health Sports in the Effective Organization of Leisure and Formation of an Active Lifestyle of Youth Summary The topic that we have chosen for research is one of the most pressing problems of our time. The level of spiritual development of our society represents an urgent task to strengthen the highest and purest moral principles and norms in the consciousness and behavior of adolescents. One of the most important tasks of parents, teachers and coaches is effectively organize the lifestyle and free time of teenagers, and not instill in them bad habits. A more important issue is the formation of an active lifestyle in adolescents by organizing their free time in ways that interest them. As a result of a survey conducted among teenagers, it turned out that sports rank first as one of the main means of effectively organizing free time. Key words: teenager, free time, active lifestyle, sports, mass recreational sports, volitional and spiritual qualities

A Qualitative Analysis of Barriers to Evidence-Based Care in the Prehospital Management of Patients with Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome

Objectives Prehospital electrocardiogram (ECG) and administration of aspirin are evidence-based strategies for patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, emergency medical services (EMS) compliance in patients with suspected ACS varies widely. We sought to understand the barriers to prehospital ECG acquisition and aspirin administration for patients with suspected ACS. Methods In this qualitative study, we interviewed EMS clinicians at three geographically diverse United States (U.S.)-based EMS agencies. We interviewed practicing clinicians and quality and operations leaders at these agencies. Based on the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework, interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using a grounded qualitative approach with open coding. The Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) framework and a constant comparison technique were used to identify and refine themes. Results Twenty-five paramedics and 20 additional agency personnel participated. Median age was 41 (IQR: 34–51) years and 13 (29%) were female. Themes were organized using SEIPS and longitudinally through four phases of an EMS call. During the pre-arrival phase, staffing challenges, training quality, and dispatch may anchor EMS clinicians on a diagnosis. During the diagnosis and treatment phase, safety and communication barriers may take priority over care delivery. Additionally, EMS clinicians must allocate assets (e.g. whether to send an advanced life support unit) and financial resources; veteran EMS clinicians identified their experience whereas newer clinicians cited their recent education when making these decisions. Also, diagnostic uncertainty due to increasing patient complexity and atypical presentations contributed to diagnostic errors. During the response and transport phase, the scope of practice limits the use and interpretation of the ECG, with clinicians reporting that liberal use of ECG led to more rapid decision-making. Finally, in the after phase, personnel reported the “psychologically taxing” nature of the job contributing to biases, bad habits, and burnout. Performance feedback was desired for personal development, though currently perceived as infrequent and punitive. Conclusions Multiple, interrelated themes underscored the complexities of delivering evidence-based care to prehospital patients with ACS. Education in ECG interpretation, resource allocation, bias, and enhancing feedback may serve as strategies to address the identified barriers.

FORMATION OF HEALTHY LIFESTYLE OF STUDENTS BY MEANS OF PHYSICAL TRAINING

In today's conditions, the problem of forming a healthy lifestyle among students is particularly relevant. The article analyses the causes, consequences and ways to overcome the problem of healthy lifestyles among young people. The reasons that have a negative impact on the health of young people include a lack of physical activity, bad habits, unhealthy diet, chronic stress, depression or anxiety, lack of sufficient awareness of the importance of a healthy lifestyle. It is emphasised that the promotion of a healthy lifestyle among students is an important strategic task of higher education institutions, which can be successfully solved in various forms of physical improvement. It is noted that physical education is one of the key components of a healthy lifestyle and its proper formation, as it motivates people to strive to live actively, move, do good deeds and be active members of a healthy society. It is important to inform young people about the benefits of a healthy lifestyle and the dangers of unhealthy habits. Healthy lifestyle education should be systematic. It is stated that the formation of a healthy lifestyle should be carried out at three levels: social (information and educational work); infrastructure (specific conditions in the main spheres of life, preventive measures, environmental control); personal (system of human values, standardisation of everyday life). The creation and implementation of special programmes and projects will help young people to maintain a healthy lifestyle.

Pemanfaatan Internet Sehat, Bertanggungjawab dalam Pemasaran Desa Wisata Way Tebing Cepa

Internet media with its offers, choice of various sites and freedom of access is like a double-edged sword, on the one hand it can have a positive impact and on the other hand it can have a negative impact. To avoid crime in cyberspace, we always emphasize the basic principles that must be known when using the internet. Basic principles in the real world also apply in the virtual world. Healthy and safe use of the internet needs to be instilled from an early age through learning healthy internet ethics. This needs to be conveyed to avoid bad habits in the real world being carried over into the virtual world and causing negative effects in the real world. This service activity carried out by lecturers from Indonesian partner universities carries the theme "Healthy and Responsible Use of the Internet in Marketing Way Tebing Cepa Tourism (WTC) Kalianda, South Lampung Regency" where the aim of this activity is to provide knowledge to Way Tebing Cepa tourism managers in using the internet both in promotions and otherwise in order to avoid unhealthy and irresponsible internet use.

КОМПЛЕКСНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ПРИЧИН РАЗВИТИЯ НЕЖЕЛАТЕЛЬНЫХ РЕАКЦИЙ НА ОМАЛИЗУМАБ

Currently, there are no comprehensive studies to assess the causes of adverse reactions in terms of the use of omalizumab. The aim of the study was to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the causes of adverse reactions to omalizumab. Materials and methods. Based on these criteria, experts of medical organizations conducted a retrospective assessment of 300 cases of omalizumab use with registration of existing defects based on the data of primary medical documentation (inpatient records, outpatient records). By the method of a sociological survey of 100 doctors, the level of their awareness of the procedure for reporting adverse reactions of drugs and, in particular, omalizumab was studied. The data were processed using applied computer programs. Outcomes. The incidence of medical-organizational defects in safety monitoring of omalizumab was 591 per 100 cases overall. The highest frequency was observed in such defects as: "lack of analysis of identified adverse reactions and cases of ineffectiveness"; "lack of a plan for corrective and preventive measures in connection with the detection of cases of adverse drug reactions"; "violation of the deadlines for the transfer of notices". In the structure of defects in reporting and filling out notifications of adverse reactions of omalizumab by doctors of medical organizations, the leading positions are occupied by: the absence of indications of the presence of bad habits (drug addiction, alcohol abuse, smoking) in the patient; absence of indications of the patient's reaction to the drug; lack of information about the period of time that has elapsed from the administration of the drug to the onset of symptoms of an adverse reaction. The weakest points of professional awareness of doctors about the procedure for reporting adverse reactions of omalizumab are: awareness of the need and content of the analysis of the identified adverse reactions; on regulatory documents on the quality, efficacy and safety of medicines; on the notification scheme of the person responsible for monitoring the safety of the medicinal product.

“‘Only’ is a Bad Habit …”: F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Utilization of Philosophical Motifs and Issues of Gender in “Head and Shoulders”

“‘Only’ is a Bad Habit …”: F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Utilization of Philosophical Motifs and Issues of Gender in “Head and Shoulders”

P-082 Use of TetraSOD® in male infertility: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study

Abstract Study question Can the use of TetraSOD® (microalgae with high content of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase) improve semen quality and reduce oxidative stress in sperm? Summary answer The use of TetraSOD® reduces the oxidative stress of sperm, increasing the total sperm count in oligozoospermia and reducing the double-stranded DNA sperm fragmentation. What is known already Male factor is present in approximately 50% of the infertile couples, a large number of them of unknown or idiopathic origin. It has been demonstrated that semen quality is deteriorating over time, perhaps as a result of exposure to several environmental factors related with lifestyle that could impact both directly and indirectly on the complex process of spermatogenesis. Some of these bad habits of lifestyle increase the levels of oxidative stress in semen, which is associated with lower sperm concentration and motility. In this scenario, the use of antioxidants can be useful to increase sperm quality. Study design, size, duration Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical study to assess the effect of 250 mg of TetraSOD® (microalgae with high content of the primary antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase). Eighty patients with idiopathic infertility showing asthenozoospermia, oligozoospermia or oligoasthenozoospermia were recruited and randomized to receive 250 mg of TetraSOD® (TSOD group) or placebo (Placebo group) for 3 months. Participants/materials, setting, methods Men with asthenozoospermia, oligozoospemia or aligoastenozoospermia and idiopatic infertility were recruited after informed consent signature. Patients were randomized into two groups. TetraSOD® group received 250 mg of TetraSOD®during 3 months, and Placebo group received capsules without TetraSOD® during the same period of time. Seminogram, double-strand sperm DNA fragmentation (COMET assay) and sORP (static oxidation- reduction potential) were studied at baseline (V0) and after 3 months (V3). Main results and the role of chance TetraSOD® consumption for three months elicited a statistically significant increase (Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test; p=0.02) in the average number of sperms per ejaculate (from 17.06 x 106 to 41.94 x 106) in participants displaying oligozoospermia (<39 x 106 sperms) at V0. In contrast, the lower variation in the measured values in the Placebo group was not statistically significant. Regarding sORP, a statistically significant decrease (Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test; p=0.0233) was observed in participants who displayed a value at V0 between 1.34-10. After TetraSOD® consumption, the average changed from 2.96 to 1.91 mv/106 sperm/ml from V0 to V3. However, not statistically significant changes were detected in the Placebo group between sORP values at V0 and V3. Moreover, in relation to double-stranded DNA breaks, a statistically significant decrease (Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test; p=0.01) in the average percentages (from 31.81% to 25.93%) was measured after consumption of TetraSOD® at V3 in participants displaying a compromised redox status (sORP>1.34-10) at V0. No significant changes were found in the Placebo group. Limitations, reasons for caution The study was performed only in one ethnic group, so in future studies other ethnicities should be included. Wider implications of the findings TetraSOD® may improve male fertility because increases the number of sperms per ejaculate in oligozoospermia and reduces double-stranded DNA fragmentation in sperm when individuals display an altered redox status in semen. Such results might be related to the indirect antioxidant effect of TetraSOD®, reducing oxidative stress in seminal fluid. Trial registration number Not applicable

Bad Habits that Stick: An Investigation into Adhesive Medical Tape Use Practices and Beliefs

Background: Medical tape is one of the most ubiquitous resources in the hospital. Although tape is advertised by manufacturers as a single patient-use item, half-used rolls are a common sight in hospitals. Tape is often manipulated by un-sanitized and ungloved hands and comes in close contact with patient skin. Medical tape has the potential to be a source of hospital-acquired infection as it has been documented to be colonized with pathogens ranging from MRSA to Rhizopus. Despite infection risk, currently the only clinical guidelines of tape use are outlined in the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services guidance for Hemodialysis patients issued in 2008 that requires “tape should be dedicated to a single patient and discarded after use” as hemodialysis patients are at higher risk of infection. However, there is a lack of standards in the practice of tape use across hospital systems. Methods: To understand the current practices and beliefs of tape use at our institution, we developed a standardized survey to query individuals from various roles (RN, Physician, Patient Care Technicians, respiratory therapists, phlebotomists) across all patient care areas at a 746-bed academic, tertiary care center. Results: 52 units were surveyed, including 225 employees. Qualitative analysis revealed a wide variety of uses for medical tape for patient care, with venipuncture, securing IVs, and wound dressings being the most common. Only 1.4% of individuals reported single use of tape rolls. 54% of individuals reported tape use behaviors that carry an elevated risk for inoculation of pathogens. 70% of individuals reported that tape was discarded after the patient was discharged from their respective area. These practices did not change across procedure-heavy areas such as the Emergency Department or the Operating Rooms, in fact only 22% of individuals surveyed reported single use of tape in these areas. Beliefs about tape use varied: 95% of individuals agreed that a roll of tape could be used multiple times on a single patient, and 52% of individuals agreed that a roll of tape could be used on multiple patients. Conclusions: Tape use practices varied across hospital units, indicating the need for standardized policies for tape use and storage. Beliefs about tape not being a single-use item were consistent across the hospital and suggest that education and culture change efforts are needed to decrease the risk for hospital-acquired infections from improper medical tape use.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ОБЩЕСОМАТИЧЕСКИХ ФАКТОРОВ В РАЗВИТИИ ОСЛОЖНЕНННОЙ КАТАРАКТЫ И ГЛАУКОМЫ НА ФОНЕ ПСЕВДОЭКСФОЛИАТИВНОГО СИНДРОМА (ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ).

The variety of surgical methods, modified approaches, and modern advances make it possible to predict the outcome of the intraoperative course in cataract and glaucoma surgery with minimal risk of complications. Interest in pseudoexfoliation syndrome will not subside and research and observations will be carried out at a broad clinical level, as the trend towards increasing life expectancy in the middle and older population continues. Pseudoexfoliation syndrome is a complex multifactorial process that is associated with cataracts and glaucoma. The etiology of PES remains unclear, despite the modern approach, the centuries-long development of clinical ophthalmology, non-nophysiology, and molecular biology. However, later, scientists, having discovered deposited abnormal material in internal organs and tissues, came to the conclusion that this syndrome is a systemic disorder of connective tissue metabolism. According to some authors, factors contributing to the development of this syndrome may be bad habits (smoking for many years), chronic somatic pathologies, mainly cardiovascular diseases, endocrinological pathologies, hypertension, atherosclerotic deposits, vascular aneurysms. Other authors have studied the risk of developing glaucoma with comorbid pathologies, noting the high incidence of cardiac and cerebrovascular pathologies. Comorbid pathologies can often increase intraocular fluid, which in turn can provoke the development of transient hypertension. The authors, comparing pseudoexfoliation syndrome with primary open-angle glaucoma, noted the influence of somatic conditions on orbital blood flow, which can also disrupt the hydrodynamics of the eye in the long term. In glaucoma and cataract surgery, there are various surgical, drug and non-drug approaches to improve the condition of the visual organ. This review describes the developments of various technologies, modified approaches, and the development of surgical instruments to solve complex problems for the surgeon.

ПРОПАГАНДА ЗДОРОВОГО ОБРАЗА ЖИЗНИ В ЮРИДИЧЕСКОМ КОЛЛЕДЖЕ КНУ

This article discusses the importance of promoting a healthy lifestyle among the younger generation. A lecture and educational program with students at the Law College of KNU aimed at preventing bad habits and forming a healthy lifestyle is described. The causes and consequences of alcohol consumption, smoking, drug addiction, and computer and internet addiction among adolescents and youth were analyzed. Methods of prevention have been proposed, including conversations, discussions, role-playing games, watching films, meetings with doctors, and people who have successfully overcome addictions. Special attention is paid to the role of sports and proper nutrition in maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Psychological aspects and motivational strategies that contribute to sustainable behavior change were also considered.

NEUTRALIZING EMOTIONS IN EARLY CHILDREN

Humans have a characteristic of imitative behavior, including children. Good or bad behavior, good or bad behavior, good or bad habits, are all formed in the social environment (home). Where this can happen due to children's observations of their parents. We must understand the management of emotions in children properly. Because it could be that the emotions conveyed by children are an affirmation or confirmation of the behavior that we as parents exemplify or the application of what we teach. Parents do have more experience than children so they teach their children what they have experienced or know. From the results of the study, it was found that there are still many parents who do not properly capture their children's emotions. So that good emotional management for children has not been achieved. Neutralizing emotions in this child was ultimately chosen as material used for community service activities. With the aim that parents know so they can properly capture their children's emotions. Apart from that, it is also hoped that there will be no incidents of parental violence towards children. This community service was carried out in Rangkah Kidul Village, Sidoarjo. Attended by parents of kindergarten and elementary school students. The activity was carried out in 1 day with a preparation time of 5 weeks. The activity ran smoothly with a total of 56 parents invited and 46 parents attending

Nine Important Steps to Maintain the Health of Adult Women

Adult women's health is an important topic that impacts quality of life and overall well-being. Women face unique health challenges, so understanding and implementing important steps to maintain their health is critical. This research aims to identify nine important steps that can help adult women maintain their health optimally. This research used a descriptive qualitative approach with in-depth interviews with 30 adult women aged 25-55 years. Participants were selected using purposive sampling based on their diverse backgrounds and health conditions. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis methods to identify main themes related to important steps in maintaining the health of adult women. Data analysis revealed nine important steps that significantly contribute to adult women's health: (1) a healthy and balanced diet, (2) regular exercise, (3) regular health check-ups, (4) stress management, (5) adequate sleep, (6) adequate hydration, (7) maintaining mental health through social support, (8) avoiding bad habits such as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, and (9) self-education about health. This research concludes that these nine steps are the key to maintaining Holistic adult women's health. Implementation of these steps can improve quality of life, prevent chronic disease, and promote overall well-being. Education and awareness about the importance of these measures should be increased through public health programs and support from the health community.

Sexual dysfunction in migraine-affected women: A prospective cross-sectional controlled study

IntroductionFemale sexual dysfunction (FSD) is a common health problem that is inadequately investigated in Arabic countries, especially Saudi Arabia. AimTo assess the prevalence and trace predictors of FSD in Saudi women who suffered from migraine headaches comparable to healthy women. Patients and methodsA prospective cross-sectional, controlled study involved 400 Saudi women complaining of migraine (Case Group) and another 400 healthy-looking Saudi women (Control Group) during three months; from January 1st, to March 31st 2023, in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. Data was collected by using a pre-structured Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire, Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS), Migraine Screen Questionnaire (MS-Q), with an evaluation of the severity of pain by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and its impact on daily activity by using both; Headache Impact Test (HIT-6) and Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) Questionnaire. ResultsA total of 800 Saudi women were recruited. Their ages ranged from 18 to 45 years old. Women with abnormally low FSFI scores were 375 (93.75 %) out of 400 with migraine and 85 (21.25 %) out of 400 without migraine. The lowest FSFI scores were mainly for desire (2.75 ± 1.05) and arousal domains (3.0 ± 1.12) followed by sexual satisfaction (3.25 ± 1.30) and orgasmic domains (3.5 ± 1.15). The foremost predictive factor behind low FSFI scores and associated FSD in our study was migraine (P < 0.00001). Additional predictors of statistical significance were low educational level (P < 0.01), urban residency (P < 0.02), high parity (P < 0.02), chronic illness such as diabetes (P < 0.01), and bad habits such as smoking (P < 0.03) ConclusionA significant correlation exists between migraine and female sexual dysfunction (FSD). Desire and arousal dysfunctions were the most significantly affected domains followed by satisfaction and orgasmic problems.

Dental Erosion Prevalence and Risk Factor in Hypersensitive Patients.

Dental erosion is common, and patient ignorance is a major issue. Extrinsic and intrinsic factors affect erosion. Some recommend evaluating and treating erosion patients following a brief review of the causes. These involve a comprehensive evaluation of the condition and medical history to identify risk factors for further tooth deterioration. To prevent further degeneration, immediate restorative therapy is needed. A cross-sectional questionnaire was given to Kerala Dental Clinic patients with dentinal hypersensitivity (DH). A total of 5 random clinics from 14 Kerala districts were chosen. At least a total of 1848 of 3500 patients responded. During the COVID-19 epidemic, an online semistructured survey was created using Google Forms to collect data. The current isolation approach discourages large gatherings and face-to-face contact. Google Forms were used to seek informed consent before filling out the questionnaire. Self-administered 20 questions were used to gather information regarding oral hygiene, bad habits, food, and eating disorders, and we inquired whether subjects ate acidic meals and drinks. Most persons with dentine hypersensitivity eat packaged food (70%), pickles (62%), soft drinks (58%), and sweets (56%). Dental erosion is also linked to alcohol consumption (40.4%), teeth clenching (37.4%), mouth breathing (16.4%), and gum chewing (27.5%). Mouthwash-using DH patients (55%) had tooth disintegration.

The main factors that improve gut microbiota composition

The aim is to observe and compare the main factors that can improve gut microbiota composition. Materials and methods. The literature study research was performed in PubMed and Google Scholar electronic databases. We assessed more than 300 studies, data from 65 of which were included in this review. They are presented in three tables: nonpharmacological influence on gut microbiota composition, drugs impact on gut microbiota, and medicines prescribed for gut microbiota correction. Results. On the one hand, non-pharmacological methods of gut microbiota improvement are the safest and the most traditional: healthy diet and physical activity, good sleep, avoiding stress and bad habits, but they are the most difficult for patients’ fulfillment and doctors’ observation. All listed are the components of a healthy way of life and should be followed by everybody. The most prescribed drugs have a significant influence on gut microbiota composition, so physicians should consider their effects in prescriptions. They are antibiotics, steroids and non-steroids, proton pump inhibitors, laxatives, antidepressants, etc. On the other hand, despite the diversity of available medicines (prebiotics, probiotics, paraprobiotics, postbiotics, synbiotics, and antibiotics) that can be used for gut microbiota improvement, all of them are under investigation and need further evaluation. The trendiest medicines for today are paraprobiotics and postbiotics. Paraprobiotics are represented by heat / ultraviolet / sonication Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., and Saccharomyces strains. Postbiotics are performed by short-chain fatty acids, secreted biosurfactants, secreted proteins, organic acids, amino acids, bacteriocins, vitamins, and peptides. Most of the data on their pharmacodynamics is based on animal studies or experimental research, so they need further investigations. Fecal gut microbiota transplantation is also an up-to-date method for multiple disease correction but is approved only for the treatment of recurrent and refractory infections caused by Clostridium difficile. Conclusions. Gut microbiota composition improvement methods are an up-to-date topic for practical medicine because gut microbiota changes are closely linked with host health status. Gut microbiota violations lead to metabolic, cardiovascular, neurological, inflammatory disorders, etc. Nowadays the healthy way of life is the best gut microbiota composition improvement method, but prebiotics, probiotics, paraprobiotics, postbiotics, synbiotics, antibiotics supplementation, and fecal microbiota transplantation also take place and have their indisputable advantages in special cases. Unfortunately, most pharmacological methods of gut microbiota modulation have a weak evidence base. Therefore, this question needs further research in appropriate patient groups with long-term monitoring.

From the New Order to the Benevolent Event – Making Children’s Education Compulsory in the Ottoman Empire, 1808 – 1826

Sultan Mahmud II's era witnessed a gradual transition of the centuries-old classical Ottoman education system that was controlled by the ulama into a state administration by the announcement of an imperial decree in 1824. Although this significant change was the third in Europe, it has not been a specific topic for academic research so far. As the documents from the Ottoman archives confirm, the Sultan's efforts concerning children's basic education began almost a decade earlier. He was concerned about the deteriorating quality of the education system. Based on the primary sources, this study aims to portray the historical background and the official transfer of children's education under state control. This decree did not only make children's education compulsory but also displayed families' bad habit of letting little children work instead of sending them to school. According to the imperial decree, children started working at a very early age and did not learn the basics of their religion, and when they grew up, they did not go and educate themselves either. Sultan instructed authorities to prevent child labor and ensure children attended schools learning the basics of their religion. In effect, children's education became the collective responsibility of not only the families but also imams, school teachers, neighborhood administrators, and judges.