Bacteriological Quality Of Groundwater Research Articles

Anthropogenic Drivers of Spatial Trends in Groundwater Quality in the Upper Athi River Basin of Kenya, East Africa

Rapid urbanization and population growth in the upper Athi River basin in Kenya have increased the strain on the sub catchments water supply and sanitation situation. Due to increasing demand, inadequate supply of drinking water and lack of sanitation facilities, people in the sub-catchment are increasingly reliant on groundwater as a primary or supplementary water source. However, the use of on-site wastewater systems and agricultural pollution, mainly from runoff containing fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, and faeces, pose a threat to groundwater in the sub catchment. Subsequently, the current study was conducted in the Thiririka sub catchment, Kiambu County, Kenya, to determine the safety of groundwater sources and to examine the factors influencing groundwater quality in the catchment area. This study assessed the influence of anthropogenic activities on the physical, chemical, and bacteriological quality of groundwater in the Upper Athi River basin of Kenya between April and June 2022. Twenty variables were analyzed and compared with water quality standards to determine hydro chemical characteristics, evidence of contamination, and suitability of groundwater. Shallow wells (SW) had higher concentrations of major ions and key parameters than boreholes (BH), such as alkalinity (7%), turbidity (96%), nitrates (92%), sulfates (48%), phosphates (93%), chlorides (77%), potassium (84%), sodium (30%) and fecal coliforms (99%) significant at p < 0.01. Concentrations of eleven water quality variables however were comparable in both systems. Farming, animal husbandry, and pit latrines were negatively but significantly correlated with the water quality of SW explaining substantial amounts of variation (≤ 45%) in concentrations of water quality variables. Ionic and coliform levels increased with decreasing distance and vice versa. IDW interpolation maps were generated in ArcGIS software to determine the spatial variability of groundwater quality in the basin. Anthropogenic activities such as pit latrines and animal husbandry impaired the quality of groundwater which in most cases was not potable.

Evaluation of the physicochemical and bacteriological quality of groundwater in the Nihit rural commune of the Moroccan Anti-Atlas

Our study evaluated the physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of water wells and boreholes in the rural commune of Nihit in the Moroccan Anti Atlas. In this study, we assessed the physico-chemical qualities of the water such as pH, temperature, conductivity, turbidity, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, mineral elements, and heavy metals. We also studied the bacteriological quality of the water in terms of microbial germs represented by Total Coliforms, Fecal Coliforms, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Intestinal Enterococci, and sulfito-reducing Clostridium.Apart from two points located upstream of the Douars, nitrate concentrations range from 60 to 290 mg.L-1, well above the permissible value according to the World Health Organization (50 mg.L-1). At some points, values reach concentrations of 4.1.103 CFU/100 mL, 1.9.102 CFU/100 mL, 60 CFU/100 mL, 1.8.103 CFU/100 mL, and 90 CFU/100 mL, respectively for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Escherichia, intestinal enterococci and sulfito-reducing Clostridium. The presence of Total Coliforms, Fecal Coliforms, and E. coli in the water tested is an indicator of contamination by human or animal fecal matter, which may come from conventional septic tanks, untreated wastewater discharges, animal manure leaching, or runoff. On the other hand, the values of the other physicochemical parameters tested remain compliant with potable water standards.

An assessment of the physicochemical, bacteriological quality of groundwater and the water quality index (WQI) used GIS in Ghis Nekor, Northern Morocco

This study, being realized in its totality in the groundwater of Ghis Nekor, which is located in the city of Al Hoceima in Northern Morocco, consists in analyzing the groundwater as to its suitability for human consumption, its physicochemical and bacteriological characteristics and their water quality index (WQI), as well as identifying the initial sources of contamination to conserve and protect them as required by the Moroccan water law taking into account, in particular, the strong demand of this type of water by the local population which suffers from the bad quality and high cost of tap water. Consequently, as an economic choice, the population opts for consuming well and spring water. The groundwater of Ghis Nekor is affected by a decline in water quality which has an anthropogenic cause. It could also be related to the dissolution of mineral constituents in the soil. To assess the bacteriological and physico-chemical quality of the groundwater in the Nekor watershed, significant elements of the water analyses compiled from seventeen springs scattered along the watershed were studied. The analyses showed that the water Ghis Nekor ground water has a very high level of mineralization reaching 1400 µS/cm. The majority of the samples are in chemical facies, such as sodium chloride, potassium or sodium sulfate, chloride, sulfate and calcium magnesium according to the Piper diagram that allowed to establish the dominant hydrochemical facies. Based on the principal component analysis (PCA) and the study of the extent of key portions, two important mineralization processes were identified: stone disintegration due to contact with water and nutrient input to revitalize the aquifer. Three homogeneous groups are produced via the hierarchical analysis technique (HCA). Bacteriological analysis of these water samples showed considerable contamination with fecal germs. Steps should be taken regularly to assess groundwater quality to mitigate pollution and protect water quality from further degradation.

Bacteriological composition of groundwater and its role in human health

Drinking water that is secure to drink is a basic human need that should be met by everyone. Waterborne disease prevention and control begin with ensuring the safety of drinking water. The present study was designed to evaluate the bacteriological quality of ground water in twenty different localities of Tehsil Taunsa DG Khan, Punjab Pakistan. For this purpose, ground water samples were collected from Mangrotha, Sokar, BastiBuzdar, KotQaisrani, JhokeBodo, Litra, Vehova, Bohar, MakwalKalan, Bindi, Dona, NariJanubi, TibbiQaisrani, Morejhangi, Babbi, Nutkani, JaluWali, Lakhani, Kotani and Chulani and bacteriologically characterized. The results revealed a significant increase in bacterial counts. Bacterial infections such as Fecal Coliforms and E.Coli had extraordinarily high concentrations, ranging from 25 CFU/mL to 50 CFU/mL and 2.5 CFU/mL to 3.5 CFU/mL, respectively. The levels of all other parameters were within WHO’s acceptable ranges. A survey was also done to assess the impact of drinking water on city inhabitants' fitness. Globally, 780 million people, and 100 million people in Pakistan are exposed to insecure water sources. To estimate the health threat of infected water, a total of 160 residents interviewed. The information acquired from this field work will reveal a high prevalence of suspected water borne diseases like diarrhea, nausea & vomiting, gastrointestinal issues, Skin Rash, Skin irritation, Diabetes, Neural diseases, Renal dysfunction, Cholera, malaria, prolonged fever, Cancer, Hepatitis and jaundice. To resolve water and environmental problems, consciousness and regular monitoring programs of water organization and safe removal of waste was proposed. As a result, in all of the research areas, a well-organized waste disposal and management system is required. To make sure that the water is suitable for human consumption, regular drinking water quality assessments of the resource, main allotment tanks, distribution systems and pipes should be used.

Hydrochemical characterization, physicochemical and bacteriological quality of groundwater in Sidi Kada Mountains, northwest of Algeria

Hydrochemical characterization, physicochemical and bacteriological quality of groundwater in Sidi Kada Mountains, northwest of Algeria

Physicochemical and Bacteriological Quality of Ground Water in the Basin of Gounti Yena Valley in Niamey City (Niger Republic)

The Gounti Yéna valley, the subject of this study, is a tributary of the Niger River, it is the main watercourse that divides the left bank of the city of Niamey into two unequal parts. The surface area of its watershed is estimated at about 62 Km2. The objective of the present study is on the one hand to evaluate the current state of the physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of the water of Gounti Yéna basin, and on the other hand to define the risks of water pollution and its origin in the face of the phenomenon of rising water table of this basin. In order to carry out this work, we proceeded to a study of the evolution of the physicochemical and bacteriological parameters of the water of the basin of Gounti Yéna during the period going from November 2020 to October 2021, at the level of four points of sampling chosen from the upstream to the downstream of the basin. The results obtained showed that the physico-chemical quality of the water in Gounti Yéna basin is influenced by the lithology of the watershed, climatic factors (rainfall and temperature) and anthropic actions. This study also highlighted the presence of fecal contamination in the water of the Gounti Yéna basin, with a greater degree of emphasis during the rainy season. This contamination remains a concern and may constitute a health risk.

Assessment of the physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of groundwater in the Kert Plain, northeastern Morocco

Assessment of the physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of groundwater in the Kert Plain, northeastern Morocco

Physicochemical and Bacteriological Quality of Groundwater, East of Nile Delta of Egypt

Groundwater is an important source of freshwater for drinking and irrigation purposes, and hence protecting it against depletion and deterioration is extremely required. Groundwater could get contaminated physically, chemically, or microbiologically. Each type of contamination is linked to different sources and in turn imposes different types of health problems and consequences. A water sample from Bahr Al-Baqar Wastewater drain and 13 groundwater samples were collected for physiochemical and bacteriological analyses to evaluate groundwater contamination in As-Salihiyyah and adjacent areas, east of Nile Delta of Egypt. Nitrate, COD, and BOD values collected from Bahr Al-Baqr drain and groundwater exceeded the Egyptian maximum permissible limit for drinking water (0.5, 6, 10, respectively). The total number of viable microorganisms (TVC) test for Bahr Al-Baqar drain was recorded as more than 300 CFU/mL, and the total coliform recorded 1100 MPN/100ml, indicating high level of contamination. The high count of the TVC (16-↑300 CFU/mL) for groundwater and the total coliform (3 - 1100 MPN/100ml) indicated that groundwater is contaminated and unsafe for drinking and might be affected by Bahr Al-Baqar wastewater drain.

Assessment and characterization of groundwater quality under domestic distribution using hydrochemical and multivariate statistical methods in Bafia, Cameroon

The best knowledge of physico-geochemical content of water helps to cope with adequacy between water availability and its importance. Thus, in BAFIA where groundwater is used in households, it is mandatory to evaluate and characterize the quality of that water. BAFIA is an important area of Cameroon due to its geographical position, growing population and associated needs. Located between an equatorial climate in the western region and a humid tropical climate in the eastern region, this area contains an aquifer system that represents sequences of shales, mica quarry, biotite gneiss, post-tectonic granites, and ortho-amphibolite. Groundwater flows aquifers recharge areas and provides base flows to supply drinking water to study area. The objective of this work was to assess the physicochemical and bacteriological quality of groundwater, to explain the phenomena that cause its mineralization in and around the BAFIA area and to correlate these different ions. We only included boreholes that had a good flow rate to meet the need to supply a large number of populations with water for domestic use. We conducted an analytical study of the physicochemical and bacteriological parameters of the elements collected from the water samples. The results were processed using hydro-chemical methods (Piper diagram, distribution maps of chemical elements) for a study of water typology and multivariate statistical analysis techniques. Principal component analysis (PCR) and ascending hierarchical classification (CHA) analysis were used to determine the phenomena causing water mineralization and the links between these waters, respectively. Our results showed that: the waters analyzed in the study area were slightly basic and moderately mineralized. Chemical parameter grades were below the world health organization (WHO) standard; except for iron. Most of the water was chlorinated and sulfated calsic and magnesic. Three phenomena have been at the origin of water mineralization: anthropogenic activity, recharge of groundwater (soil infiltration) and water-rock contact (main ion production mechanism).

Physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of groundwater in a rural area of Western Niger: a case study of Bonkoukou.

The precariousness of the rural population in Africa is often symbolized by the lack of potable and safe drinking water. This study investigates the physico-chemical and bacteriological characteristics of 32 water samples with respect to WHO standards. The water samples were collected from wells, boreholes and small drinking water supply systems (DWS) in and around the township of Bonkoukou (Niger). The Water Quality Index (WQI) tool was used to assess the overall water quality with different physico-chemical parameters. Where the pH of the samples was acceptable, the samples showed higher levels of mineralization and deoxygenation. Overall, the samples were slightly hard, chlorinated and sulfated but much alkaline and contained nitrate and nitrite ions 2-16 times higher than the WHO standards. The use of WQI shows that samples in the DWS are safe for drinking. Samples coming from wells are the most polluted (58.50%) compared to those taken from boreholes (53.00%), while the percentage of samples from boreholes, unfit for drinking, is higher (41.00%) than that of the samples taken from wells (25.00%). Moreover, water in this area was characterized by the presence of total germs indicating bacteriological pollution. Hence, for the supply of safe drinking water to the larger number of people in such a rural area, the capacity of actual DWS must be improved and widespread.

Impact of anthropogenic actions on the quality of the Maâmora groundwater (Tiflet city region)

The quality of groundwater in and around the city of Tiflet depends mainly on the various anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems where the Maamora groundwater in this region is subject to liquid discharges from the city of Tiflet from Oued Tiflet and infiltration of leachate from the uncontrolled landfill. With the ultimate aim of considering the necessary solutions and ensuring the means of protecting water resources and sustainable development of the Tiflet region, the study of the physical, chemical and bacteriological quality of groundwater (Maamora groundwater) from the city of Tiflet to the centre of the commune of Sidi Boukhelkhal, which is located north-west of the city and on the banks of Oued Tiflet, is the first step. These results are processed by ArcGis software and presented by interpolation maps. The bacteriological characterization of groundwater shows that it is not drinkable but acceptable for agricultural use, however, physico-chemical parameters such as nitrates and sulphates remain below the quality standards for human consumption. Turbidity, pH and conductivity vary according to space but also do not exceed quality standards in irrigation and human consumption.

Assessment of physicochemical and bacteriological groundwater quality in irrigated Triffa Plain, North-East of Morocco

Abstract The physicochemical and bacteriological quality of groundwater was assessed to show the impact of the agriculture and human activities in the Triffa Plain located in North-East of Morocco. The current levels of contamination of the groundwater were estimated by analysing electrical conductivity, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, orthophosphate, and indicators of faecal pollution content. Water samples from 55 locations were collected during two period of time, the wet and the dry season of the year 2016. Result obtained indicated that most samples are highly contaminated. The electrical conductivity varied from 800 to 9 100 μS∙cm−1. Nitrate levels ranged from 25 to 216 mg·dm−3, with 78% of samples exceeding the critical level value set at 50 mg·dm−3. Nitrate concentrations are slightly higher during the wet period in 73% of studied cases. Nitrite rarely exceeded the normal rate fixed by World Health Organization and reached 0.90 mg·dm−3. Ammonia and orthophosphate contents do not exceed these norms. The study revealed a wide contamination of groundwater by microbial agents such as, total coliforms, faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci, with content ranged from 0 to 14 000, 0 to 5 000 and 0 to 5 000 CFU·(100 cm3)−1 respectively, confirming the impact of septic tanks, wastewater discharge into rivers without treatment, and the use of animal waste on the ground water vulnerability. Samplings and measurements were carried out according to the international standard ISO 13395, ISO 11732 and ISO 15681-2 for chemical compounds and ISO 9308-1 and ISO 7899-2 for microbiological numerations.

Physicochemical and Bacteriological Quality of groundwater in Kabul basin, Afghanistan

Physicochemical and Bacteriological Quality of groundwater in Kabul basin, Afghanistan

Reclamation of Deep Mine Refuse Banks With Municipal Sewage Sludge

Municipal sludge was applied on a deep mine anthracite refuse bank at rates of 80 and 108 dry Mg/ha to facilitate vegetation establishment. A monitoring system was installed to determine the effects of the sludge applications on the quality and growth of the vegetative cover, chemical properties of the soil, and chemical and bacteriological quality of the groundwater. Data collected over a 5-year period indicate that the addition of sludge improved the physical and chemical condition of the black, highly acidic refuse material and promoted establishment and continued growth of a complete vegetative cover. Sludge applications resulted in slight increases in some trace metal concentrations in the surface soil and in the vegetation. However, soil concentrations were within the normal range found in U.S. soils. Vegetation foliar trace metal concentrations were well below plant tolerance levels and no phytotoxicity symptoms were ever observed. In general, the sludge applications had no significant adverse effect on the chemical or bacteriological quality of groundwater. The results indicate that single applications of stabilized municipal sludge, applied at rates up to 108 dry Mg/ha with lime, can be used in an environmentally safe manner to revegetate coal refuse banks in the Appalachian mining region, with a cover that is self-maintaining for the 5-year period mandated under the federal Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977.

Reclamation of deep mine refuse banks with municipal sewage sludge

Municipal sludge was applied on a deep mine anthracite refuse bank at rates of 80 and 108 dry Mg/ha to facilitate vegetation establishment. A monitoring system was installed to determine the effects of the sludge applications on the quality and growth of the vegetative cover, chemical properties of the soil, and chemical and bacteriological quality of the groundwater. Data collected over a 5-year period indicate that the addition of sludge improved the physical and chemical condition of the black, highly acidic refuse material and promoted establishment and continued growth of a complete vegetative cover. Sludge applications resulted in slight increases in some trace metal concentrations in the surface soil and in the vegetation. However, soil concentrations were within the normal range found in U.S. soils. Vegetation foliar trace metal concentrations were well below plant tolerance levels and no phytotoxicity symptoms were ever observed. In general, the sludge applications had no significant adverse effect on the chemical or bacteriological quality of groundwater. The results indicate that single applications of stabilized municipal sludge, applied at rates up to 108 dry Mg/ha with lime, can be used in an environmentally safe manner to revegetate coal refuse banks in the Appalachian mining region, with a cover that is self-maintaining for the 5-year period mandated under the federal Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977.

Bacteriological Quality Of Groundwater in Urban Patan and Antibiotic Sensitivity Against Isolated Enteric Bacteria

Abstract